1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
4 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
6 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
7 version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
8 Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
13 @node Notation manual tables
14 @appendix Notation manual tables
18 * Common chord modifiers::
19 * Predefined string tunings::
20 * Predefined fretboard diagrams::
21 * Predefined paper sizes::
27 * Text markup commands::
28 * Text markup list commands::
29 * List of special characters::
30 * List of articulations::
32 * Technical glossary::
33 * All context properties::
35 * Available music functions::
36 * Context modification identifiers::
37 * Predefined type predicates::
43 @node Chord name chart
44 @appendixsec Chord name chart
46 The following chart shows two standard systems for printing chord
47 names, along with the pitches they represent.
49 @c The line width is a hack to allow space for instrument names
50 @lilypondfile[quote,line-width=15\cm]{chord-names-jazz.ly}
52 @node Common chord modifiers
53 @appendixsec Common chord modifiers
55 The following table shows chord modifiers that can be used to generate
56 standard chord structures.
58 @multitable @columnfractions .2 .25 .2 .15 .2
75 Major third, @*perfect fifth
81 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,notime]
91 Minor third, @*perfect fifth
97 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
107 Major third, @*augmented fifth
113 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
116 \chordmode { c1:aug }
123 Minor third, @*diminished fifth
129 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
132 \chordmode { c1:dim }
139 Major triad, @*minor seventh
145 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
155 Major triad, @*major seventh
157 @code{maj7} or @code{maj}
161 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
164 \chordmode { c1:maj7 }
171 Minor triad, @*minor seventh
177 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
187 Diminished triad, @*diminished seventh
193 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
196 \chordmode { c1:dim7 }
203 Augmented triad, @*minor seventh
209 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
212 \chordmode { c1:aug7 }
217 Half-diminished seventh
219 Diminished triad, @*minor seventh
225 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
228 \chordmode { c1:m7.5- }
235 Minor triad, @*major seventh
241 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
244 \chordmode { c1:m7+ }
257 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
273 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
283 Dominant seventh, @*major ninth
289 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
299 Major seventh, @*major ninth
305 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
308 \chordmode { c1:maj9 }
315 Minor seventh, @*major ninth
321 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
331 Dominant ninth, @*perfect eleventh
337 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
347 Major ninth, @*perfect eleventh
353 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
356 \chordmode { c1:maj11 }
363 Minor ninth, @*perfect eleventh
369 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
372 \chordmode { c1:m11 }
379 Dominant ninth, @*major thirteenth
385 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
395 Dominant eleventh, @*major thirteenth
401 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
404 \chordmode { c1:13.11 }
411 Major eleventh, @*major thirteenth
417 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
419 \chords { c1:maj13.11 }
420 \chordmode { c1:maj13.11 }
427 Minor eleventh, @*major thirteenth
433 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
435 \chords { c1:m13.11 }
436 \chordmode { c1:m13.11 }
443 Major second, @*perfect fifth
449 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
452 \chordmode { c1:sus2 }
459 Perfect fourth, @*perfect fifth
465 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
468 \chordmode { c1:sus4 }
473 Power chord @*(two-voiced)
479 @code{\powerChords c1:1.5}
481 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
482 \chordmode { \powerChords c1:1.5 }
486 Power chord @*@w{(three-voiced)}
488 Perfect fifth, @*octave
492 @code{\powerChords c1:1.5.8}
494 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
