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16 * Common notation for percussion::
19 @node Common notation for percussion
20 @subsection Common notation for percussion
22 Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can
23 also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.
26 * References for percussion::
27 * Basic percussion notation::
29 * Pitched percussion::
31 * Custom percussion staves::
35 @node References for percussion
36 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for percussion
38 @c TODO add more references.
42 @item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
43 discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
44 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
46 @item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
47 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
54 @ref{Showing melody rhythms},
55 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
56 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
62 @node Basic percussion notation
63 @unnumberedsubsubsec Basic percussion notation
68 Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
69 similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
70 to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
71 which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
73 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
79 This is shorthand for:
81 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
89 Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
90 and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion
91 note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.
93 @cindex clef, percussion
94 @cindex percussion clef
96 Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in a
97 @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message. Percussion clefs
98 are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff} context but they can also
99 be set explicitly. Other clefs may be used as well.
101 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
112 There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
113 instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
118 @ref{Percussion in MIDI},
119 @ref{Percussion notes}.
122 @file{ly/drumpitch-init.ly}
129 @unnumberedsubsubsec Drum rolls
131 Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For
132 quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
133 eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
134 third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
135 supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
136 @code{:32}, as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}. Here is an
137 example of some snare rolls:
139 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
142 sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32 ~
149 Sticking can be indicated by placing @code{^"R"} or @code{^"L"}
150 after the note. The @code{staff-padding} property may be
151 overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
153 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
156 sn16 ^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R"
167 @node Pitched percussion
168 @unnumberedsubsubsec Pitched percussion
170 Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
171 vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves.
172 This is covered in other sections of the manual.
176 @c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
177 @c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
178 @c pitched percussion sounds. -gp
180 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
186 @node Percussion staves
187 @unnumberedsubsubsec Percussion staves
192 A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
193 multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
194 piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
195 interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.
197 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
199 crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
202 bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
205 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
206 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
210 The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short
211 polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
215 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
220 \repeat unfold 16 hh16
228 There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
229 property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}. The
230 following variables have been predefined:
232 @c TODO: decide what to do about this table. (ie verbatim or not)
236 This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a
239 @lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
241 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp
242 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl }
244 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp \break
245 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl s16 }
247 << \new DrumStaff \with {
249 \remove Time_signature_engraver
250 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
251 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
258 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
259 \override BarNumber #'transparent =##T
265 The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer
266 toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For
267 example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
268 @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.
271 This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
273 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
274 nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
275 mus = \drummode { timh ssh timl ssl cb s16 }
278 \new DrumStaff \with {
280 \remove Time_signature_engraver
281 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
282 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
283 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
284 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
285 \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3.0 . 4.0)
286 drumStyleTable = #timbales-style
289 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
296 This typesets congas on a two line staff:
298 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
299 nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
300 mus = \drummode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl s16 }
303 \new DrumStaff \with {
305 \remove Time_signature_engraver
306 drumStyleTable = #congas-style
307 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
309 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
310 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
311 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
312 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
315 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
322 This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
324 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
325 nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
326 mus = \drummode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl s16 }
329 \new DrumStaff \with {
331 \remove Time_signature_engraver
332 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
333 drumStyleTable = #bongos-style
335 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
336 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
337 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
338 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
341 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
347 @item percussion-style
348 To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
350 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
351 nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
352 mus = \drummode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc s16 }
355 \new DrumStaff \with{
357 drumStyleTable = #percussion-style
358 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #1
359 \remove Time_signature_engraver
360 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
361 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
364 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
372 @node Custom percussion staves
373 @unnumberedsubsubsec Custom percussion staves
375 If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
376 own list at the top of your file.
378 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
380 (bassdrum default #f -1)
383 (halfopenhihat cross "halfopen" 1)
384 (pedalhihat xcircle "stopped" 2)
385 (lowtom diamond #f 3)))
386 up = \drummode { hh8 hh hhho hhho hhp4 hhp }
387 down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml }
390 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
391 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
392 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
399 @c TODO: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR! -gp
401 Here are some examples:
403 Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
405 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
406 % These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave;
407 % if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads
408 % for the woodblocks.
409 #(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t 3)
410 (lowoodblock default #t -2)))
413 % This defines a staff with only two lines.
414 % It also defines the positions of the two lines.
415 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
417 % This is necessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short!
418 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
422 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
424 % with this you load your new drum style table
429 wbl8 wbl16 wbl wbh8-> wbl |
430 wbl8 wbl16 wbh-> ~ wbh wbl16 r8 |
435 Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
436 altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent #'(from . to)}.
437 Otherwise it would be too short. And you have also to define the
438 positions of the two stafflines. For more information about these
439 delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.
441 A tambourine, entered with @q{tamb}:
443 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
444 #(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0)))
447 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
448 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
449 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tambourine"
454 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
458 tamb8. tamb16 tamb8 tamb tamb tamb |
459 tamb4. tamb8 tamb tamb |
460 % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest
461 % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
462 tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
467 Music for Tam-Tam (entered with @q{tt}):
469 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
470 #(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0)))
473 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
474 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
475 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tamtam"
480 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
483 tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
488 Two different bells, entered with @q{cb} (cowbell) and @q{rb} (ridebell)
490 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
491 #(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t 3)
492 (cowbell default #t -2)))
495 \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
496 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
497 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
498 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Different Bells"
505 rb8 rb cb cb16 rb-> ~ |
506 rb16 rb8 rb16 cb8 cb |
511 Here a short example taken from Stravinsky's @q{L'histoire du Soldat}.
513 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
514 #(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #t 4)
515 (snare default #t -4)
516 (tambourine default #t 0)))
526 \context DrumVoice <<
530 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
532 \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
533 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
534 \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb
542 s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8
553 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = \markup {
557 "caisse claire s. timbre"
560 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
565 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse"
566 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
578 @rinternals{DrumStaff},
579 @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
582 @c TODO: check name -gp
584 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ghost notes
586 Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
587 @code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
588 However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the
589 @code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this.
591 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
592 \new DrumStaff \with {
593 \consists "Parenthesis_engraver"
596 \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 }
597 \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 }
601 hh8[ hh] <hh sn> hh16
602 < \parenthesize sn > hh
603 < \parenthesize sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
614 Also note that you must add chords (@code{< >} brackets)
615 around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.