1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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12 @node Unfretted string instruments
13 @section Unfretted string instruments
16 {unfretted-headword.ly}
18 @cindex orchestral strings
19 @cindex strings, orchestral
20 @cindex strings, writing for
22 This section provides information and references which are helpful
23 when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
27 * Common notation for unfretted strings::
30 @node Common notation for unfretted strings
31 @subsection Common notation for unfretted strings
33 There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
34 instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and
35 usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might
36 be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
39 * References for unfretted strings::
40 * Bowing indications::
42 * Snap (Bartok) pizzicato::
45 @node References for unfretted strings
46 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings
48 Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
49 and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
53 @item Textual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
54 added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.
56 @item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
57 in @ref{Fingering instructions}.
59 @item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
60 see @ref{Chorded notes}. Directives for playing chords may be
61 added, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
63 @item Templates for string quartets can be found in
64 @rlearning{String quartet templates}. Others are shown in the snippets.
70 @rlearning{String quartet templates}.
74 @ref{Fingering instructions},
79 @rlsr{Unfretted strings}.
82 @node Bowing indications
83 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications
89 @cindex bowing indications
90 @cindex up bow indication
91 @cindex down bow indication
92 @cindex open string indication
93 @cindex string, indicating open
95 Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
96 described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
98 The bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used
99 with slurs as follows:
101 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
102 c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f)
106 and the following example shows three ways in which an open A
107 string on a violin might be indicated:
109 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
111 a^\markup { \teeny "II" }
112 a2^\markup { \small "sul A" }
124 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
129 @unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics
133 @strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}
135 @cindex note heads, diamond-shaped
136 @cindex diamond-shaped note heads
137 @cindex natural harmonics
138 @cindex harmonics, natural
139 @funindex \harmonicsOn
140 @funindex \harmonicsOff
142 Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped
143 note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
144 the note if it were not a diamond.
146 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
155 Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
156 sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
157 played as a harmonic:
159 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
160 d2^\flageolet d_\flageolet
163 A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
164 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
166 @strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}
168 @cindex artificial harmonics
169 @cindex harmonics, artificial
171 Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
172 note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
173 diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
175 @c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this
176 Artificial harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
177 dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
180 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
181 <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4
182 \set harmonicDots = ##t
183 <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4
186 @warning{@code{@bs{}harmonic} @strong{must} be placed inside a
187 chord construct even if there is only a single note. Normally
188 @code{@bs{}harmonicsOn} would be used in this situation.}
195 @ref{Special note heads},
196 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
199 @node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato
200 @unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
202 @cindex pizzicato, Bartók
203 @cindex pizzicato, snap
204 @cindex Bartók pizzicato
205 @cindex snap pizzicato
207 A @notation{snap pizzicato} (also known as @qq{Bartok pizz}) is a
208 type of pizzicato where the string is deliberately plucked upwards
209 (rather than sideways) such that it hits the fingerboard.
211 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
213 <c' e g>4\snappizzicato
214 <c' e g>4^\snappizzicato
215 <c, e g>4_\snappizzicato