495 \chordmode { \powerChords c1:1.5.8 }
500 @node Predefined string tunings
501 @appendixsec Predefined string tunings
503 The chart below shows the predefined string tunings.
505 @lilypondfile{display-predefined-string-tunings.ly}
507 @node Predefined fretboard diagrams
508 @appendixsec Predefined fretboard diagrams
511 * Diagrams for Guitar::
512 * Diagrams for Ukulele::
513 * Diagrams for Mandolin::
516 @node Diagrams for Guitar
517 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Guitar
519 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-fretboards.ly}
521 @node Diagrams for Ukulele
522 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Ukulele
524 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly}
526 @node Diagrams for Mandolin
527 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Mandolin
529 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly}
532 @node Predefined paper sizes
533 @appendixsec Predefined paper sizes
535 Paper sizes are defined in @file{scm/paper.scm}
538 @strong{The @qq{ISO 216} A Series}
565 @strong{The @qq{ISO 216} B Series}
592 @strong{Two extended sizes as defined in @qq{DIN 476}}
601 @strong{@qq{ISO 269} standard C series}
628 @strong{North American paper sizes}
647 @strong{Government-letter by IEEE Printer Working Group, for children's
650 @item "government-letter"
652 @item "government-legal"
654 @item "philippine-legal"
671 @item "engineering f"
676 @strong{North American Architectural sizes}
693 @strong{Antique sizes still used in the United Kingdom}
742 @strong{PA4 based sizes}
769 @strong{Used in Southeast Asia and Australia}
776 @strong{Used for very small @code{@@lilypond} examples in the
777 documentation based on a8 landscape.}
784 @node MIDI instruments
785 @appendixsec MIDI instruments
787 The following is a list of names that can be used for the
788 @code{midiInstrument} property. The order of the instruments
789 below, starting in the left-hand column moving down, corresponds
790 to the General MIDI Standard's 128 Program Numbers.
793 acoustic grand contrabass lead 7 (fifths)
794 bright acoustic tremolo strings lead 8 (bass+lead)
795 electric grand pizzicato strings pad 1 (new age)
796 honky-tonk orchestral harp pad 2 (warm)
797 electric piano 1 timpani pad 3 (polysynth)
798 electric piano 2 string ensemble 1 pad 4 (choir)
799 harpsichord string ensemble 2 pad 5 (bowed)
800 clav synthstrings 1 pad 6 (metallic)
801 celesta synthstrings 2 pad 7 (halo)
802 glockenspiel choir aahs pad 8 (sweep)
803 music box voice oohs fx 1 (rain)
804 vibraphone synth voice fx 2 (soundtrack)
805 marimba orchestra hit fx 3 (crystal)
806 xylophone trumpet fx 4 (atmosphere)
807 tubular bells trombone fx 5 (brightness)
808 dulcimer tuba fx 6 (goblins)
809 drawbar organ muted trumpet fx 7 (echoes)
810 percussive organ french horn fx 8 (sci-fi)
811 rock organ brass section sitar
812 church organ synthbrass 1 banjo
813 reed organ synthbrass 2 shamisen
814 accordion soprano sax koto
815 harmonica alto sax kalimba
816 concertina tenor sax bagpipe
817 acoustic guitar (nylon) baritone sax fiddle
818 acoustic guitar (steel) oboe shanai
819 electric guitar (jazz) english horn tinkle bell
820 electric guitar (clean) bassoon agogo
821 electric guitar (muted) clarinet steel drums
822 overdriven guitar piccolo woodblock
823 distorted guitar flute taiko drum
824 guitar harmonics recorder melodic tom
825 acoustic bass pan flute synth drum
826 electric bass (finger) blown bottle reverse cymbal
827 electric bass (pick) shakuhachi guitar fret noise
828 fretless bass whistle breath noise
829 slap bass 1 ocarina seashore
830 slap bass 2 lead 1 (square) bird tweet
831 synth bass 1 lead 2 (sawtooth) telephone ring
832 synth bass 2 lead 3 (calliope) helicopter
833 violin lead 4 (chiff) applause
834 viola lead 5 (charang) gunshot
840 @appendixsec List of colors
842 @subsubheading Normal colors
844 Usage syntax is detailed in @ref{Coloring objects}.
846 @cindex List of colors
847 @cindex Colors, list of
850 black white red green
851 blue cyan magenta yellow
852 grey darkred darkgreen darkblue
853 darkcyan darkmagenta darkyellow
857 @subsubheading X color names
859 X color names come several variants:
861 Any name that is spelled as a single word with capitalization
862 (e.g. @q{LightSlateBlue}) can also be spelled as space separated
863 words without capitalization (e.g. @q{light slate blue}).
