1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
2 @c vim: foldmethod=marker
4 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
6 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
7 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
12 @node Ancient notation
13 @section Ancient notation
15 @lilypondfile[quote]{ancient-headword.ly}
17 @cindex Vaticana, Editio
18 @cindex Medicaea, Editio
25 * Overview of the supported styles::
26 * Ancient notation---common features::
27 * Typesetting mensural music::
28 * Typesetting Gregorian chant::
29 * Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions::
33 Support for ancient notation includes features for mensural
34 notation and Gregorian chant notation. These features can be
35 accessed either by modifying style properties of graphical objects
36 such as note heads and rests, or by using one of the pre-defined
37 contexts for mensural or Gregorian notation.
39 Many graphical objects, such as note heads and flags, accidentals,
40 time signatures, and rests, provide a @code{style} property, which
41 can be changed to emulate several different styles of ancient
45 @item @ref{Mensural note heads},
46 @item @ref{Mensural accidentals},
47 @item @ref{Mensural rests},
48 @item @ref{Mensural clefs},
49 @item @ref{Gregorian clefs},
50 @item @ref{Mensural flags},
51 @item @ref{Mensural time signatures}.
54 Some notational concepts are introduced specifically for ancient
59 @item @ref{Divisiones},
60 @item @ref{Ligatures}.
63 @c {{{1 Overview of the supported styles
64 @node Overview of the supported styles
65 @subsection Overview of the supported styles
68 Three styles are available for typesetting Gregorian chant:
71 @item @emph{Editio Vaticana} is a complete style for
72 Gregorian chant, following the appearance of the Solesmes
73 editions, the official chant books of the Vatican since 1904.
74 Lilypond has support for all the notational signs used in this
75 style, including ligatures, @emph{custodes}, and special signs
76 such as the quilisma and the oriscus.
79 @cindex Vaticana, Editio
81 @item The @emph{Editio Medicaea} style offers certain features
82 used in the Medicaea (or Ratisbona) editions which were used prior
83 to the Solesmes editions. The most significant differences from
84 the @emph{Vaticana} style are the clefs, which have
85 downward-slanted strokes, and the noteheads, which are square and
88 @cindex Ratisbona, Editio
89 @cindex Medicaea, Editio
91 @item The @emph{Hufnagel} (@qq{horseshoe nail}) or @emph{Gothic}
92 style mimics the writing style in chant manuscripts from Germany
93 and Central Europe during the middle ages. It is named after the
94 basic note shape (the @emph{virga}), which looks like a small
99 Three styles emulate the appearance of late-medieval and
100 renaissance manuscripts and prints of mensural music:
103 @item The @emph{Mensural} style most closely resembles the
104 writing style used in late-medieval and early renaissance
105 manuscripts, with its small and narrow, diamond-shaped noteheads
106 and its rests which approach a hand-drawn style.
110 @item The @emph{Neomensural} style is a modernized and
111 stylized version of the former: the noteheads are broader and the
112 rests are made up of straight lines. This style is particularly
113 suited, e.g., for incipits of transcribed pieces of mensural
118 @item The @emph{Petrucci} style is named after Ottaviano Petrucci
119 (1466-1539), the first printer to use movable type for music (in
120 his @emph{Harmonice musices odhecaton}, 1501). The style uses
121 larger note heads than the other mensural styles.
127 @emph{Baroque} and @emph{Classical} are not complete styles
128 but differ from the default style only in some details: certain
129 noteheads (Baroque) and the quarter rest (Classical).
131 Only the mensural style has alternatives for all aspects of the
132 notation. Thus, there are no rests or flags in the Gregorian
133 styles, since these signs are not used in plainchant notation, and
134 the Petrucci style has no flags or accidentals of its own.
136 Each element of the notation can be changed independently of the
137 others, so that one can use mensural flags, petrucci noteheads,
138 classical rests and vaticana clefs in the same piece, if one
141 @c {{{1 Ancient notation, general
142 @node Ancient notation---common features
143 @subsection Ancient notation---common features
146 * Pre-defined contexts::
149 * Figured bass support::
152 @c {{{2 Pre-defined contexts
153 @node Pre-defined contexts
154 @unnumberedsubsubsec Pre-defined contexts
156 For Gregorian chant and mensural notation, there are pre-defined
157 voice and staff contexts available, which set all the various
158 notation signs to values suitable for these styles. If one is
159 satisfied with these defaults, one can proceed directly with note
160 entry without worrying about the details on how to customize a
161 context. See one of the pre-defined contexts
162 @code{VaticanaVoice}, @code{VaticanaStaff}, @code{MensuralVoice},
163 and @code{MensuralStaff}. See
166 @item @ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
167 @item @ref{Mensural contexts}.
173 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ligatures
177 @c TODO: Should double check if I recalled things correctly when I wrote
178 @c down the following paragraph by heart.
180 A ligature is a graphical symbol that represents at least two
181 distinct notes. Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts
182 of Gregorian chant notation to denote ascending or descending
183 sequences of notes on the same syllable. They are also used in
186 Ligatures are entered by enclosing them in @code{\[} and @code{\]}.
187 Some ligature styles may need additional input syntax specific for
188 this particular type of ligature. By default, the
189 @rinternals{LigatureBracket} engraver just puts a square bracket
192 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
200 Two other ligature styles are available: the Vaticana for
201 Gregorian chant, and the Mensural for mensural music (only white
202 mensural ligatures are supported for mensural music, and with
203 certain limitations). To use any of these styles, the default
204 @code{Ligature_bracket_engraver} has to be replaced with one of the
205 specialized ligature engravers in the @rinternals{Voice} context,
206 as explained in @ref{White mensural ligatures} and @ref{Gregorian
207 square neume ligatures}.
211 @c TODO: nothing here yet ...
215 Ligatures need special spacing that has not yet been implemented. As
216 a result, there is too much space between ligatures most of the time,
217 and line breaking often is unsatisfactory. Also, lyrics do not
218 correctly align with ligatures.
220 Accidentals must not be printed within a ligature, but instead need to
221 be collected and printed in front of it.
223 The syntax still uses the deprecated infix style @code{\[ music expr
224 \]}. For consistency reasons, it will eventually be changed to
225 postfix style @code{note\[ ... note\]}.
227 @c Alternatively, the file
228 @c @file{gregorian@/-init@/.ly} can be included; it provides a scheme
231 @c \ligature @var{music expr}
233 @c with the same effect and is believed to be stable.
