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16 * Common notation for percussion::
19 @node Common notation for percussion
20 @subsection Common notation for percussion
22 Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can
23 also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.
26 * References for percussion::
27 * Basic percussion notation::
29 * Pitched percussion::
31 * Custom percussion staves::
35 @node References for percussion
36 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for percussion
42 @item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
43 discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
44 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
46 @item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
47 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
54 @ref{Showing melody rhythms},
55 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
56 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
62 @node Basic percussion notation
63 @unnumberedsubsubsec Basic percussion notation
68 Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
69 similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
70 to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
71 which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
73 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
79 This is shorthand for:
81 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
89 Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
90 and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion
91 note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.
93 Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in
94 a @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message.
95 Percussion clefs are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff}
96 contex, but other clefs may also be used.
98 There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
99 instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
104 @ref{Percussion in MIDI},
105 @ref{Percussion notes}.
108 @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}
115 @unnumberedsubsubsec Drum rolls
117 Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For
118 quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
119 eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
120 third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
121 supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
122 @code{:32}, as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}. Here is an
123 example of some snare rolls:
125 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
128 sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32 ~
135 Sticking can be indicated by placing @code{^"R"} or @code{^"L"}
136 after the note. The @code{staff-padding} property may be
137 overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
139 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
142 sn16 ^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R"
153 @node Pitched percussion
154 @unnumberedsubsubsec Pitched percussion
156 Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
157 vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves.
158 This is covered in other sections of the manual.
162 @c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
163 @c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
164 @c pitched percussion sounds. -gp
166 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
172 @node Percussion staves
173 @unnumberedsubsubsec Percussion staves
178 A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
179 multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
180 piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
181 interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.
183 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
185 crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
188 bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
191 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
192 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
196 The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short
197 polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
201 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
206 \repeat unfold 16 hh16
214 There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
215 property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}. The
216 following variables have been predefined:
218 @c FIXME: decide what to do about this table. (ie verbatim or not)
222 This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a
225 @lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
227 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp
228 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl }
230 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp \break
231 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl s16 }
233 << \new DrumStaff \with {
235 \remove Time_signature_engraver
236 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
237 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
238 \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-4.0 . 5.0)
245 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
246 \override BarNumber #'transparent =##T
252 The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer
253 toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For
254 example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
255 @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.
258 This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
260 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
261 nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
262 mus = \drummode { timh ssh timl ssl cb s16 }
265 \new DrumStaff \with {
267 \remove Time_signature_engraver
268 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
269 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
270 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
271 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
272 \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3.0 . 4.0)
273 drumStyleTable = #timbales-style
276 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
283 This typesets congas on a two line staff:
285 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
286 nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
287 mus = \drummode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl s16 }
290 \new DrumStaff \with {
292 \remove Time_signature_engraver
293 drumStyleTable = #congas-style
294 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
296 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
297 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
298 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
299 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
302 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
309 This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
311 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
312 nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
313 mus = \drummode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl s16 }
316 \new DrumStaff \with {
318 \remove Time_signature_engraver
319 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
320 drumStyleTable = #bongos-style
322 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
323 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
324 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
325 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
328 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
334 @item percussion-style
335 To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
337 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
338 nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
339 mus = \drummode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc s16 }
342 \new DrumStaff \with{
344 drumStyleTable = #percussion-style
345 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #1
346 \remove Time_signature_engraver
347 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
348 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
351 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
359 @node Custom percussion staves
360 @unnumberedsubsubsec Custom percussion staves
362 If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
363 own list at the top of your file.
365 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
367 (bassdrum default #f -1)
370 (halfopenhihat cross "halfopen" 1)
371 (pedalhihat xcircle "stopped" 2)
372 (lowtom diamond #f 3)))
373 up = \drummode { hh8 hh hhho hhho hhp4 hhp }
374 down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml }
377 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
378 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
379 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
386 FIXME: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR! -gp
388 Here are some examples:
390 Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
392 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
393 % These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave;
394 % if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads
395 % for the woodblocks.
396 #(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t 3)
397 (lowoodblock default #t -2)))
400 % This defines a staff with only two lines.
401 % It also defines the positions of the two lines.
402 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
404 % This is neccessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short!
405 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
409 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
411 % with this you load your new drum style table
416 wbl8 wbl16 wbl wbh8-> wbl |
417 wbl8 wbl16 wbh-> ~ wbh wbl16 r8 |
422 Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
423 altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size #number}.
424 Otherwise it would be too short. And you have also to define the
425 positions of the two stafflines. For more information about these
426 delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.
428 A tambourine, entered with @q{tamb}:
430 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
431 #(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0)))
434 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
435 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
436 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tambourine"
441 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
445 tamb8. tamb16 tamb8 tamb tamb tamb |
446 tamb4. tamb8 tamb tamb |
447 % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest
448 % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
449 tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
454 Music for Tam-Tam (entered with @q{tt}):
456 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
457 #(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0)))
460 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
461 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
462 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tamtam"
467 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
470 tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
475 Two different bells, entered with @q{cb} (cowbell) and @q{rb} (ridebell)
477 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
478 #(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t 3)
479 (cowbell default #t -2)))
482 \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
483 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
484 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
485 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Different Bells"
492 rb8 rb cb cb16 rb-> ~ |
493 rb16 rb8 rb16 cb8 cb |
498 Here a short example taken from Stravinsky's @q{L'histoire du Soldat}.
500 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
501 #(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #t 4)
502 (snare default #t -4)
503 (tambourine default #t 0)))
513 \context DrumVoice <<
517 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
519 \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
520 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
521 \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb
529 s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8
540 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = \markup {
544 "caisse claire s. timbre"
547 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
552 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse"
553 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
565 @rinternals{DrumStaff},
566 @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
569 @c TODO: check name -gp
571 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ghost notes
573 Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
574 @code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
575 However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the
576 @code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this.
578 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
579 \new DrumStaff \with {
580 \consists "Parenthesis_engraver"
583 \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 }
584 \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 }
588 hh8[ hh] <hh sn> hh16
589 < \parenthesize sn > hh
590 < \parenthesize sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
601 Also note that you must add chords (@code{< >} brackets)
602 around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.