865 The word @q{grey} can always be spelled @q{gray} (e.g. @q{DarkSlateGray}).
867 Some names can take a numerical suffix (e.g. @q{LightSalmon4}).
870 @subsubheading Color Names without a numerical suffix:
873 snow GhostWhite WhiteSmoke gainsboro FloralWhite
874 OldLace linen AntiqueWhite PapayaWhip BlanchedAlmond
875 bisque PeachPuff NavajoWhite moccasin cornsilk
876 ivory LemonChiffon seashell honeydew MintCream
877 azure AliceBlue lavender LavenderBlush MistyRose
878 white black DarkSlateGrey DimGrey SlateGrey
879 LightSlateGrey grey LightGrey MidnightBlue navy
880 NavyBlue CornflowerBlue DarkSlateBlue SlateBlue MediumSlateBlue
881 LightSlateBlue MediumBlue RoyalBlue blue DodgerBlue
882 DeepSkyBlue SkyBlue LightSkyBlue SteelBlue LightSteelBlue
883 LightBlue PowderBlue PaleTurquoise DarkTurquoise MediumTurquoise
884 turquoise cyan LightCyan CadetBlue MediumAquamarine
885 aquamarine DarkGreen DarkOliveGreen DarkSeaGreen SeaGreen
886 MediumSeaGreen LightSeaGreen PaleGreen SpringGreen LawnGreen
887 green chartreuse MediumSpringGreen GreenYellow LimeGreen
888 YellowGreen ForestGreen OliveDrab DarkKhaki khaki
889 PaleGoldenrod LightGoldenrodYellow LightYellow yellow gold
890 LightGoldenrod goldenrod DarkGoldenrod RosyBrown IndianRed
891 SaddleBrown sienna peru burlywood beige
892 wheat SandyBrown tan chocolate firebrick
893 brown DarkSalmon salmon LightSalmon orange
894 DarkOrange coral LightCoral tomato OrangeRed
895 red HotPink DeepPink pink LightPink
896 PaleVioletRed maroon MediumVioletRed VioletRed magenta
897 violet plum orchid MediumOrchid DarkOrchid
898 DarkViolet BlueViolet purple MediumPurple thistle
899 DarkGrey DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkMagenta DarkRed
904 @subsubheading Color names with a numerical suffix
906 In the following names the suffix N can be a number in the range 1-4:
909 snowN seashellN AntiqueWhiteN bisqueN PeachPuffN
910 NavajoWhiteN LemonChiffonN cornsilkN ivoryN honeydewN
911 LavenderBlushN MistyRoseN azureN SlateBlueN RoyalBlueN
912 blueN DodgerBlueN SteelBlueN DeepSkyBlueN SkyBlueN
913 LightSkyBlueN LightSteelBlueN LightBlueN LightCyanN PaleTurquoiseN
914 CadetBlueN turquoiseN cyanN aquamarineN DarkSeaGreenN
915 SeaGreenN PaleGreenN SpringGreenN greenN chartreuseN
916 OliveDrabN DarkOliveGreenN khakiN LightGoldenrodN LightYellowN
917 yellowN goldN goldenrodN DarkGoldenrodN RosyBrownN
918 IndianRedN siennaN burlywoodN wheatN tanN
919 chocolateN firebrickN brownN salmonN LightSalmonN
920 orangeN DarkOrangeN coralN tomatoN OrangeRedN
921 redN DeepPinkN HotPinkN pinkN LightPinkN
922 PaleVioletRedN maroonN VioletRedN magentaN orchidN
923 plumN MediumOrchidN DarkOrchidN purpleN MediumPurpleN
928 @subsubheading Grey Scale
930 A grey scale can be obtained using:
937 Where N is in the range 0-100.
941 @appendixsec The Feta font
946 The following symbols are available in the Emmentaler font and may be
947 accessed directly using text markup with the name of the glyph
948 as shown in the tables below,
949 such as @code{g^\markup @{\musicglyph #"scripts.segno" @}} or
950 @code{\markup @{\musicglyph #"five"@}}. For more information,
951 see @ref{Formatting text}.