235 @c TODO: this does not seem to work at the moment.
240 @unnumberedsubsubsec Custodes
245 A @emph{custos} (plural: @emph{custodes}; Latin word for @qq{guard}) is a
246 symbol that appears at the end of a staff. It anticipates the pitch
247 of the first note of the following line, thus helping the performer
248 to manage line breaks during performance.
250 Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the
251 seventeenth century. Nowadays, they have survived only in a few
252 particular forms of musical notation such as contemporary editions
253 of Gregorian chant like the @emph{Editio Vaticana}. There are
254 different custos glyphs used in different flavors of notational
257 For typesetting custodes, just put a @rinternals{Custos_engraver} into the
258 @rinternals{Staff} context when declaring the @code{\layout} block,
259 and change the style of the custos with an @code{\override} if
260 desired, as shown in the following example:
266 \consists Custos_engraver
267 Custos \override #'style = #'mensural
272 The result looks like this
274 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
278 \override Staff.Custos #'style = #'mensural
283 \context { \Staff \consists Custos_engraver }
288 The custos glyph is selected by the @code{style} property. The styles
289 supported are @code{vaticana}, @code{medicaea}, @code{hufnagel}, and
290 @code{mensural}. They are demonstrated in the following fragment
292 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
293 \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
295 \typewriter "vaticana"
296 \line { " " \musicglyph #"custodes.vaticana.u0" }
299 \typewriter "medicaea"
300 \line { " " \musicglyph #"custodes.medicaea.u0" }
303 \typewriter "hufnagel"
304 \line { " " \musicglyph #"custodes.hufnagel.u0" }
307 \typewriter "mensural"
308 \line { " " \musicglyph #"custodes.mensural.u0" }
315 Internals Reference: @rinternals{Custos}.
320 @c {{{2 Figured bass support
321 @node Figured bass support
322 @unnumberedsubsubsec Figured bass support
324 There is limited support for figured bass notation from the
325 Baroque period; see @ref{Figured bass}.
328 @c {{{1 Typesetting mensural music
329 @node Typesetting mensural music
330 @subsection Typesetting mensural music
333 * Mensural contexts::
335 * Mensural time signatures::
336 * Mensural note heads::
339 * Mensural accidentals::
340 * Annotational accidentals (@emph{musica ficta})::
341 * White mensural ligatures::
346 @c {{{2Mensural contexts
347 @node Mensural contexts
348 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural contexts
350 @cindex MensuralVoiceContext
351 @cindex MensuralStaffContext
353 The predefined @code{MensuralVoice} and @code{MensuralStaff}
354 contexts can be used to engrave a piece in mensural style. These
355 contexts initialize all relevant context properties and grob
356 properties to proper values, so you can immediately go ahead
357 entering the chant, as the following excerpt demonstrates:
359 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
362 \new MensuralVoice = "discantus" \transpose c c' {
363 \override Score.BarNumber #'transparent = ##t {
364 c'1\melisma bes a g\melismaEnd
366 \[ f1\melisma a c'\breve d'\melismaEnd \]
368 c'\breve\melisma a1 g1\melismaEnd
369 fis\longa^\signumcongruentiae
372 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "discantus" {
373 San -- ctus, San -- ctus, San -- ctus
381 TODO: nothing here yet ...
384 @c {{{2 Mensural clefs
386 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural clefs
390 The following table shows all mensural clefs that are supported via
391 the @code{\clef} command. Some of the clefs use the same glyph,
392 but differ only with respect to the line they are printed on. In
393 such cases, a trailing number in the name is used to enumerate
394 these clefs, numbered from the lowest to the highest line. Still,
395 you can manually force a clef glyph to be typeset on an arbitrary
396 line, as described in @ref{Clef}. The note printed to the right
397 side of each clef in the example column denotes the @code{c'} with
398 respect to that clef.
400 Petrucci used C clefs with differently balanced left-side vertical
401 beams, depending on which staff line it is printed.
403 @multitable @columnfractions .4 .4 .2
414 @code{mensural-c1}, @code{mensural-c2},@*
415 @code{mensural-c3}, @code{mensural-c4}
417 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
419 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
428 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
430 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
439 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
441 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
448 @code{neomensural-c1}, @code{neomensural-c2},@*
449 @code{neomensural-c3}, @code{neomensural-c4}
451 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
452 \clef "neomensural-c2" c
456 petrucci style C clefs, for use on different staff lines
457 (the example shows the 2nd staff line C clef)
459 @code{petrucci-c1}, @code{petrucci-c2},@*
460 @code{petrucci-c3}, @code{petrucci-c4},@*
463 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
465 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
470 petrucci style F clef
474 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
476 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
481 petrucci style G clef
485 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
487 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
494 Notation Reference: see @ref{Clef}.
498 The mensural g clef is mapped to the Petrucci g clef.
501 @c {{{2Mensural time signatures
502 @node Mensural time signatures
503 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural time signatures
505 @cindex mensuration sign
506 @cindex time signatures
508 There is limited support for mensuration signs (which are similar to, but
509 not exactly the same as time signatures). The glyphs are hard-wired to
510 particular time fractions. In other words, to get a particular mensuration
511 sign with the @code{\time n/m} command, @code{n} and @code{m} have to be
512 chosen according to the following table
514 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
519 \remove Staff_symbol_engraver
520 \remove Clef_engraver
521 \remove Time_signature_engraver
525 \set Score.timing = ##f
526 \set Score.barAlways = ##t
527 s_\markup { "\\time 4/4" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
528 #"timesig.neomensural44" }
530 s_\markup { "\\time 2/2" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
531 #"timesig.neomensural22" }
533 s_\markup { "\\time 6/4" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
534 #"timesig.neomensural64" }
536 s_\markup { "\\time 6/8" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
537 #"timesig.neomensural68" }
539 s_\markup { "\\time 3/2" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
540 #"timesig.neomensural32" }
542 s_\markup { "\\time 3/4" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
543 #"timesig.neomensural34" }
545 s_\markup { "\\time 9/4" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
546 #"timesig.neomensural94" }
548 s_\markup { "\\time 9/8" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
549 #"timesig.neomensural98" }
551 s_\markup { "\\time 4/8" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
552 #"timesig.neomensural48" }
554 s_\markup { "\\time 2/4" }^\markup { " " \musicglyph
555 #"timesig.neomensural24" }
559 Use the @code{style} property of grob @rinternals{TimeSignature}
560 to select ancient time signatures. Supported styles are
561 @code{neomensural} and @code{mensural}. The above table uses the
562 @code{neomensural} style. The following examples show the
563 differences in style:
565 @lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,quote]
570 c1^\markup { \hspace #-2.0 \typewriter default }
572 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'numbered
574 c1^\markup { \hspace #-2.0 \typewriter numbered }
576 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'mensural
578 c1^\markup { \hspace #-2.0 \typewriter mensural }
580 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'neomensural
582 c1^\markup { \hspace #-2.0 \typewriter neomensural }
583 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'single-digit
585 c1^\markup { \hspace #-2.0 \typewriter single-digit }
591 Notation Reference: @ref{Time signature}, gives a general introduction to
592 the use of time signatures.
