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3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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10 @section Educational use
20 @subsection Note heads
23 * Easy notation note heads::
29 @node Easy notation note heads
30 @unnumberedsubsubsec Easy notation note heads
32 @cindex note heads, practice
33 @cindex note heads, easy notation
37 The @q{easy play} note head includes a note name inside the head.
38 It is used in music for beginners
40 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,staffsize=26]
45 The command @code{\setEasyHeads} overrides settings for the
46 @internalsref{NoteHead} object. To make the letters readable, it
47 has to be printed in a large font size. To print with a larger
48 font, see @ref{Setting the staff size}.
52 @funindex \setEasyHeads
56 @node Shape note heads
57 @unnumberedsubsubsec Shape note heads
59 @cindex note heads, shape
61 In shape note head notation, the shape of the note head
62 corresponds to the harmonic function of a note in the scale. This
63 notation was popular in the 19th century American song books.
65 Shape note heads can be produced by setting @code{\aikenHeads} or
66 @code{\sacredHarpHeads}, depending on the style desired.
68 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=1,fragment]
75 Shapes are determined on the step in the scale, where the base of
76 the scale is determined by the @code{\key} command
79 @funindex shapeNoteStyles
81 @funindex \sacredHarpHeads
83 Shape note heads are implemented through the
84 @code{shapeNoteStyles} property. Its value is a vector of
85 symbols. The k-th element indicates the style to use for the k-th
86 step of the scale. Arbitrary combinations are possible, e.g.
88 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=1,fragment]
89 \set shapeNoteStyles =
90 ##(cross triangle fa #f mensural xcircle diamond)
96 @unnumberedsubsubsec Improvisation
98 Improvisation is sometimes denoted with slashed note heads. Such
99 note heads can be created by adding a
100 @internalsref{Pitch_squash_engraver} to the @internalsref{Voice}
101 context. Then, the following command
104 \set squashedPosition = #0
105 \override NoteHead #'style = #'slash
109 switches on the slashes.
111 There are shortcuts @code{\improvisationOn} (and an accompanying
112 @code{\improvisationOff}) for this command sequence. They are
113 used in the following example
115 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
117 \consists Pitch_squash_engraver
119 e8 e g a a16(bes)(a8) g \improvisationOn
122 ~fis2 \improvisationOff a16(bes) a8 g e
127 @node Special noteheads
128 @unnumberedsubsubsec Special noteheads
130 @cindex note heads, special
132 Different noteheads are used by various instruments for various
133 meanings -- crosses are used for @q{parlato} with vocalists,
134 stopped notes on guitar; diamonds are used for harmonics on string
135 instruments, etc. There is a shorthand (@code{\harmonic}) for
136 diamond shapes; the other notehead styles are produced by tweaking
139 @lilypond[ragged-right,relative=1,fragment,verbatim,quote]
141 \override NoteHead #'style = #'cross
143 \revert NoteHead #'style
144 e d <c f\harmonic> <d a'\harmonic>
148 To see all notehead styles, please see @ref{Note head styles}.
153 Internals Reference: @internalsref{NoteHead}.
157 @node Inside the staff
158 @subsection Inside the staff
162 * Selecting notation font size::
163 * Fingering instructions::
170 @node Selecting notation font size
171 @unnumberedsubsubsec Selecting notation font size
173 The easiest method of setting the font size of any context is by
174 setting the @code{fontSize} property.
176 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
185 It does not change the size of variable symbols, such as beams or
188 Internally, the @code{fontSize} context property will cause the
189 @code{font-size} property to be set in all layout objects. The
190 value of @code{font-size} is a number indicating the size relative
191 to the standard size for the current staff height. Each step up
192 is an increase of approximately 12% of the font size. Six steps
193 is exactly a factor two. The Scheme function @code{magstep}
194 converts a @code{font-size} number to a scaling factor. The
195 @code{font-size} property can also be set directly, so that only
196 certain layout objects are affected.
198 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
200 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #-4
202 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #3
206 Font size changes are achieved by scaling the design size that is
207 closest to the desired size. The standard font size (for
208 @code{font-size} equals 0), depends on the standard staff height.
209 For a 20pt staff, a 10pt font is selected.
211 The @code{font-size} property can only be set on layout objects
212 that use fonts. These are the ones supporting the
213 @internalsref{font-interface} layout interface.
217 The following commands set @code{fontSize} for the current voice:
223 @funindex \normalsize
227 @node Fingering instructions
228 @unnumberedsubsubsec Fingering instructions
231 @cindex finger change
233 Fingering instructions can be entered using
236 @var{note}-@var{digit}
239 For finger changes, use markup texts
241 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
243 c^\markup { \finger "2 - 3" }
246 You can use the thumb-script to indicate that a note should be
247 played with the thumb (e.g., in cello music)
249 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
250 <a_\thumb a'-3>8 <b_\thumb b'-3>
253 Fingerings for chords can also be added to individual notes of the
254 chord by adding them after the pitches
256 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
263 You may exercise greater control over fingering chords by setting
264 @code{fingeringOrientations}
266 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
267 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left down)
268 <c-1 es-2 g-4 bes-5 > 4
269 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up right down)
270 <c-1 es-2 g-4 bes-5 > 4
273 Using this feature, it is also possible to put fingering
274 instructions very close to note heads in monophonic music,
276 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment]
277 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
284 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Fingering}.