956 * Time Signature glyphs::
958 * Accidental glyphs::
959 * Default Notehead glyphs::
960 * Special Notehead glyphs::
961 * Shape-note Notehead glyphs::
968 * Bracket-tip glyphs::
976 * Neomensural glyphs::
979 * Kievan Notation glyphs::
984 @unnumberedsubsec Clef glyphs
987 \include "font-table.ly"
988 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
993 @node Time Signature glyphs
994 @unnumberedsubsec Time Signature glyphs
997 \include "font-table.ly"
998 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1004 @unnumberedsubsec Number glyphs
1007 \include "font-table.ly"
1008 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1013 @node Accidental glyphs
1014 @unnumberedsubsec Accidental glyphs
1017 \include "font-table.ly"
1018 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1019 \doc-chars #accidentals
1023 @node Default Notehead glyphs
1024 @unnumberedsubsec Default Notehead glyphs
1027 \include "font-table.ly"
1028 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1029 \doc-chars #default-noteheads
1033 @node Special Notehead glyphs
1034 @unnumberedsubsec Special Notehead glyphs
1037 \include "font-table.ly"
1038 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1039 \doc-chars #special-noteheads
1043 @node Shape-note Notehead glyphs
1044 @unnumberedsubsec Shape-note Notehead glyphs
1047 \include "font-table.ly"
1048 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1049 \doc-chars #shape-note-noteheads
1054 @unnumberedsubsec Rest glyphs
1057 \include "font-table.ly"
1058 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1064 @unnumberedsubsec Flag glyphs
1067 \include "font-table.ly"
1068 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1074 @unnumberedsubsec Dot glyphs
1077 \include "font-table.ly"
1078 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1083 @node Dynamic glyphs
1084 @unnumberedsubsec Dynamic glyphs
1087 \include "font-table.ly"
1088 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1089 \doc-chars #dynamics
1094 @unnumberedsubsec Script glyphs
1097 \include "font-table.ly"
1098 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1103 @node Arrowhead glyphs
1104 @unnumberedsubsec Arrowhead glyphs
1107 \include "font-table.ly"
1108 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1109 \doc-chars #arrowheads
1113 @node Bracket-tip glyphs
1114 @unnumberedsubsec Bracket-tip glyphs
1117 \include "font-table.ly"
1118 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1119 \doc-chars #brackettips
1124 @unnumberedsubsec Pedal glyphs
1127 \include "font-table.ly"
1128 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1133 @node Accordion glyphs
1134 @unnumberedsubsec Accordion glyphs
1137 \include "font-table.ly"
1138 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1139 \doc-chars #accordion
1144 @unnumberedsubsec Tie glyphs
1147 \include "font-table.ly"
1148 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1153 @node Vaticana glyphs
1154 @unnumberedsubsec Vaticana glyphs
1157 \include "font-table.ly"
1158 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1159 \doc-chars #vaticana
1163 @node Medicaea glyphs
1164 @unnumberedsubsec Medicaea glyphs
1167 \include "font-table.ly"
1168 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1169 \doc-chars #medicaea
1173 @node Hufnagel glyphs
1174 @unnumberedsubsec Hufnagel glyphs
1177 \include "font-table.ly"
1178 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1179 \doc-chars #hufnagel
1183 @node Mensural glyphs
1184 @unnumberedsubsec Mensural glyphs
1187 \include "font-table.ly"
1188 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1189 \doc-chars #mensural
1193 @node Neomensural glyphs
1194 @unnumberedsubsec Neomensural glyphs
1197 \include "font-table.ly"
1198 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1199 \doc-chars #neomensural
1203 @node Petrucci glyphs
1204 @unnumberedsubsec Petrucci glyphs
1207 \include "font-table.ly"
1208 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1209 \doc-chars #petrucci
1213 @node Solesmes glyphs
1214 @unnumberedsubsec Solesmes glyphs
1217 \include "font-table.ly"
1218 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1219 \doc-chars #solesmes
1222 @node Kievan Notation glyphs
1223 @unnumberedsubsec Kievan Notation glyphs
1226 \include "font-table.ly"
1227 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1232 @node Note head styles
1233 @appendixsec Note head styles
1235 @cindex note head styles
1236 The following styles may be used for note heads.
1238 @lilypondfile[noindent]{note-head-style.ly}
1242 @appendixsec Clef styles
1244 The following table shows all the different clef styles possible
1245 (including where @emph{middle C} sits relative to the clef).