596 Ratios of note durations do not change with the time signature. For
597 example, the ratio of 1 breve = 3 semibreves (@emph{tempus perfectum}) must
598 be made by hand, by setting
601 breveTP = #(ly:make-duration -1 0 3 2)
607 This sets @code{breveTP} to 3/2 times 2 = 3 times a whole note.
609 The @code{mensural68alt} and @code{neomensural68alt} symbols
610 (alternate symbols for 6/8) are not addressable with @code{\time}.
611 Use @code{\markup @{\musicglyph #"timesig.mensural68alt" @}} instead.
614 @c {{{2Mensural note heads
615 @node Mensural note heads
616 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural note heads
618 @cindex note heads, ancient
620 For ancient notation, a note head style other than the @code{default} style
621 may be chosen. This is accomplished by setting the @code{style} property of
622 the @rinternals{NoteHead} object to @code{baroque}, @code{neomensural},
623 @code{mensural} or @code{petrucci}.
625 The @code{baroque} style differs from the @code{default} style by:
628 @item Providing a @code{maxima} notehead, and
629 @item Using a square shape for @code{\breve} note heads.
632 The @code{neomensural}, @code{mensural}, and @code{petrucci} styles differ from
633 the @code{baroque} style by:
636 @item Using rhomboidal heads for semibreves and all smaller durations, and
637 @item Centering the stems on the note heads.
641 The following example demonstrates the @code{petrucci} style:
643 @c Renaissance music doesn't use bar lines ... but they do help to
644 @c separate the notes for easier identification.
646 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
647 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
649 \override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci
650 a'\maxima a'\longa a'\breve a'1 a'2 a'4 a'8 a'16 a'
656 @ref{Note head styles} gives an overview of all available note head styles.
659 @c {{{2Mensural flags
661 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural flags
665 Use the @code{flag-style} property of grob @rinternals{Stem} to
666 select ancient flags. Besides the @code{default} flag style,
667 only the @code{mensural} style is supported.
669 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
670 \override Stem #'flag-style = #'mensural
671 \override Stem #'thickness = #1.0
672 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
674 c'8 d'8 e'8 f'8 c'16 d'16 e'16 f'16 c'32 d'32 e'32 f'32 s8
675 c''8 d''8 e''8 f''8 c''16 d''16 e''16 f''16 c''32 d''32 e''32 f''32
678 Note that the innermost flare of each mensural flag always is
679 vertically aligned with a staff line.
681 There is no particular flag style for neo-mensural or Petrucci notation.
683 @c when typesetting the incipit of a transcribed piece of mensural
684 @c music, the default flag style should be used.
685 There are no flags in Gregorian chant notation.
689 TODO: nothing here yet ...
693 The attachment of ancient flags to stems is slightly off.
694 @c due to a change in early 2.3.x.
696 Vertically aligning each flag with a staff line assumes that stems
697 always end either exactly on or exactly in the middle between two
698 staff lines. This may not always be true when using advanced layout
699 features of classical notation (which however are typically out of
700 scope for mensural notation).
702 @c {{{2Mensural rests
704 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural rests
706 @cindex rests, ancient
708 Use the @code{style} property of grob @rinternals{Rest} to select
709 ancient rests. Supported styles are @code{classical},
710 @code{neomensural}, and @code{mensural}. @code{classical} differs
711 from the @code{default} style only in that the quarter rest looks
712 like a horizontally mirrored 8th rest. The @code{mensural} and
713 the @code{neomensural} styles mimic the appearance of rests in
714 manuscripts and prints up to the 16th century.
716 The following example demonstrates the @code{mensural} and
717 @code{neomensural} styles:
719 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
720 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
721 \override Rest #'style = #'classical
722 r\longa^"classical" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s \break
723 \override Rest #'style = #'mensural
724 r\longa^"mensural" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s \break
725 \override Rest #'style = #'neomensural
726 r\longa^"neomensural" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16
729 There are no 32th and 64th rests specifically for the mensural or
730 neo-mensural style. Instead, the rests from the default style will be
733 See @rlsr{Pitches,rests} for a chart of all rests.
735 There are no rests in Gregorian chant notation; instead, it uses
740 Notation Reference: @ref{Rests}, gives a general introduction into the use of
744 @c {{{2Mensural accidentals
745 @node Mensural accidentals
746 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural accidentals
750 Four different accidental styles for ancient music are available:
752 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,staffsize=26]
759 \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.vaticana-1"
760 " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.vaticana0" }
764 \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.medicaea-1" }
768 \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.hufnagel-1" }
772 \line { " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.mensural-1"
773 " " \musicglyph #"accidentals.mensural1" }
779 \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" }
781 \remove "Clef_engraver"
782 \remove "Key_engraver"
783 \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
784 \remove "Staff_symbol_engraver"
785 \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = ##f
791 As shown, not all accidentals are supported by each style. When
792 trying to access an unsupported accidental, LilyPond will switch to a
793 different style, as demonstrated in
796 The style for accidentals and key signatures is controlled by the
797 @code{glyph-name-alist} property of the grobs @rinternals{Accidental} and
798 @rinternals{KeySignature}, respectively; e.g.:
800 @code{\override Staff.Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
801 #alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist}
805 Notation Reference: @ref{Pitches}, @ref{Accidentals}, and
806 @ref{Automatic accidentals} give a general introduction of the use of
807 accidentals. @ref{Key signature} gives a general introduction of
808 the use of key signatures.
810 Internals Reference: @rinternals{KeySignature}.
812 @c {{{2 Annotational accidentals (musica ficta)
813 @node Annotational accidentals (@emph{musica ficta})
814 @unnumberedsubsubsec Annotational accidentals (@emph{musica ficta})
816 In European music from before about 1600, singers were expected to
817 chromatically alter notes at their own initiative according to
818 certain rules. This is called @notation{musica ficta}. In modern
819 transcriptions, these accidentals are usually printed over the
822 @cindex Accidental, musica ficta
825 Support for such suggested accidentals is included, and can be
826 switched on by setting @code{suggestAccidentals} to true.
