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12 @node Unfretted string instruments
13 @section Unfretted string instruments
16 {unfretted-headword.ly}
18 @cindex orchestral strings
19 @cindex strings, orchestral
20 @cindex strings, writing for
22 This section provides information and references which are helpful
23 when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
27 * Common notation for unfretted strings::
30 @node Common notation for unfretted strings
31 @subsection Common notation for unfretted strings
33 There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
34 instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and
35 usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might
36 be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
39 * References for unfretted strings::
40 * Bowing indications::
42 * Snap (Bartok) pizzicato::
45 @node References for unfretted strings
46 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings
48 Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
49 and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
53 @item Textual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
54 added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.
56 @item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
57 in @ref{Fingering instructions}.
59 @item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
60 see @ref{Chorded notes}. Directives for playing chords may be
61 added, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
63 @item Templates for string quartets can be found in
64 @rlearning{String quartet templates}. Others are shown in the snippets.
70 @rlearning{String quartet templates}.
74 @ref{Fingering instructions},
79 @rlsr{Unfretted strings}.
82 @node Bowing indications
83 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications
88 @funindex \romanStringNumbers
90 @cindex bowing indications
91 @cindex up bow indication
92 @cindex down bow indication
93 @cindex open string indication
94 @cindex string, indicating open
95 @cindex string numbers
97 Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
98 described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
100 The bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used
101 with slurs as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
104 \relative { c''4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f) }
109 Roman numerals can be added as strings numbers (rather
110 than the default circled Arabic numbers), as explained in
111 @ref{String number indications}.
113 Alternatively, string indications may be printed using
114 markup commands; articulation scripts may also indicate
117 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment]
121 a'2^\markup { \small "sul A" }
129 @code{\romanStringNumbers}.
134 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
135 @ref{String number indications},
140 @unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics
144 @strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}
146 @cindex note heads, diamond-shaped
147 @cindex diamond-shaped note heads
148 @cindex natural harmonics
149 @cindex harmonics, natural
150 @funindex \harmonicsOn
151 @funindex \harmonicsOff
153 Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped
154 note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
155 the note if it were not a diamond.
157 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
168 Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
169 sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
170 played as a harmonic:
172 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment]
173 d''2^\flageolet d''_\flageolet
176 A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
177 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
179 @strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}
181 @cindex artificial harmonics
182 @cindex harmonics, artificial
184 Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
185 note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
186 diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
188 @c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this
189 Artificial harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
190 dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
193 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
195 <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4
196 \set harmonicDots = ##t
197 <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4
206 @ref{Special note heads},
207 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
210 @node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato
211 @unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
213 @cindex pizzicato, Bartók
214 @cindex pizzicato, snap
215 @cindex Bartók pizzicato
216 @cindex snap pizzicato
218 A @notation{snap pizzicato} (also known as @qq{Bartok pizz}) is a
219 type of pizzicato where the string is deliberately plucked upwards
220 (rather than sideways) such that it hits the fingerboard.
222 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
225 <c' e g>4\snappizzicato
226 <c' e g>4^\snappizzicato
227 <c, e g>4_\snappizzicato