1247 @multitable @columnfractions .30 .2 .30 .2
1262 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1271 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1281 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1290 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1300 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1310 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1318 @code{\clef soprano}
1320 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1328 @code{\clef mezzosoprano}
1330 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1340 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1350 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1360 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1368 @code{\clef baritone}
1370 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1380 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1388 @code{\clef altovarC}
1390 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1398 @code{\clef tenorvarC}
1400 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1408 @code{\clef baritonevarC}
1410 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1418 @code{\clef varbaritone}
1420 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1428 @code{\clef baritonevarF}
1430 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1440 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1450 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1458 @code{\clef subbass}
1460 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1468 @code{\clef percussion}
1470 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1480 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1491 @node Text markup commands
1492 @appendixsec Text markup commands
1494 @include markup-commands.tely
1497 @node Text markup list commands
1498 @appendixsec Text markup list commands
1500 The following commands can all be used with @code{\markuplist}:
1502 @include markup-list-commands.tely
1505 @node List of special characters
1506 @appendixsec List of special characters
1508 The following special characters references can be used;
1509 for more details, see @ref{ASCII aliases}.
1511 The HTML syntax is used and most of these references are the same as HTML.
1512 The rest of them are inspired by @LaTeX{}.
1514 The characters are boxed so that you can see their size.
1515 A small padding has been added between the character and the box
1516 for more readability.
1519 \include "special-characters.ly"
1523 @node List of articulations
1524 @appendixsec List of articulations
1549 @cindex prallmordent
1556 @cindex semicirculus
1557 @cindex shortfermata
1558 @cindex signumcongruentiae
1559 @cindex snappizzicato
1560 @cindex staccatissimo
1571 @cindex verylongfermata
1573 The following scripts are available in the Feta font and may be
1574 attached to notes (eg. @samp{c\accent}).
1576 @c Articulations and ornamentations
1577 @c Fingering instructions (for "thumb")
1578 @c Common notation for unfretted strings
1579 @c Bowing indications
1581 @c Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
1582 @c Custom percussion staves (for "halfopen" -- not yet funindexed)
1583 @c References for wind instruments (for "open"/"stopped" -- not yet funindexed)
1587 * Articulation scripts::
1588 * Ornament scripts::
1590 * Instrument-specific scripts::
1591 * Repeat sign scripts::
1596 @node Articulation scripts
1597 @unnumberedsubsec Articulation scripts
1600 \include "script-chart.ly"
1601 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #articulations }
1604 @node Ornament scripts
1605 @unnumberedsubsec Ornament scripts
1608 \include "script-chart.ly"
1609 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #ornaments }
1612 @node Fermata scripts
1613 @unnumberedsubsec Fermata scripts
1616 \include "script-chart.ly"
1617 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #fermatas }
1620 @node Instrument-specific scripts
1621 @unnumberedsubsec Instrument-specific scripts
1624 \include "script-chart.ly"
1625 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #instrument-specific }
1628 @node Repeat sign scripts
1629 @unnumberedsubsec Repeat sign scripts
1632 \include "script-chart.ly"
1633 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #repeats }
1636 @node Ancient scripts
1637 @unnumberedsubsec Ancient scripts
1640 \include "script-chart.ly"
1641 \include "gregorian.ly"
1642 \new VaticanaStaff { \scriptStaffAncient #ancient }
1646 @node Percussion notes
1647 @appendixsec Percussion notes
1649 @lilypondfile[quote]{percussion-chart.ly}
1652 @node Technical glossary
1653 @appendixsec Technical glossary
1655 A glossary of the technical terms and concepts used internally in
1656 LilyPond. These terms may appear in the manuals, on mailing lists
1657 or in the source code.
1679 @unnumberedsubsec alist
1682 @cindex association list
1684 An association list or @strong{alist} for short is a Scheme pair
1685 which associates a value with a key: @w{@code{(key . value)}}. For
1686 example, in @file{scm/lily.scm}, the alist
1687 @w{@qq{type-p-name-alist}} associates certain type predicates
1688 (e.g.@tie{}@code{ly:music?}) with names (e.g.@tie{}@qq{music}) so
1689 that type-check failures can be reported with a console message that
1690 includes the name of the expected type predicate.