828 @funindex suggestAccidentals
830 @lilypond[verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
832 \set suggestAccidentals = ##t
836 This will treat @emph{every} subsequent accidental as @emph{musica
837 ficta} until it is unset with @code{\set suggestAccidentals =
838 ##f}. A more practical way is to use @code{\once \set
839 suggestAccidentals = ##t}, which can even be defined as a
840 convenient shorthand:
842 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
843 ficta = { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t }
844 \score { \relative c''
846 \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t
847 bes4 a2 g2 \ficta fis8 \ficta e! fis2 g1
854 Internals Reference: @rinternals{Accidental_engraver} engraver and
855 the @rinternals{AccidentalSuggestion} object.
858 @c {{{2White mensural ligatures
859 @node White mensural ligatures
860 @unnumberedsubsubsec White mensural ligatures
862 @cindex Mensural ligatures
863 @cindex White mensural ligatures
865 There is limited support for white mensural ligatures.
867 To engrave white mensural ligatures, in the layout block, replace
868 the @rinternals{Ligature_bracket_engraver} with the
869 @rinternals{Mensural_ligature_engraver} in the @rinternals{Voice}
876 \remove Ligature_bracket_engraver
877 \consists Mensural_ligature_engraver
882 There is no additional input language to describe the shape of a
883 white mensural ligature. The shape is rather determined solely from
884 the pitch and duration of the enclosed notes. While this approach may
885 take a new user a while to get accustomed to, it has the great advantage
886 that the full musical information of the ligature is known internally.
887 This is not only required for correct MIDI output, but also allows for
888 automatic transcription of the ligatures.
893 @c \set Score.timing = ##f
894 @c \set Score.defaultBarType = "empty"
895 @c \override NoteHead #'style = #'neomensural
896 @c \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'neomensural
897 @c \clef "petrucci-g"
899 @c \[ d\longa c\breve f e d \]
900 @c \[ c'\maxima d'\longa \]
901 @c \[ e'1 a g\breve \]
903 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
906 \set Score.timing = ##f
907 \set Score.defaultBarType = "empty"
908 \override NoteHead #'style = #'neomensural
909 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'neomensural
912 \[ d\longa c\breve f e d \]
913 \[ c'\maxima d'\longa \]
919 \remove Ligature_bracket_engraver
920 \consists Mensural_ligature_engraver
926 Without replacing @rinternals{Ligature_bracket_engraver} with
927 @rinternals{Mensural_ligature_engraver}, the same music transcribes
930 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
932 \set Score.timing = ##f
933 \set Score.defaultBarType = "empty"
934 \override NoteHead #'style = #'neomensural
935 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'neomensural
938 \[ d\longa c\breve f e d \]
939 \[ c'\maxima d'\longa \]
946 TODO: nothing here yet ...
950 Horizontal spacing is poor.
953 @c {{{1 Typesetting Gregorian chant
954 @node Typesetting Gregorian chant
955 @subsection Typesetting Gregorian chant
958 * Gregorian chant contexts::
961 * Gregorian articulation signs::
962 * Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})::
963 * Gregorian square neume ligatures::
966 When typesetting a piece in Gregorian chant notation, the
967 @rinternals{Vaticana_ligature_engraver} automatically selects the
968 proper note heads, so there is no need to explicitly set the note
969 head style. Still, the note head style can be set, e.g., to
970 @code{vaticana_punctum} to produce punctum neumes. Similarly, the
971 @rinternals{Mensural_ligature_engraver} automatically assembles
972 mensural ligatures. See @ref{Ligatures}, for how ligature
976 @c {{{2Gregorian chant contexts
977 @node Gregorian chant contexts
978 @unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian chant contexts
980 @cindex VaticanaVoiceContext
981 @cindex VaticanaStaffContext
983 The predefined @code{VaticanaVoiceContext} and
984 @code{VaticanaStaffContext} can be used to engrave a piece of
985 Gregorian chant in the style of the Editio Vaticana. These contexts
986 initialize all relevant context properties and grob properties to
987 proper values, so you can immediately go ahead entering the chant, as
988 the following excerpt demonstrates:
990 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,packed,verbatim]
991 \include "gregorian.ly"
994 \new VaticanaVoice = "cantus" {
995 \[ c'\melisma c' \flexa a \]
996 \[ a \flexa \deminutum g\melismaEnd \]
998 \[ f\melisma \pes a c' c' \pes d'\melismaEnd \]
999 c' \divisioMinima \break
1000 \[ c'\melisma c' \flexa a \]
1001 \[ a \flexa \deminutum g\melismaEnd \] f \divisioMinima
1003 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "cantus" {
1004 San- ctus, San- ctus, San- ctus
1012 TODO: nothing here yet ...
1014 @c {{{2 Gregorian clefs
1015 @node Gregorian clefs
1016 @unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian clefs
1020 The following table shows all Gregorian clefs that are supported via
1021 the @code{\clef} command. Some of the clefs use the same glyph,
1022 but differ only with respect to the line they are printed on. In
1023 such cases, a trailing number in the name is used to enumerate
1024 these clefs, numbered from the lowest to the highest line. Still,
1025 you can manually force a clef glyph to be typeset on an arbitrary
1026 line, as described in @ref{Clef}. The note printed to the right
1027 side of each clef in the example column denotes the @code{c'} with
1028 respect to that clef.
