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3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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10 @section Educational use
20 @subsection Note heads
23 * Easy notation note heads::
29 @node Easy notation note heads
30 @unnumberedsubsubsec Easy notation note heads
32 @cindex note heads, practice
33 @cindex note heads, easy notation
37 The @q{easy play} note head includes a note name inside the head.
38 It is used in music for beginners
40 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,staffsize=26]
45 The command @code{\setEasyHeads} overrides settings for the
46 @internalsref{NoteHead} object. To make the letters readable, it
47 has to be printed in a large font size. To print with a larger
48 font, see @ref{Setting the staff size}.
52 @funindex \setEasyHeads
56 @node Shape note heads
57 @unnumberedsubsubsec Shape note heads
59 @cindex note heads, shape
61 In shape note head notation, the shape of the note head
62 corresponds to the harmonic function of a note in the scale. This
63 notation was popular in the 19th century American song books.
65 Shape note heads can be produced by setting @code{\aikenHeads} or
66 @code{\sacredHarpHeads}, depending on the style desired.
68 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=1,fragment]
75 Shapes are determined on the step in the scale, where the base of
76 the scale is determined by the @code{\key} command
79 @funindex shapeNoteStyles
81 @funindex \sacredHarpHeads
83 Shape note heads are implemented through the
84 @code{shapeNoteStyles} property. Its value is a vector of
85 symbols. The k-th element indicates the style to use for the k-th
86 step of the scale. Arbitrary combinations are possible, e.g.
88 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=1,fragment]
89 \set shapeNoteStyles =
90 ##(cross triangle fa #f mensural xcircle diamond)
96 @unnumberedsubsubsec Improvisation
98 Improvisation is sometimes denoted with slashed note heads. Such
99 note heads can be created by adding a
100 @internalsref{Pitch_squash_engraver} to the @internalsref{Voice}
101 context. Then, the following command
104 \set squashedPosition = #0
105 \override NoteHead #'style = #'slash
109 switches on the slashes.
111 There are shortcuts @code{\improvisationOn} (and an accompanying
112 @code{\improvisationOff}) for this command sequence. They are
113 used in the following example
115 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
117 \consists Pitch_squash_engraver
119 e8 e g a a16(bes)(a8) g \improvisationOn
122 ~fis2 \improvisationOff a16(bes) a8 g e
127 @node Special noteheads
128 @unnumberedsubsubsec Special noteheads
130 @cindex note heads, special
132 Different noteheads are used by various instruments for various
133 meanings -- crosses are used for @q{parlato} with vocalists,
134 stopped notes on guitar; diamonds are used for harmonics on string
135 instruments, etc. There is a shorthand (@code{\harmonic}) for
136 diamond shapes; the other notehead styles are produced by tweaking
139 @lilypond[ragged-right,relative=1,fragment,verbatim,quote]
141 \override NoteHead #'style = #'cross
143 \revert NoteHead #'style
144 e d <c f\harmonic> <d a'\harmonic>
148 To see all notehead styles, please see @ref{Note head styles}.
153 Program reference: @internalsref{NoteHead}.
157 @node Inside the staff
158 @subsection Inside the staff
162 * Selecting notation font size::
163 * Fingering instructions::
171 @node Selecting notation font size
172 @unnumberedsubsubsec Selecting notation font size
174 The easiest method of setting the font size of any context is by
175 setting the @code{fontSize} property.
177 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
186 It does not change the size of variable symbols, such as beams or
189 Internally, the @code{fontSize} context property will cause the
190 @code{font-size} property to be set in all layout objects. The
191 value of @code{font-size} is a number indicating the size relative
192 to the standard size for the current staff height. Each step up
193 is an increase of approximately 12% of the font size. Six steps
194 is exactly a factor two. The Scheme function @code{magstep}
195 converts a @code{font-size} number to a scaling factor. The
196 @code{font-size} property can also be set directly, so that only
197 certain layout objects are affected.
199 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
201 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #-4
203 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #3
207 Font size changes are achieved by scaling the design size that is
208 closest to the desired size. The standard font size (for
209 @code{font-size} equals 0), depends on the standard staff height.
210 For a 20pt staff, a 10pt font is selected.
212 The @code{font-size} property can only be set on layout objects
213 that use fonts. These are the ones supporting the
214 @internalsref{font-interface} layout interface.
218 The following commands set @code{fontSize} for the current voice:
224 @funindex \normalsize
228 @node Fingering instructions
229 @unnumberedsubsubsec Fingering instructions
232 @cindex finger change
234 Fingering instructions can be entered using
237 @var{note}-@var{digit}
240 For finger changes, use markup texts
242 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
244 c^\markup { \finger "2 - 3" }
247 You can use the thumb-script to indicate that a note should be
248 played with the thumb (e.g., in cello music)
250 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
251 <a_\thumb a'-3>8 <b_\thumb b'-3>
254 Fingerings for chords can also be added to individual notes of the
255 chord by adding them after the pitches
257 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
264 You may exercise greater control over fingering chords by setting
265 @code{fingeringOrientations}
267 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
268 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left down)
269 <c-1 es-2 g-4 bes-5 > 4
270 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up right down)
271 <c-1 es-2 g-4 bes-5 > 4
274 Using this feature, it is also possible to put fingering
275 instructions very close to note heads in monophonic music,
277 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment]
278 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
285 Program reference: @internalsref{Fingering}.
287 Examples: @lsr{expressive,fingering-chords.ly}
292 @unnumberedsubsubsec Hidden notes
295 @cindex Invisible notes
296 @cindex Transparent notes
299 @funindex \unHideNotes
301 Hidden (or invisible or transparent) notes can be useful in
302 preparing theory or composition exercises.