1693 @unnumberedsubsec callback
1697 A @strong{callback} is a routine, function or method whose reference is
1698 passed as an argument in a call to another routine, so allowing
1699 the called routine to invoke it. The technique enables a lower-
1700 level software layer to call a function defined in a higher
1701 layer. Callbacks are used extensively in LilyPond to permit
1702 user-level Scheme code to define how many low-level actions are
1707 @unnumberedsubsec closure
1710 @cindex simple closure
1712 In Scheme, a @strong{closure} is created when a function, usually
1713 a lambda expression, is passed as a variable. The closure contains
1714 the function's code plus references to the lexical bindings of the
1715 function's free variables (i.e. those variables used in the
1716 expression but defined outside it). When this function is applied
1717 to different arguments later, the free variable bindings that were
1718 captured in the closure are used to obtain the values of the free
1719 variables to be used in the calculation. One useful property of
1720 closures is the retention of internal variable values between
1721 invocations, so permitting state to be maintained.
1723 A @strong{simple closure} is a closure whose expression has no free
1724 variables and hence no free variable bindings.
1726 A simple closure is represented in LilyPond by a smob containing
1727 the expression and a method to apply the expression to a passed
1732 @unnumberedsubsec glyph
1738 A @strong{glyph} is a particular graphical representation of a typographic
1739 character, or a combination of two characters formating a ligature.
1740 A set of glyphs with a single style and shape comprise a font, and
1741 a set of fonts covering several styles and sizes comprise a typeface.
1746 @ref{Special characters}.
1750 @unnumberedsubsec grob
1753 @cindex layout objects
1754 @cindex graphical objects
1756 LilyPond objects which represent items of notation in the printed
1757 output such as note heads, stems, slurs, ties, fingering, clefs,
1758 etc are called @q{Layout objects}, often known as @q{GRaphical
1759 OBjects}, or @strong{grobs} for short. They are represented by
1760 instances of the @code{Grob} class.
1764 @rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
1765 @rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
1766 @rlearning{Properties of layout objects}.
1768 Internals Reference:
1769 @rinternals{grob-interface},
1770 @rinternals{All layout objects}.
1774 @unnumberedsubsec immutable
1776 @cindex immutable objects
1777 @cindex immutable properties
1778 @cindex shared properties
1780 An @strong{immutable} object is one whose state cannot be modified
1781 after creation, in contrast to a mutable object, which can be
1782 modified after creation.
1784 In LilyPond, immutable or shared properties define the default
1785 style and behavior of grobs. They are shared between many objects.
1786 In apparent contradiction to the name, they can be changed using
1787 @code{\override} and @code{\revert}.
1795 @unnumberedsubsec interface
1798 @cindex grob-interface
1799 @cindex graphical object interfaces
1801 Actions and properties which are common to a number of grobs are
1802 grouped together in an object called a @code{grob-interface}, or
1803 just @q{interface} for short.
1807 @rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
1808 @rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
1809 @rlearning{Properties found in interfaces}.
1812 @ref{Layout interfaces}.
1814 Internals Reference:
1815 @rinternals{Graphical Object Interfaces}.
1819 @unnumberedsubsec lexer
1824 A @strong{lexer} is a program which converts a sequence of
1825 characters into a sequence of tokens, a process called lexical
1826 analysis. The LilyPond lexer converts the stream obtained from an
1827 input @file{.ly} file into a tokenized stream more suited to the
1828 next stage of processing - parsing, for which see @ref{parser}.
1829 The LilyPond lexer is built with Flex from the lexer file
1830 @file{lily/lexer.ll} which contains the lexical rules. This file
1831 is part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond
1832 binary installation.
1836 @unnumberedsubsec mutable
1838 @cindex mutable objects
1839 @cindex mutable properties
1841 A @strong{mutable} object is one whose state can be modified after
1842 creation, in contrast to an immutable object, whose state is fixed
1843 at the time of creation.
1845 In LilyPond, mutable properties contain values that are specific to
1846 one grob. Typically, lists of other objects or results from
1847 computations are stored in mutable properties.
1855 @unnumberedsubsec output-def
1859 An instance of the @code{Output-def} class contains the methods and
1860 data structures associated with an output block. Instances are
1861 created for midi, layout and paper blocks.