1030 @multitable @columnfractions .4 .4 .2
1039 Editio Vaticana style do clef
1041 @code{vaticana-do1}, @code{vaticana-do2},@*
1044 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
1045 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
1046 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
1047 \override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
1048 \override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
1049 \override NoteHead #'style = #'vaticana.punctum
1050 \clef "vaticana-do2"
1055 Editio Vaticana style fa clef
1057 @code{vaticana-fa1}, @code{vaticana-fa2}
1059 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
1060 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
1061 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
1062 \override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
1063 \override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
1064 \override NoteHead #'style = #'vaticana.punctum
1065 \clef "vaticana-fa2"
1070 Editio Medicaea style do clef
1072 @code{medicaea-do1}, @code{medicaea-do2},@*
1075 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
1076 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
1077 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
1078 \override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
1079 \override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
1080 \override NoteHead #'style = #'medicaea.punctum
1081 \clef "medicaea-do2"
1086 Editio Medicaea style fa clef
1088 @code{medicaea-fa1}, @code{medicaea-fa2}
1090 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
1091 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
1092 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
1093 \override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
1094 \override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
1095 \override NoteHead #'style = #'medicaea.punctum
1096 \clef "medicaea-fa2"
1101 hufnagel style do clef
1103 @code{hufnagel-do1}, @code{hufnagel-do2},@*
1106 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
1107 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
1108 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
1109 \override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
1110 \override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
1111 \override NoteHead #'style = #'hufnagel.punctum
1112 \clef "hufnagel-do2"
1117 hufnagel style fa clef
1119 @code{hufnagel-fa1}, @code{hufnagel-fa2}
1121 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
1122 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #4
1123 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
1124 \override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
1125 \override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
1126 \override NoteHead #'style = #'hufnagel.punctum
1127 \clef "hufnagel-fa2"
1132 hufnagel style combined do/fa clef
1134 @code{hufnagel-do-fa}
1136 @lilypond[fragment,relative=1,notime]
1137 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #red
1138 \override Staff.LedgerLineSpanner #'color = #red
1139 \override Voice.Stem #'transparent = ##t
1140 \override NoteHead #'style = #'hufnagel.punctum
1141 \clef "hufnagel-do-fa"
1148 Notation Reference: see @ref{Clef}.
1153 @unnumberedsubsubsec Divisiones
1159 A @emph{divisio} (plural: @emph{divisiones}; Latin word for
1160 @q{division}) is a staff context symbol that is used to indicate
1161 the phrase and section structure of Gregorian music. The musical meaning of
1162 @emph{divisio minima}, @emph{divisio maior}, and @emph{divisio maxima}
1163 can be characterized as short, medium, and long pause, somewhat like
1164 the breathmarks from @ref{Breath marks}. The @emph{finalis} sign not
1165 only marks the end of a chant, but is also frequently used within a
1166 single antiphonal/responsorial chant to mark the end of each section.
1168 To use divisiones, include the file @file{gregorian@/-init@/.ly}. It
1169 contains definitions that you can apply by just inserting
1170 @code{\divisioMinima}, @code{\divisioMaior}, @code{\divisioMaxima},
1171 and @code{\finalis} at proper places in the input. Some editions use
1172 @emph{virgula} or @emph{caesura} instead of divisio minima.
1173 Therefore, @file{gregorian@/-init@/.ly} also defines @code{\virgula} and
1176 @lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right]{divisiones.ly}
1184 @funindex \divisioMinima
1185 @code{\divisioMinima},
1186 @funindex \divisioMaior
1187 @code{\divisioMaior},
1188 @funindex \divisioMaxima
1189 @code{\divisioMaxima},
1194 @c {{{2Gregorian articulations
1195 @node Gregorian articulation signs
1196 @unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian articulation signs
1198 @cindex articulations
1200 In addition to the standard articulation signs described in
1201 section @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}, articulation signs
1202 specifically designed for use with notation in @emph{Editio
1203 Vaticana} style are provided.
1205 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1206 \include "gregorian.ly"
1208 \new VaticanaVoice {
1209 \override TextScript #'font-family = #'typewriter
1210 \override TextScript #'font-shape = #'upright
1211 \override Script #'padding = #-0.1
1212 a\ictus_"ictus " \break
1213 a\circulus_"circulus " \break
1214 a\semicirculus_"semicirculus " \break
1215 a\accentus_"accentus " \break
1216 \[ a_"episema" \episemInitium \pes b \flexa a b \episemFinis \flexa a \]
1223 TODO: nothing here yet ...
1227 Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the
1228 corresponding note heads.
1230 The episema line is not displayed in many cases. If it is displayed,
1231 the right end of the episema line is often too far to the right.
1234 @c {{{2Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})
1235 @node Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})
1236 @unnumberedsubsubsec Augmentum dots (@emph{morae})
1238 Augmentum dots, also called @emph{morae}, are added with the music
1239 function @code{\augmentum}. Note that @code{\augmentum} is
1240 implemented as a unary music function rather than as head prefix. It
1241 applies to the immediately following music expression only. That is,
1242 @code{\augmentum \virga c} will have no visible effect. Instead, say
1243 @code{\virga \augmentum c} or @code{\augmentum @{\virga c@}}. Also
1244 note that you can say @code{\augmentum @{a g@}} as a shortcut for
1245 @code{\augmentum a \augmentum g}.
1247 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1248 \include "gregorian.ly"
1250 \new VaticanaVoice {
1251 \[ \augmentum a \flexa \augmentum g \]
1260 Notation Reference: @ref{Breath marks}.
1262 Internals Reference: @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
1264 Examples: @rlsr{Ancient}.
1268 @c {{{2Gregorian square neumes ligatures
1269 @node Gregorian square neume ligatures
1270 @unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian square neume ligatures
1272 @cindex Square neumes ligatures
1273 @cindex Gregorian square neumes ligatures
1275 There is limited support for Gregorian square neumes notation
1276 (following the style of the Editio Vaticana). Core ligatures can
1277 already be typeset, but essential issues for serious typesetting are
1278 still lacking, such as (among others) horizontal alignment of multiple
1279 ligatures, lyrics alignment, and proper handling of accidentals.
1281 Note heads can be @emph{modified} and/or @emph{joined}.
1285 the note head can be modified by @emph{prefixing} the note name
1286 with any of the following commands:
1291 @funindex \inclinatum
1295 @funindex \descendens
1297 @funindex \ascendens
1303 @funindex \deminutum
1309 A note name without any qualifiers will produce a @emph{punctum}.
1311 @item Ligatures, properly speaking (i.e. notes joined together), are
1312 produced by placing one of the joining commands @code{pes} or
1313 @code{flexa}, for upwards and downwards movement, respectively,
1314 @emph{between} the notes to be joined.
1317 All neumes are in principle considered as ligatures, even the
1318 single-note neumes @emph{punctum} and @emph{virga}, and should
1319 therefore be placed between @code{\[...\]}.
1324 @item The @emph{punctum} is the basic note shape (in the
1325 @emph{Vaticana} style: a square with some curvation for
1326 typographical finesse). In addition to the regular
1327 @emph{punctum}, there is also the oblique @emph{punctum
1328 inclinatum}, produced with the prefix @code{\inclinatum}. The
1329 regular @emph{punctum} can be modified with @code{\cavum}, which
1330 produces a hollow note, and @code{\linea}, which draws vertical
1331 lines on either side of the note.
