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16 * Common notation for percussion::
19 @node Common notation for percussion
20 @subsection Common notation for percussion
22 Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can
23 also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.
26 * References for percussion::
27 * Basic percussion notation::
29 * Pitched percussion::
31 * Custom percussion staves::
35 @node References for percussion
36 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for percussion
38 @c TODO add more references.
42 @item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
43 discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
44 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
46 @item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
47 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
53 @ref{Showing melody rhythms},
54 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
55 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
61 @node Basic percussion notation
62 @unnumberedsubsubsec Basic percussion notation
67 Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
68 similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
69 to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
70 which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
72 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
78 This is shorthand for:
80 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
88 Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
89 and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion
90 note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.
92 @cindex clef, percussion
93 @cindex percussion clef
95 Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in a
96 @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message. Percussion clefs
97 are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff} context but they can also
98 be set explicitly. Other clefs may be used as well.
100 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
110 There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
111 instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
115 @ref{Percussion in MIDI},
116 @ref{Percussion notes}.
119 @file{ly/drumpitch-init.ly}.
126 @unnumberedsubsubsec Drum rolls
128 Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For
129 quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
130 eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
131 third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
132 supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
133 as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
135 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
145 Sticking can be indicated by placing a markup for @code{"R"}
146 or @code{"L"} above or below notes, as discussed in
147 @ref{Direction and placement}. The @code{staff-padding} property
148 may be overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
150 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
153 sn16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"L" 16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"L" 16^"R" 16^"R"
155 sn16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"L" 16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"L" 16_"R" 16_"R"
162 @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
168 @node Pitched percussion
169 @unnumberedsubsubsec Pitched percussion
171 Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
172 vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves.
173 This is covered in other sections of the manual.
176 @c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
177 @c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
178 @c pitched percussion sounds. -gp
180 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
186 @node Percussion staves
187 @unnumberedsubsubsec Percussion staves
192 A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
193 multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
194 piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
195 interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.
197 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
199 crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
202 bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
205 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
206 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
210 The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short
211 polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
215 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
220 \repeat unfold 16 hh16
228 There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
229 property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}. The
230 following variables have been predefined:
232 @c TODO: decide what to do about this table. (ie verbatim or not)
236 This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a
239 @lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
241 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp
242 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl }
244 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp \break
245 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl s16 }
247 << \new DrumStaff \with {
248 \remove "Bar_engraver"
249 \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
251 \override Stem.Y-extent = ##f
258 \override LyricText.font-family = #'typewriter
259 \override BarNumber.transparent =##T
265 The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer
266 toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For
267 example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
268 @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.
270 @item agostini-drums-style
271 Invented by the French percussionist Dante Agostini in 1965, this notation is
272 commonly employed in France but also elsewhere.
274 @lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
276 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp
277 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl }
279 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp \break
280 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl s16 }
282 << \new DrumStaff \with {
283 \remove "Bar_engraver"
284 \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
286 \override Stem.Y-extent = ##f
287 drumStyleTable = #agostini-drums-style
294 \override LyricText.font-family = #'typewriter
295 \override BarNumber.transparent =##T
302 This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
304 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
305 nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
306 mus = \drummode { timh ssh timl ssl cb s16 }
309 \new DrumStaff \with {
310 \remove "Bar_engraver"
311 \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
313 \override Stem.Y-extent = ##f
314 \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #2
315 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #2
316 \override VerticalAxisGroup.minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3.0 . 4.0)
317 drumStyleTable = #timbales-style
320 \override LyricText.font-family = #'typewriter
327 This typesets congas on a two line staff:
329 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
330 nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
331 mus = \drummode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl s16 }
334 \new DrumStaff \with {
335 \remove "Bar_engraver"
336 \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
337 drumStyleTable = #congas-style
338 \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #2
340 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
341 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #2
343 \override Stem.Y-extent = ##f
346 \override LyricText.font-family = #'typewriter
353 This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
355 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
356 nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
357 mus = \drummode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl s16 }
360 \new DrumStaff \with {
361 \remove "Bar_engraver"
362 \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
363 \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #2
364 drumStyleTable = #bongos-style
366 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
367 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #2
369 \override Stem.Y-extent = ##f
372 \override LyricText.font-family = #'typewriter
378 @item percussion-style
379 To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
381 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
382 nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
383 mus = \drummode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc s16 }
386 \new DrumStaff \with{
387 \remove "Bar_engraver"
388 drumStyleTable = #percussion-style
389 \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #1
390 \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
392 \override Stem.Y-extent = ##f
395 \override LyricText.font-family = #'typewriter
403 @node Custom percussion staves
404 @unnumberedsubsubsec Custom percussion staves
406 If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
407 own list at the top of your file.
409 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
411 (bassdrum default #f -1)
414 (halfopenhihat cross "halfopen" 1)
415 (pedalhihat xcircle "stopped" 2)
416 (lowtom diamond #f 3)))
417 up = \drummode { hh8 hh hhho hhho hhp4 hhp }
418 down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml }
421 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
422 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
423 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
430 @c TODO: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR! -gp
432 Here are some examples:
434 Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
436 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
437 % These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave;
438 % if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads
439 % for the woodblocks.
440 #(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t 3)
441 (lowoodblock default #t -2)))
444 % This defines a staff with only two lines.
445 % It also defines the positions of the two lines.
446 \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3)
448 % This is necessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short!
449 \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
453 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
455 % with this you load your new drum style table
461 wbl8 16 16-> ~ 16 16 r8 |
466 Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
467 altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent #'(from . to)}.
468 Otherwise it would be too short. And you have also to define the
469 positions of the two stafflines. For more information about these
470 delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.
472 A tambourine, entered with @q{tamb}:
474 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
475 #(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0)))
478 \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 )
479 \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
480 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tambourine"
485 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
491 % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest
492 % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
493 tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
498 Music for Tam-Tam (entered with @q{tt}):
500 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
501 #(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0)))
504 \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 )
505 \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
506 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tamtam"
511 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
514 tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
519 Two different bells, entered with @q{cb} (cowbell) and @q{rb} (ridebell)
521 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
522 #(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t 3)
523 (cowbell default #t -2)))
526 \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3)
527 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
528 \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
529 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Different Bells"
536 rb8 8 cb8 16 rb16-> ~ |
542 Here a short example taken from Stravinsky's @q{L'histoire du Soldat}.
544 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
545 #(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #t 4)
546 (snare default #t -4)
547 (tambourine default #t 0)))
557 \context DrumVoice <<
561 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
563 \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
564 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
565 \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb
573 s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8
584 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = \markup {
588 "caisse claire s. timbre"
591 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
596 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse"
597 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
608 @rinternals{DrumStaff},
609 @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
612 @c TODO: check name -gp
614 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ghost notes
616 Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
617 @code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
619 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
622 \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 }
623 \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 }
629 \parenthesize sn hh8 <hh sn> hh