1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
7 Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
16 * Common notation for percussion::
19 @node Common notation for percussion
20 @subsection Common notation for percussion
22 Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can
23 also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.
26 * References for percussion::
27 * Basic percussion notation::
29 * Pitched percussion::
31 * Custom percussion staves::
35 @node References for percussion
36 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for percussion
38 @c TODO add more references.
42 @item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
43 discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
44 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
46 @item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
47 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
53 @ref{Showing melody rhythms},
54 @ref{Instantiating new staves}.
55 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
61 @node Basic percussion notation
62 @unnumberedsubsubsec Basic percussion notation
67 Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
68 similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
69 to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
70 which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
72 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
78 This is shorthand for:
80 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
88 Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
89 and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion
90 note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.
92 @cindex clef, percussion
93 @cindex percussion clef
95 Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in a
96 @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message. Percussion clefs
97 are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff} context but they can also
98 be set explicitly. Other clefs may be used as well.
100 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
110 There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
111 instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
115 @ref{Percussion in MIDI},
116 @ref{Percussion notes}.
119 @file{ly/drumpitch-init.ly}.
126 @unnumberedsubsubsec Drum rolls
128 Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For
129 quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
130 eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
131 third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
132 supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
133 as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
135 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
138 sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32 ~
145 Sticking can be indicated by placing a markup for @code{"R"}
146 or @code{"L"} above or below notes, as discussed in
147 @ref{Direction and placement}. The @code{staff-padding} property
148 may be overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
150 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
153 sn16^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R"
155 sn16_"L" sn_"R" sn_"L" sn_"L" sn_"R" sn_"L" sn_"R" sn_"R"
162 @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
168 @node Pitched percussion
169 @unnumberedsubsubsec Pitched percussion
171 Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
172 vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves.
173 This is covered in other sections of the manual.
176 @c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
177 @c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
178 @c pitched percussion sounds. -gp
180 @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
186 @node Percussion staves
187 @unnumberedsubsubsec Percussion staves
192 A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
193 multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
194 piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
195 interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.
197 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
199 crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
202 bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
205 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
206 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
210 The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short
211 polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
215 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
220 \repeat unfold 16 hh16
228 There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
229 property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}. The
230 following variables have been predefined:
232 @c TODO: decide what to do about this table. (ie verbatim or not)
236 This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a
239 @lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
241 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp
242 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl }
244 cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp \break
245 cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl s16 }
247 << \new DrumStaff \with {
249 \remove Time_signature_engraver
250 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
251 \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
252 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
259 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
260 \override BarNumber #'transparent =##T
266 The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer
267 toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For
268 example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
269 @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.
272 This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
274 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
275 nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
276 mus = \drummode { timh ssh timl ssl cb s16 }
279 \new DrumStaff \with {
281 \remove Time_signature_engraver
282 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
283 \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
284 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
285 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
286 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
287 \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3.0 . 4.0)
288 drumStyleTable = #timbales-style
291 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
298 This typesets congas on a two line staff:
300 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
301 nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
302 mus = \drummode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl s16 }
305 \new DrumStaff \with {
307 \remove Time_signature_engraver
308 drumStyleTable = #congas-style
309 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
311 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
312 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
313 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
314 \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
315 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
318 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
325 This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
327 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
328 nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
329 mus = \drummode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl s16 }
332 \new DrumStaff \with {
334 \remove Time_signature_engraver
335 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
336 drumStyleTable = #bongos-style
338 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
339 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
340 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
341 \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
342 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
345 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
351 @item percussion-style
352 To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
354 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
355 nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
356 mus = \drummode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc s16 }
359 \new DrumStaff \with{
361 drumStyleTable = #percussion-style
362 \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #1
363 \remove Time_signature_engraver
364 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
365 \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
366 \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
369 \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
377 @node Custom percussion staves
378 @unnumberedsubsubsec Custom percussion staves
380 If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
381 own list at the top of your file.
383 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
385 (bassdrum default #f -1)
388 (halfopenhihat cross "halfopen" 1)
389 (pedalhihat xcircle "stopped" 2)
390 (lowtom diamond #f 3)))
391 up = \drummode { hh8 hh hhho hhho hhp4 hhp }
392 down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml }
395 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
396 \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
397 \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
404 @c TODO: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR! -gp
406 Here are some examples:
408 Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
410 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
411 % These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave;
412 % if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads
413 % for the woodblocks.
414 #(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t 3)
415 (lowoodblock default #t -2)))
418 % This defines a staff with only two lines.
419 % It also defines the positions of the two lines.
420 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
422 % This is necessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short!
423 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
427 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
429 % with this you load your new drum style table
434 wbl8 wbl16 wbl wbh8-> wbl |
435 wbl8 wbl16 wbh-> ~ wbh wbl16 r8 |
440 Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
441 altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent #'(from . to)}.
442 Otherwise it would be too short. And you have also to define the
443 positions of the two stafflines. For more information about these
444 delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.
446 A tambourine, entered with @q{tamb}:
448 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
449 #(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0)))
452 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
453 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
454 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tambourine"
459 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
463 tamb8. tamb16 tamb8 tamb tamb tamb |
464 tamb4. tamb8 tamb tamb |
465 % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest
466 % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
467 tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
472 Music for Tam-Tam (entered with @q{tt}):
474 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
475 #(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0)))
478 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
479 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
480 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tamtam"
485 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
488 tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
493 Two different bells, entered with @q{cb} (cowbell) and @q{rb} (ridebell)
495 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
496 #(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t 3)
497 (cowbell default #t -2)))
500 \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
501 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
502 \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
503 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Different Bells"
510 rb8 rb cb cb16 rb-> ~ |
511 rb16 rb8 rb16 cb8 cb |
516 Here a short example taken from Stravinsky's @q{L'histoire du Soldat}.
518 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
519 #(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #t 4)
520 (snare default #t -4)
521 (tambourine default #t 0)))
531 \context DrumVoice <<
535 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
537 \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
538 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
539 \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb
547 s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8
558 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = \markup {
562 "caisse claire s. timbre"
565 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
570 \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse"
571 \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
582 @rinternals{DrumStaff},
583 @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
586 @c TODO: check name -gp
588 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ghost notes
590 Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
591 @code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
592 However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the
593 @code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this.
595 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
596 \new DrumStaff \with {
597 \consists "Parenthesis_engraver"
600 \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 }
601 \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 }
605 hh8[ hh] <hh sn> hh16
606 < \parenthesize sn > hh
607 < \parenthesize sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
618 Also note that you must add chords (@code{< >} brackets)
619 around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.