1333 @item The @emph{virga} has a descending stem on the right side. It is
1334 produced by the modifier @code{\virga}.
1339 Unlike most other neumes notation systems, the input language for
1340 neumes does not reflect the typographical appearance, but is designed
1341 to focus on musical meaning. For example, @code{\[ a \pes b
1342 \flexa g \]} produces a Torculus consisting of three Punctum heads,
1343 while @code{\[ a \flexa g \pes b \]} produces a Porrectus with a
1344 curved flexa shape and only a single Punctum head. There is no
1345 command to explicitly typeset the curved flexa shape; the decision of
1346 when to typeset a curved flexa shape is based on the musical
1347 input. The idea of this approach is to separate the musical aspects
1348 of the input from the notation style of the output. This way, the
1349 same input can be reused to typeset the same music in a different
1350 style of Gregorian chant notation.
1352 @c Liquescent neumes
1354 Another main category of notes in Gregorian chant is the so-called
1355 liquescent neumes. They are used under certain circumstances at
1356 the end of a syllable which ends in a @q{liquescent} letter, i.e.
1357 the sounding consonants that can hold a tone (the nasals, l, r, v,
1358 j, and their diphtong equivalents). Thus, the liquescent neumes
1359 are never used alone (although some of them can be produced), and
1360 they always fall at the end of a ligature.
1362 Liquescent neumes are represented graphically in two different,
1363 more or less interchangeable ways: with a smaller note or by
1364 @q{twisting} the main note upwards or downwards. The first is
1365 produced by making a regular @code{pes} or @code{flexa} and
1366 modifying the shape of the second note: @code{\[ a \pes \deminutum
1367 b \] }, the second by modifying the shape of a single-note neume
1368 with @code{\auctus} and one of the direction markers
1369 @code{\descendens} or @code{\ascendens}, e.g. @code{ \[ \auctus
1374 A third category of signs is made up of a small number of signs
1375 with a special meaning (which, incidentally, in most cases is only
1376 vaguely known): the @emph{quilisma}, the @emph{oriscus}, and the
1377 @emph{strophicus}. These are all produced by prefixing a note name
1378 with the corresponding modifier, @code{\quilisma},
1379 @code{\oriscus}, or @code{\stropha}.
1381 Virtually, within the ligature delimiters @code{\[} and @code{\]},
1382 any number of heads may be accumulated to form a single ligature,
1383 and head prefixes like @code{\pes}, @code{\flexa}, @code{\virga},
1384 @code{\inclinatum}, etc. may be mixed in as desired. The use of
1385 the set of rules that underlies the construction of the ligatures
1386 in the above table is accordingly extrapolated. This way,
1387 infinitely many different ligatures can be created.
1389 Note that the use of these signs in the music itself follows
1390 certain rules, which are not checked by Lilypond. E.g., the
1391 @emph{quilisma} is always the middle note of an ascending
1392 ligature, and usually falls on a half-tone step, but it is
1393 perfectly possible to make a single-note quilisma.
1398 The following table shows a limited, but still representative pool
1399 of Gregorian ligature examples, with the code fragments that
1400 produce the ligatures. The the extended neumes table of the 2nd
1401 volume of the Antiphonale Romanum (@emph{Liber Hymnarius}), published
1402 1983 by the monks of Solesmes The second column
1403 gives the name of the ligature. The third column shows the code
1404 fragment that produces this ligature, using @code{g}, @code{a},
1405 and @code{b} as example pitches.
1408 @b{Single-note neums}
1410 @multitable @columnfractions .4 .2 .4
1413 @b{Basic} and @emph{Liquescent} forms
1420 @c TODO: \layout block is identical in all of the below examples.
1421 @c Therefore, it should somehow be included rather than duplicated all
1424 @c why not make variables in ly/engraver-init.ly? --hwn
1426 @c Because it's just used to typeset plain notes without
1427 @c a staff for demonstration purposes rather than something
1428 @c special of Gregorian chant notation. --jr
1434 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.5\cm]
1435 \include "gregorian.ly"
1441 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1448 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.5\cm]
1449 \include "gregorian.ly"
1455 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1458 @code{\[ \cavum b \]}
1462 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.5\cm]
1463 \include "gregorian.ly"
1469 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1472 @code{\[ \linea b \]}
1475 @emph{Punctum Auctum Ascendens}
1477 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=2.5\cm]
1478 \include "gregorian.ly"
1481 % Punctum Auctum Ascendens
1482 \[ \auctum \ascendens b \]
1484 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1487 @code{\[ \auctum \ascendens b \]}
1490 @emph{Punctum Auctum Descendens}
1492 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=2.5\cm]
1493 \include "gregorian.ly"
1496 % Punctum Auctum Descendens
1497 \[ \auctum \descendens b \]
1499 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1502 @code{\[ \auctum \descendens b \]}
1505 @b{Punctum inclinatum}
1507 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.5\cm]
1508 \include "gregorian.ly"
1511 % Punctum Inclinatum
1514 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1517 @code{\[ \inclinatum b \]}
1520 @emph{Punctum Inclinatum Auctum}
1522 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=2.5\cm]
1523 \include "gregorian.ly"
1526 % Punctum Inclinatum Auctum
1527 \[ \inclinatum \auctum b \]
1529 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1532 @code{\[ \inclinatum \auctum b \]}
1535 @emph{Punctum Inclinatum Parvum}
1537 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1538 \include "gregorian.ly"
1541 % Punctum Inclinatum Parvum
1542 \[ \inclinatum \deminutum b \]
1544 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1547 @code{\[ \inclinatum \deminutum b \]}
1552 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1553 \include "gregorian.ly"
1559 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1566 @b{Two-note ligatures}
1568 @multitable @columnfractions .4 .2 .4
1571 @b{Clivis vel Flexa}
1573 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1574 \include "gregorian.ly"
1580 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1583 @code{\[ b \flexa g \]}
1587 @emph{Clivis Aucta Descendens}
1589 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=2.0\cm]
1590 \include "gregorian.ly"
1593 % Clivis Aucta Descendens
1594 \[ b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]
1596 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1599 @code{\[ b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]}
1602 @emph{Clivis Aucta Ascendens}
1604 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=2.0\cm]
1605 \include "gregorian.ly"
1608 % Clivis Aucta Ascendens
1609 \[ b \flexa \auctum \ascendens g \]
1611 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1614 @code{\[ b \flexa \auctum \ascendens g \]}
1619 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=2.0\cm]
1620 \include "gregorian.ly"
1624 \[ b \flexa \deminutum g \]
1626 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1629 @code{\[ b \flexa \deminutum g \]}
1634 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1635 \include "gregorian.ly"
1641 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1644 @code{\[ g \pes b \]}
1647 @emph{Pes Auctus Descendens}
1649 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1650 \include "gregorian.ly"
1653 % Pes Auctus Descendens
1654 \[ g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
1656 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1659 @code{\[ g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]}
1662 @emph{Pes Auctus Ascendens}
1664 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1665 \include "gregorian.ly"
1668 % Pes Auctus Ascendens
1669 \[ g \pes \auctum \ascendens b \]
1671 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1674 @code{\[ g \pes \auctum \ascendens b \]}
1679 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1680 \include "gregorian.ly"
1684 \[ g \pes \deminutum b \]
1686 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1689 @code{\[ g \pes \deminutum b \]}
1692 @emph{Pes Initio Debilis}
1694 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1695 \include "gregorian.ly"
1698 % Pes Initio Debilis
1699 \[ \deminutum g \pes b \]
1701 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1704 @code{\[ \deminutum g \pes b \]}
