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3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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10 @section Educational use
20 @subsection Note heads
23 * Easy notation note heads::
29 @node Easy notation note heads
30 @unnumberedsubsubsec Easy notation note heads
32 @cindex note heads, practice
33 @cindex note heads, easy notation
37 The @q{easy play} note head includes a note name inside the head. It is
38 used in music for beginners
40 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,staffsize=26]
45 The command @code{\setEasyHeads} overrides settings for the
46 @internalsref{NoteHead} object. To make the letters readable, it has
47 to be printed in a large font size. To print with a larger font, see
48 @ref{Setting the staff size}.
52 @funindex \setEasyHeads
56 @node Shape note heads
57 @unnumberedsubsubsec Shape note heads
59 @cindex note heads, shape
61 In shape note head notation, the shape of the note head corresponds
62 to the harmonic function of a note in the scale. This notation was
63 popular in the 19th century American song books.
65 Shape note heads can be produced by setting @code{\aikenHeads} or
66 @code{\sacredHarpHeads}, depending on the style desired.
68 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=1,fragment]
75 Shapes are determined on the step in the scale, where the base of the
76 scale is determined by the @code{\key} command
79 @funindex shapeNoteStyles
81 @funindex \sacredHarpHeads
83 Shape note heads are implemented through the @code{shapeNoteStyles}
84 property. Its value is a vector of symbols. The k-th element indicates
85 the style to use for the k-th step of the scale. Arbitrary
86 combinations are possible, e.g.
88 @lilypond[verbatim,relative=1,fragment]
89 \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(cross triangle fa #f mensural xcircle diamond)
95 @unnumberedsubsubsec Improvisation
97 Improvisation is sometimes denoted with slashed note heads. Such note
98 heads can be created by adding a @internalsref{Pitch_squash_engraver}
99 to the @internalsref{Voice} context. Then, the
103 \set squashedPosition = #0
104 \override NoteHead #'style = #'slash
108 switches on the slashes.
110 There are shortcuts @code{\improvisationOn} (and an accompanying
111 @code{\improvisationOff}) for this command sequence. They are used in
112 the following example
114 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
116 \consists Pitch_squash_engraver
118 e8 e g a a16(bes)(a8) g \improvisationOn
121 ~fis2 \improvisationOff a16(bes) a8 g e
126 @node Special noteheads
127 @unnumberedsubsubsec Special noteheads
129 @cindex note heads, special
131 Different noteheads are used by various instruments for various
132 meanings -- crosses are used for @q{parlato} with vocalists, stopped
133 notes on guitar; diamonds are used for harmonics on string instruments,
134 etc. There is a shorthand (@code{\harmonic}) for diamond shapes; the
135 other notehead styles are produced by tweaking the property
137 @lilypond[ragged-right,relative=1,fragment,verbatim,quote]
139 \override NoteHead #'style = #'cross
141 \revert NoteHead #'style
142 e d <c f\harmonic> <d a'\harmonic>
146 To see all notehead styles, please see
147 @ref{Note head styles}.
152 Program reference: @internalsref{NoteHead}.
156 @node Inside the staff
157 @subsection Inside the staff
161 * Selecting notation font size::
162 * Fingering instructions::
170 @node Selecting notation font size
171 @unnumberedsubsubsec Selecting notation font size
173 The easiest method of setting the font size of any context is by
174 setting the @code{fontSize} property.
176 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
185 It does not change the size of variable symbols, such as beams or
188 Internally, the @code{fontSize} context property will cause the
189 @code{font-size} property to be set in all layout objects. The value
190 of @code{font-size} is a number indicating the size relative to the
191 standard size for the current staff height. Each step up is an
192 increase of approximately 12% of the font size. Six steps is exactly a
193 factor two. The Scheme function @code{magstep} converts a
194 @code{font-size} number to a scaling factor. The @code{font-size}
195 property can also be set directly, so that only certain layout objects are
198 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
200 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #-4
202 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #3
206 Font size changes are achieved by scaling the design size that is
207 closest to the desired size. The standard font size (for
208 @code{font-size} equals 0), depends on the standard staff height. For
209 a 20pt staff, a 10pt font is selected.
211 The @code{font-size} property can only be set on layout objects that
212 use fonts. These are the ones supporting the
213 @internalsref{font-interface} layout interface.
217 The following commands set @code{fontSize} for the current voice:
223 @funindex \normalsize
227 @node Fingering instructions
228 @unnumberedsubsubsec Fingering instructions
231 @cindex finger change
233 Fingering instructions can be entered using
235 @var{note}-@var{digit}
237 For finger changes, use markup texts
239 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
241 c^\markup { \finger "2 - 3" }
244 You can use the thumb-script to indicate that a note should be
245 played with the thumb (e.g., in cello music)
246 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
247 <a_\thumb a'-3>8 <b_\thumb b'-3>
250 Fingerings for chords can also be added to individual notes
251 of the chord by adding them after the pitches
252 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2]
259 You may exercise greater control over fingering chords by
260 setting @code{fingeringOrientations}
262 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1]
263 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left down)
264 <c-1 es-2 g-4 bes-5 > 4
265 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up right down)
266 <c-1 es-2 g-4 bes-5 > 4
269 Using this feature, it is also possible to put fingering instructions
270 very close to note heads in monophonic music,
272 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment]
273 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
280 Program reference: @internalsref{Fingering}.
282 Examples: @lsr{expressive,fingering-chords.ly}
287 @unnumberedsubsubsec Hidden notes
290 @cindex Invisible notes
291 @cindex Transparent notes
294 @funindex \unHideNotes
295 Hidden (or invisible or transparent) notes can be useful in preparing theory
296 or composition exercises.