304 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
313 @node Coloring objects
314 @unnumberedsubsubsec Coloring objects
316 Individual objects may be assigned colors. You may use the color
317 names listed in the @ref{List of colors}.
319 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
320 \override NoteHead #'color = #red
322 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color 'LimeGreen)
324 \override Stem #'color = #blue
328 The full range of colors defined for X11 can be accessed by using
329 the Scheme function x11-color. The function takes one argument
333 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color 'MediumTurquoise)
339 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "MediumTurquoise")
342 The first form is quicker to write and is more efficient.
343 However, using the second form it is possible to access X11 colors
344 by the multi-word form of its name
347 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
350 If x11-color cannot make sense of the parameter then the color
351 returned defaults to black. It should be obvious from the final
352 score that something is wrong.
354 This example illustrates the use of x11-color. Notice that the
355 stem color remains black after being set to (x11-color 'Boggle),
356 which is deliberate nonsense.
358 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
360 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2)
361 \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
362 \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet"
366 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
368 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color "LimeGreen")
370 \override Stem #'color = #(x11-color 'Boggle)
377 you can get exact RGB colors by specifying
379 \override NoteHead #'color = #'(1.0 0.0 0.0)
385 Appendix: @ref{List of colors}.
389 Not all x11 colors are distinguishable in a web browser. For web
390 use normal colors are recommended.
392 An x11 color is not necessarily exactly the same shade as a
393 similarly named normal color.
395 Notes in a chord cannot be colored with @code{\override}; use
396 @code{\tweak} instead. See @ref{Objects connected to the input},
401 @unnumberedsubsubsec Parentheses
405 @cindex notes, parenthesized
407 Objects may be parenthesized by prefixing @code{\parenthesize} to
410 @lilypond[relative=2,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
418 This only functions inside chords, even for single notes
421 < \parenthesize NOTE>
426 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ambitus
429 The term @emph{ambitus} denotes a range of pitches for a given
430 voice in a part of music. It may also denote the pitch range that
431 a musical instrument is capable of playing. Ambits are printed on
432 vocal parts, so performers can easily determine it meets their
435 Ambits are denoted at the beginning of a piece near the initial
436 clef. The range is graphically specified by two note heads that
437 represent the minimum and maximum pitch. To print such ambits,
438 add the @internalsref{Ambitus_engraver} to the
439 @internalsref{Voice} context, for example,
445 \consists Ambitus_engraver
450 This results in the following output
452 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
456 \consists Ambitus_engraver
460 \relative \new Staff {
465 If you have multiple voices in a single staff and you want a
466 single ambitus per staff rather than per each voice, add the
467 @internalsref{Ambitus_engraver} to the @internalsref{Staff}
468 context rather than to the @internalsref{Voice} context. Here is
471 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
473 \consists "Ambitus_engraver"
477 \remove "Ambitus_engraver"
479 \override Ambitus #'X-offset = #-1.0
484 \remove "Ambitus_engraver"
493 This example uses one advanced feature,
496 \override Ambitus #'X-offset = #-1.0
500 This code moves the ambitus to the left. The same effect could
501 have been achieved with @code{extra-offset}, but then the
502 formatting system would not reserve space for the moved object.
506 Program reference: @internalsref{Ambitus},
507 @internalsref{AmbitusLine}, @internalsref{AmbitusNoteHead},
508 @internalsref{AmbitusAccidental}.
511 @lsr{vocal,ambitus@/.ly}.
515 There is no collision handling in the case of multiple per-voice
520 @unnumberedsubsubsec Stems
522 Whenever a note is found, a @internalsref{Stem} object is created
523 automatically. For whole notes and rests, they are also created
532 @funindex \stemNeutral
538 To change the direction of stems in the middle of the staff, use
540 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
542 \override Stem #'neutral-direction = #up
544 \override Stem #'neutral-direction = #down
549 @node Outside the staff
550 @subsection Outside the staff
556 * Blank music sheet::
560 @unnumberedsubsubsec Balloon help
562 Elements of notation can be marked and named with the help of a
563 square balloon. The primary purpose of this feature is to explain
566 The following example demonstrates its use.
568 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
569 \new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" }
571 \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" }
572 <c-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { Hello } >8
577 There are two music functions, @code{balloonText} and
578 @code{balloonGrobText}. The latter takes the name of the grob to
579 adorn, while the former may be used as an articulation on a note.
580 The other arguments are the offset and the text of the label.
583 @cindex notation, explaining
587 Program reference: @internalsref{text-balloon-interface}.
591 @unnumberedsubsubsec Grid lines
593 Vertical lines can be drawn between staves synchronized with the
596 @lilypond[ragged-right,quote,verbatim]
600 \consists "Grid_point_engraver" %% sets of grid
601 gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
606 \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver"
607 %% centers grid lines horizontally below noteheads
608 \override NoteColumn #'X-offset = #-0.5
619 %% centers grid lines vertically
620 \override Score.GridLine #'extra-offset = #'( 0.0 . 1.0 )
630 Examples: @lsrdir{education}
633 @node Blank music sheet
634 @unnumberedsubsubsec Blank music sheet
636 @cindex Sheet music, empty
637 @cindex Staves, blank sheet
639 A blank music sheet can be produced also by using invisible notes,
640 and removing @code{Bar_number_engraver}.
643 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
644 \layout{ indent = #0 }
646 \repeat unfold 2 % Change this for more lines.
651 \override TimeSignature #'transparent = ##t
652 % un-comment this line if desired
653 % \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
655 \remove Bar_number_engraver
658 % modify these to get the staves you want
659 \new Staff \emptymusic
660 \new TabStaff \emptymusic