1707 @emph{Pes Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis}
1709 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1710 \include "gregorian.ly"
1713 % Pes Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis
1714 \[ \deminutum g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
1716 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1719 @code{\[ \deminutum g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]}
1724 @b{Multi-note ligatures}
1726 @multitable @columnfractions .4 .2 .4
1731 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1732 \include "gregorian.ly"
1736 \[ a \pes b \flexa g \]
1738 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1741 @code{\[ a \pes b \flexa g \]}
1744 @emph{Torculus Auctus Descendens}
1746 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1747 \include "gregorian.ly"
1750 % Torculus Auctus Descendens
1751 \[ a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]
1753 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1756 @code{\[ a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]}
1759 @emph{Torculus Deminutus}
1761 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1762 \include "gregorian.ly"
1765 % Torculus Deminutus
1766 \[ a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]
1768 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1771 @code{\[ a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]}
1774 @emph{Torculus Initio Debilis}
1776 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1777 \include "gregorian.ly"
1780 % Torculus Initio Debilis
1781 \[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa g \]
1783 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1786 @code{\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa g \]}
1789 @emph{Torculus Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis}
1791 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1792 \include "gregorian.ly"
1795 % Torculus Auctus Descendens Initio Debilis
1796 \[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]
1798 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1801 @code{\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \auctum \descendens g \]}
1804 @emph{Torculus Deminutus Initio Debilis}
1806 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1807 \include "gregorian.ly"
1810 % Torculus Deminutus Initio Debilis
1811 \[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]
1813 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1816 @code{\[ \deminutum a \pes b \flexa \deminutum g \]}
1821 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1822 \include "gregorian.ly"
1826 \[ a \flexa g \pes b \]
1828 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1831 @code{\[ a \flexa g \pes b \]}
1834 @emph{Porrectus Auctus Descendens}
1836 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1837 \include "gregorian.ly"
1840 % Porrectus Auctus Descendens
1841 \[ a \flexa g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
1843 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1846 @code{\[ a \flexa g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]}
1849 @emph{Porrectus Deminutus}
1851 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1852 \include "gregorian.ly"
1855 % Porrectus Deminutus
1856 \[ a \flexa g \pes \deminutum b \]
1858 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1861 @code{\[ a \flexa g \pes \deminutum b \]}
1866 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1867 \include "gregorian.ly"
1871 \[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum g \]
1873 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1876 @code{\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum g \]}
1879 @emph{Climacus Auctus}
1881 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1882 \include "gregorian.ly"
1886 \[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \auctum g \]
1888 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1891 @code{\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \auctum g \]}
1894 @emph{Climacus Deminutus}
1896 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1897 \include "gregorian.ly"
1900 % Climacus Deminutus
1901 \[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \deminutum g \]
1903 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1906 @code{\[ \virga b \inclinatum a \inclinatum \deminutum g \]}
1911 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1912 \include "gregorian.ly"
1916 \[ g \pes a \virga b \]
1918 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1921 @code{\[ g \pes a \virga b \]}
1924 @emph{Scandicus Auctus Descendens}
1926 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1927 \include "gregorian.ly"
1930 % Scandicus Auctus Descendens
1931 \[ g \pes a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
1933 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1936 @code{\[ g \pes a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]}
1939 @emph{Scandicus Deminutus}
1941 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1942 \include "gregorian.ly"
1945 % Scandicus Deminutus
1946 \[ g \pes a \pes \deminutum b \]
1948 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1951 @code{\[ g \pes a \pes \deminutum b \]}
1958 @multitable @columnfractions .4 .2 .4
1963 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1964 \include "gregorian.ly"
1968 \[ g \pes \quilisma a \pes b \]
1970 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1973 @code{\[ g \pes \quilisma a \pes b \]}
1976 @emph{Quilisma Pes Auctus Descendens}
1978 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1979 \include "gregorian.ly"
1982 % Quilisma Pes Auctus Descendens
1983 \[ g \quilisma a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
1985 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
1988 @code{\[ \quilisma g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]}
1993 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
1994 \include "gregorian.ly"
2000 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2003 @code{\[ \oriscus b \]}
2008 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2009 \include "gregorian.ly"
2013 \[ \oriscus g \pes \virga b \]
2015 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2018 @code{\[ \oriscus g \pes \virga b \]}
2021 @emph{Pes Quassus Auctus Descendens}
2023 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2024 \include "gregorian.ly"
2027 % Pes Quassus Auctus Descendens
2028 \[ \oriscus g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
2030 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2033 @code{\[ \oriscus g \pes \auctum \descendens b \]}
2038 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2039 \include "gregorian.ly"
2043 \[ g \oriscus a \pes \virga b \]
2045 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2048 @code{\[ g \oriscus a \pes \virga b \]}
2051 @emph{Salicus Auctus Descendens}
2053 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2054 \include "gregorian.ly"
2057 % Salicus Auctus Descendens
2058 \[ g \oriscus a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]
2060 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2063 @code{\[ g \oriscus a \pes \auctum \descendens b \]}
2068 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2069 \include "gregorian.ly"
2075 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2078 @code{\[ \stropha b \]}
2081 @emph{Stropha Aucta}
2083 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2084 \include "gregorian.ly"
2088 \[ \stropha \auctum b \]
2090 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2093 @code{\[ \stropha \auctum b \]}
2098 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2099 \include "gregorian.ly"
2103 \[ \stropha b \stropha b \]
2105 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2108 @code{\[ \stropha b \stropha b \]}
2113 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2114 \include "gregorian.ly"
2118 \[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha b \]
2120 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }}
2123 @code{\[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha b \]}
2128 @lilypond[staffsize=26,line-width=1.0\cm]
2129 \include "gregorian.ly"
2133 \[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha a \]
2135 \layout { \neumeDemoLayout }
2139 @code{\[ \stropha b \stropha b \stropha a \]}
2145 The following head prefixes are supported
2151 @funindex \inclinatum
2155 @funindex \descendens
2157 @funindex \ascendens
2163 @funindex \deminutum
2170 Head prefixes can be accumulated, though restrictions apply. For
2171 example, either @code{\descendens} or @code{\ascendens} can be applied
2172 to a head, but not both to the same head.