286 Examples: @lsr{expressive,fingering-chords.ly}
291 @unnumberedsubsubsec Hidden notes
294 @cindex Invisible notes
295 @cindex Transparent notes
298 @funindex \unHideNotes
300 Hidden (or invisible or transparent) notes can be useful in
301 preparing theory or composition exercises.
303 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
312 @node Coloring objects
313 @unnumberedsubsubsec Coloring objects
315 Individual objects may be assigned colors. You may use the color
316 names listed in the @ref{List of colors}.
318 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
319 \override NoteHead #'color = #red
321 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color 'LimeGreen)
323 \override Stem #'color = #blue
327 The full range of colors defined for X11 can be accessed by using
328 the Scheme function x11-color. The function takes one argument
332 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color 'MediumTurquoise)
338 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "MediumTurquoise")
341 The first form is quicker to write and is more efficient.
342 However, using the second form it is possible to access X11 colors
343 by the multi-word form of its name
346 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
349 If x11-color cannot make sense of the parameter then the color
350 returned defaults to black. It should be obvious from the final
351 score that something is wrong.
353 This example illustrates the use of x11-color. Notice that the
354 stem color remains black after being set to (x11-color 'Boggle),
355 which is deliberate nonsense.
357 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
359 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2)
360 \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
361 \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet"
365 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
367 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color "LimeGreen")
369 \override Stem #'color = #(x11-color 'Boggle)
376 you can get exact RGB colors by specifying
379 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0)
381 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 1 1 1)
383 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0.5)
388 Appendix: @ref{List of colors}.
392 Not all x11 colors are distinguishable in a web browser. For web
393 use normal colors are recommended.
395 An x11 color is not necessarily exactly the same shade as a
396 similarly named normal color.
398 Notes in a chord cannot be colored with @code{\override}; use
399 @code{\tweak} instead. See @ref{Objects connected to the input},
404 @unnumberedsubsubsec Parentheses
408 @cindex notes, parenthesized
410 Objects may be parenthesized by prefixing @code{\parenthesize} to
413 @lilypond[relative=2,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
421 This only functions inside chords, even for single notes
424 < \parenthesize NOTE>
429 @unnumberedsubsubsec Stems
431 Whenever a note is found, a @internalsref{Stem} object is created
432 automatically. For whole notes and rests, they are also created
441 @funindex \stemNeutral
447 To change the direction of stems in the middle of the staff, use
449 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
451 \override Stem #'neutral-direction = #up
453 \override Stem #'neutral-direction = #down
458 @node Outside the staff
459 @subsection Outside the staff
465 * Blank music sheet::
469 @unnumberedsubsubsec Balloon help
471 Elements of notation can be marked and named with the help of a
472 square balloon. The primary purpose of this feature is to explain
475 The following example demonstrates its use.
477 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
478 \new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" }
480 \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" }
481 <c-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { Hello } >8
486 There are two music functions, @code{balloonText} and
487 @code{balloonGrobText}. The latter takes the name of the grob to
488 adorn, while the former may be used as an articulation on a note.
489 The other arguments are the offset and the text of the label.
492 @cindex notation, explaining
496 Internals Reference: @internalsref{text-balloon-interface}.
500 @unnumberedsubsubsec Grid lines
502 Vertical lines can be drawn between staves synchronized with the
505 @lilypond[ragged-right,quote,verbatim]
509 \consists "Grid_point_engraver" %% sets of grid
510 gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
515 \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver"
516 %% centers grid lines horizontally below noteheads
517 \override NoteColumn #'X-offset = #-0.5
528 %% centers grid lines vertically
529 \override Score.GridLine #'extra-offset = #'( 0.0 . 1.0 )
539 Examples: @lsrdir{education}
542 @node Blank music sheet
543 @unnumberedsubsubsec Blank music sheet
545 @cindex Sheet music, empty
546 @cindex Staves, blank sheet
548 A blank music sheet can be produced also by using invisible notes,
549 and removing @code{Bar_number_engraver}.
552 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
553 \layout{ indent = #0 }
555 \repeat unfold 2 % Change this for more lines.
560 \override TimeSignature #'transparent = ##t
561 % un-comment this line if desired
562 % \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
564 \remove Bar_number_engraver
567 % modify these to get the staves you want
568 \new Staff \emptymusic
569 \new TabStaff \emptymusic