1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Unfretted string instruments
12 @section Unfretted string instruments
15 {unfretted-headword.ly}
17 @cindex orchestral strings
18 @cindex strings, orchestral
19 @cindex strings, writing for
21 This section provides information and references which are helpful
22 when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
26 * Common notation for unfretted strings::
29 @node Common notation for unfretted strings
30 @subsection Common notation for unfretted strings
32 There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
33 instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and
34 usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might
35 be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
38 * References for unfretted strings::
39 * Bowing indications::
41 * Snap (Bartok) pizzicato::
44 @node References for unfretted strings
45 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings
47 Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
48 and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
52 @item Textual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
53 added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.
55 @item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
56 in @ref{Fingering instructions}.
58 @item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
59 see @ref{Chorded notes}. Directives for playing chords may be
60 added, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
62 @item A template for a string quartet can be found in
63 @rlearning{String quartet}. Others are shown in the snippets.
70 @rlearning{String quartet}.
74 @ref{Fingering instructions},
79 @rlsr{Unfretted strings}.
82 @node Bowing indications
83 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications
89 @cindex bowing indications
90 @cindex up bow indication
91 @cindex down bow indication
92 @cindex open string indication
93 @cindex string, indicating open
95 Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
96 described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
98 The bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used
99 with slurs as follows:
101 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
102 c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f)
106 and the following example shows three ways in which an open A
107 string on a violin might be indicated:
109 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
111 a^\markup { \teeny "II" }
112 a2^\markup { \small "sul A" }
125 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
130 @unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics
134 @strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}
136 @cindex note heads, diamond-shaped
137 @cindex diamond-shaped note heads
138 @cindex natural harmonics
139 @cindex harmonics, natural
140 @funindex \harmonicsOn
141 @funindex \harmonicsOff
143 Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped
144 note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
145 the note if it were not a diamond.
147 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
156 Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
157 sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
158 played as a harmonic:
160 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
161 d2^\flageolet d_\flageolet
164 A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
165 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
167 @strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}
169 @cindex artificial harmonics
170 @cindex harmonics, artifical
172 Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
173 note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
174 diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
176 @c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this
177 Artificial harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
178 dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
181 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
182 <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4
183 \set harmonicDots = ##t
184 <e a\harmonic>2. <c g'\harmonic>4
187 @warning{@code{@bs{}harmonic} @strong{must} be placed inside a
188 chord construct even if there is only a single note. Normally
189 @code{@bs{}harmonicsOn} would be used in this situation.}
197 @ref{Special note heads},
198 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
201 @node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato
202 @unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
204 @cindex pizzicato, Bartók
205 @cindex pizzicato, snap
206 @cindex Bartók pizzicato
207 @cindex snap pizzicato
211 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
212 {snap-pizzicato-bartok-pizzicato.ly}