1865 @unnumberedsubsec parser
1869 @cindex LilyPond grammar
1870 @cindex grammar for LilyPond
1873 A @strong{parser} analyzes the sequence of tokens produced by a
1874 lexer to determine its grammatical structure, grouping the tokens
1875 progressively into larger groupings according to the rules of the
1876 grammar. If the sequence of tokens is valid the end product is a
1877 tree of tokens whose root is the grammar's start symbol. If this
1878 cannot be achieved the file is invalid and an appropriate error
1879 message is produced. The syntactic groupings and the rules for
1880 constructing the groupings from their parts for the LilyPond syntax
1881 are defined in @file{lily/parser.yy} and shown in Backus Normal Form
1882 (BNF) in @rcontrib{LilyPond grammar}. This file is used to build the
1883 parser during the program build by the parser generator, Bison. It is
1884 part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond binary
1888 @node parser variable
1889 @unnumberedsubsec parser variable
1891 @cindex parser variable
1892 @cindex Scheme variable
1893 @cindex global variable
1894 @cindex afterGraceFraction
1897 @cindex output-count
1898 @cindex output-suffix
1899 @cindex partCombineListener
1901 @cindex toplevel-bookparts
1902 @cindex toplevel-scores
1903 @cindex showLastLength
1904 @cindex showFirstLength
1906 These are variables defined directly in Scheme. Their direct
1907 use by users is strongly discouraged, because their scoping
1908 semantics can be confusing.
1910 When the value of such a variable is changed in a @file{.ly} file,
1911 the change is global, and unless explicitly reverted, the new value
1912 will persist to the end of the file, affecting subsequent
1913 @code{\score} blocks as well as external files added with the
1914 @code{\include} command. This can lead to unintended consequences
1915 and in complex typesetting projects the consequent errors can be
1916 difficult to track down.
1918 LilyPond uses the following parser variables:
1921 @item afterGraceFraction
1926 @item partCombineListener
1928 @item toplevel-bookparts
1929 @item toplevel-scores
1930 @item showLastLength
1931 @item showFirstLength
1936 @unnumberedsubsec prob
1939 @cindex property object
1941 PRoperty OBjects, or @strong{probs} for short, are instances of
1942 the @code{Prob} class, a simple base class for objects which have
1943 mutable and immutable property alists and the methods to manipulate
1944 them. The @code{Music} and @code{Stream_event} classes derive from
1945 @code{Prob}. Instances of the @code{Prob} class are also created
1946 to hold the formatted content of system grobs and titling blocks
1950 @node simple closure
1951 @unnumberedsubsec simple closure
1957 @unnumberedsubsec smob
1960 @cindex Scheme object
1962 @strong{Smobs}, or ScheMe OBjects, are part of the mechanism used
1963 by Guile to export C and C++ objects to Scheme code. In LilyPond,
1964 smobs are created from C++ objects through macros. There are two
1965 types of smob objects: simple smobs, intended for simple immutable
1966 objects like numbers, and complex smobs, used for objects with
1967 identities. If you have access to the LilyPond sources, more
1968 information can be found in @file{lily/includes/smob.hh}.
1971 @unnumberedsubsec stencil
1975 An instance of the @strong{stencil} class holds the information
1976 required to print a typographical object. It is a simple smob
1977 containing a confining box, which defines the vertical and
1978 horizontal extents of the object, and a Scheme expression which
1979 will print the object when evaluated. Stencils may be combined
1980 to form more complex stencils defined by a tree of Scheme
1981 expressions formed from the Scheme expressions of the component
1984 The @code{stencil} property, which connects a grob to its stencil,
1985 is defined in the @code{grob-interface} interface.
1988 Internals Reference:
1989 @rinternals{grob-interface}.
1992 @node All context properties
1993 @appendixsec All context properties
1995 @include context-properties.tely
1998 @node Layout properties
1999 @appendixsec Layout properties
2001 @include layout-properties.tely
2004 @node Available music functions
2005 @appendixsec Available music functions
2007 @include identifiers.tely
2009 @node Context modification identifiers
2010 @appendixsec Context modification identifiers
2012 The following commands are defined for use as context modifications
2013 within a @code{\layout} or @code{\with} block.
2015 @include context-mod-identifiers.tely
2017 @node Predefined type predicates
2018 @appendixsec Predefined type predicates
2020 @include type-predicates.tely
2023 @node Scheme functions
2024 @appendixsec Scheme functions
2026 @include scheme-functions.tely