298 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
307 @node Coloring objects
308 @unnumberedsubsubsec Coloring objects
310 Individual objects may be assigned colors. You may use the
311 color names listed in the @ref{List of colors}.
313 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
314 \override NoteHead #'color = #red
316 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color 'LimeGreen)
318 \override Stem #'color = #blue
322 The full range of colors defined for X11 can be accessed by using the
323 Scheme function x11-color. The function takes one argument that can be a
327 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color 'MediumTurquoise)
333 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "MediumTurquoise")
336 The first form is quicker to write and is more efficient. However, using
337 the second form it is possible to access X11 colors by the multi-word
341 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
344 If x11-color cannot make sense of the parameter then the color returned
345 defaults to black. It should be obvious from the final score that
348 This example illustrates the use of x11-color. Notice that the stem
349 color remains black after being set to (x11-color 'Boggle), which is
352 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
354 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2)
355 \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
356 \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet"
360 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
362 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color "LimeGreen")
364 \override Stem #'color = #(x11-color 'Boggle)
372 Appendix: @ref{List of colors}.
376 Not all x11 colors are distinguishable in a web browser. For web use
377 normal colors are recommended.
379 An x11 color is not necessarily exactly the same shade as a similarly
382 Notes in a chord cannot be colored with @code{\override}; use
383 @code{\tweak} instead. See @ref{Objects connected to the input},
388 @unnumberedsubsubsec Parentheses
392 @cindex notes, parenthesized
394 Objects may be parenthesized by prefixing @code{\parenthesize} to the music
397 @lilypond[relative=2,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
405 This only functions inside chords, even for single notes
408 < \parenthesize NOTE>
413 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ambitus
416 The term @emph{ambitus} denotes a range of pitches for a given voice
417 in a part of music. It may also denote the pitch range that a musical
418 instrument is capable of playing. Ambits are printed on vocal parts,
419 so performers can easily determine it meets their capabilities.
421 Ambits are denoted at the beginning of a piece near the initial clef.
422 The range is graphically specified by two note heads that represent the
423 minimum and maximum pitch. To print such ambits, add the
424 @internalsref{Ambitus_engraver} to the @internalsref{Voice} context,
431 \consists Ambitus_engraver
436 This results in the following output
438 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
442 \consists Ambitus_engraver
446 \relative \new Staff {
451 If you have multiple voices in a single staff and you want a single
452 ambitus per staff rather than per each voice, add the
453 @internalsref{Ambitus_engraver} to the @internalsref{Staff} context
454 rather than to the @internalsref{Voice} context. Here is an example,
456 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
458 \consists "Ambitus_engraver"
462 \remove "Ambitus_engraver"
464 \override Ambitus #'X-offset = #-1.0
469 \remove "Ambitus_engraver"
478 This example uses one advanced feature,
481 \override Ambitus #'X-offset = #-1.0
485 This code moves the ambitus to the left. The same effect could have
486 been achieved with @code{extra-offset}, but then the formatting system
487 would not reserve space for the moved object.
491 Program reference: @internalsref{Ambitus},
492 @internalsref{AmbitusLine}, @internalsref{AmbitusNoteHead},
493 @internalsref{AmbitusAccidental}.
496 @lsr{vocal,ambitus@/.ly}.
500 There is no collision handling in the case of multiple per-voice
505 @unnumberedsubsubsec Stems
507 Whenever a note is found, a @internalsref{Stem} object is created
508 automatically. For whole notes and rests, they are also created but
517 @funindex \stemNeutral
523 To change the direction of stems in the middle of the staff, use
525 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
527 \override Stem #'neutral-direction = #up
529 \override Stem #'neutral-direction = #down
534 @node Outside the staff
535 @subsection Outside the staff
541 * Blank music sheet::
545 @unnumberedsubsubsec Balloon help
547 Elements of notation can be marked and named with the help of a square
548 balloon. The primary purpose of this feature is to explain notation.
550 The following example demonstrates its use.
552 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
553 \new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" }
555 \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" }
556 <c-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { Hello } >8
561 There are two music functions, @code{balloonText} and
562 @code{balloonGrobText}. The latter takes the name of the grob to
563 adorn, while the former may be used as an articulation on a note.
564 The other arguments are the offset and the text of the label.
567 @cindex notation, explaining
571 Program reference: @internalsref{text-balloon-interface}.
575 @unnumberedsubsubsec Grid lines
577 Vertical lines can be drawn between staves synchronized with
580 @lilypond[ragged-right,quote,verbatim]
584 \consists "Grid_point_engraver" %% sets of grid
585 gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
590 \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver"
591 %% centers grid lines horizontally below noteheads
592 \override NoteColumn #'X-offset = #-0.5
603 %% centers grid lines vertically
604 \override Score.GridLine #'extra-offset = #'( 0.0 . 1.0 )
614 Examples: @lsrdir{education}
617 @node Blank music sheet
618 @unnumberedsubsubsec Blank music sheet
620 @cindex Sheet music, empty
621 @cindex Staves, blank sheet
623 A blank music sheet can be produced also by using invisible notes, and
624 removing @code{Bar_number_engraver}.
627 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
628 \layout{ indent = #0 }
630 \repeat unfold 2 % Change this for more lines.
635 \override TimeSignature #'transparent = ##t
636 % un-comment this line if desired
637 % \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
639 \remove Bar_number_engraver
642 % modify these to get the staves you want
643 \new Staff \emptymusic
644 \new TabStaff \emptymusic