2176 Two adjacent heads can be tied together with the @code{\pes} and
2177 @code{\flexa} infix commands for a rising and falling line of melody,
2180 @funindex \augmentum
2181 Use the unary music function @code{\augmentum} to add augmentum dots.
2185 TODO: nothing here yet ...
2189 When an @code{\augmentum} dot appears at the end of the last staff
2190 within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a
2191 workaround, add an additional skip note (e.g. @code{s8}) as last note
2194 @code{\augmentum} should be implemented as a head prefix rather than a
2195 unary music function, such that @code{\augmentum} can be intermixed
2196 with head prefixes in arbitrary order.
2200 @c Working with ancient music: scenarios and solutions:: {{{1
2201 @node Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions
2202 @subsection Working with ancient music---scenarios and solutions
2206 * Mensurstriche layout::
2207 * Transcribing Gregorian chant::
2208 * Ancient and modern from one source::
2209 * Editorial markings::
2210 * Baroque rhythmic notation::
2213 Working with ancient music frequently involves particular tasks
2214 which differ considerably from the modern notation for which
2215 Lilypond is designed. In the rest of this section, a number of
2216 typical scenarios are outlined, with suggestions of solutions.
2220 @item how to make incipits (i.e. prefatory material to indicate
2221 what the original has looked like) to modern transcriptions of
2223 @item how to achieve the @emph{Mensurstriche} layout frequently
2224 used for modern transcriptions of polyphonic music;
2225 @item how to transcribe Gregorian chant in modern notation;
2226 @item how to generate both ancient and modern notation from the
2232 @unnumberedsubsubsec Incipits
2235 @c clefs, mensuration signs etc from lsr and -user
2236 @c use snippet Transcription-of-ancient-music-with-incipit
2241 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2243 @c {{{2Mensurstriche layout
2244 @node Mensurstriche layout
2245 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensurstriche layout
2247 @emph{Mensurstriche} (@q{mensuration lines}) is the accepted term
2248 for bar lines that are drawn between the staves of a system but
2249 not through the staves themselves. It is a common way to preserve
2250 the rhythmic appearance of the original, i.e. not having to break
2251 syncopated notes at bar lines, while still providing the
2252 orientation aids that bar lines give.
2255 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc]
2256 {mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
2258 This simple setup will take care of the
2260 @c from lsr and -user
2265 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2268 @c {{{2Transcribing Gregorian chant
2269 @node Transcribing Gregorian chant
2270 @unnumberedsubsubsec Transcribing Gregorian chant
2273 @c extract from 1.6.1.1
2278 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2281 @c {{{2Ancient and modern from one source
2282 @node Ancient and modern from one source
2283 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient and modern from one source
2286 @c Here among others the snippets about reducing note length
2291 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2294 @c {{{2Editorial markings
2295 @node Editorial markings
2296 @unnumberedsubsubsec Editorial markings
2298 @c {{{2Baroque rhythmic notation
2299 @node Baroque rhythmic notation
2300 @unnumberedsubsubsec Baroque rhythmic notation
2304 @c Add example of white noteheads:
2305 @c In the french baroque some composers used white noteheads in slow pieces,
2306 @c mainly in 3/2-time. A quarter looks there like a eighth with a white
2307 @c notehead. (Franz-Rudolf Kuhnen)
2309 @c TODO Add example of this:
2310 @c I was referring to e.g. notated a8. a16, which should, if I
2311 @c remember correctly, be interpreted more like a8.. a32 (in the french
2312 @c style). The editor might want to show that rythmic figure above the
2313 @c staff as an hint to performers. (Karl Hammer)
2320 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2322 @c {{{2Mensurstriche layout
2323 @node Mensurstriche layout
2324 @unnumberedsubsubsec Mensurstriche layout
2326 @emph{Mensurstriche} (@q{mensuration lines}) is the accepted term
2327 for bar lines that are drawn between the staves of a system but
2328 not through the staves themselves. It is a common way to preserve
2329 the rhythmic appearance of the original, i.e. not having to break
2330 syncopated notes at bar lines, while still providing the
2331 orientation aids that bar lines give.
2334 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc]
2335 {mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
2337 This simple setup will take care of the
2339 @c from lsr and -user
2344 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2347 @c {{{2Transcribing Gregorian chant
2348 @node Transcribing Gregorian chant
2349 @unnumberedsubsubsec Transcribing Gregorian chant
2352 @c extract from 1.6.1.1
2357 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2360 @c {{{2Ancient and modern from one source
2361 @node Ancient and modern from one source
2362 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient and modern from one source
2365 @c Here among others the snippets about reducing note length
2370 @c ... and reference to other sections ...
2373 @c {{{2Editorial markings
2374 @node Editorial markings
2375 @unnumberedsubsubsec Editorial markings
2377 @c {{{2Baroque rhythmic notation
2378 @node Baroque rhythmic notation
2379 @unnumberedsubsubsec Baroque rhythmic notation
2383 @c Add example of white noteheads:
2384 @c In the french baroque some composers used white noteheads in slow pieces,
2385 @c mainly in 3/2-time. A quarter looks there like a eighth with a white
2386 @c notehead. (Franz-Rudolf Kuhnen)
2388 @c TODO Add example of this:
2389 @c I was referring to e.g. notated a8. a16, which should, if I
2390 @c remember correctly, be interpreted more like a8.. a32 (in the french
2391 @c style). The editor might want to show that rythmic figure above the
2392 @c staff as an hint to performers. (Karl Hammer)
2399 @c ... and reference to other sections ...