1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
4 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
6 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
7 version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
8 Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
13 @node Notation manual tables
14 @appendix Notation manual tables
18 * Common chord modifiers::
19 * Predefined string tunings::
20 * Predefined fretboard diagrams::
21 * Predefined paper sizes::
27 * Text markup commands::
28 * Text markup list commands::
29 * List of special characters::
30 * List of articulations::
32 * Technical glossary::
33 * All context properties::
35 * Available music functions::
36 * Context modification identifiers::
37 * Predefined type predicates::
43 @node Chord name chart
44 @appendixsec Chord name chart
46 The following chart shows two standard systems for printing chord
47 names, along with the pitches they represent.
49 @c The line width is a hack to allow space for instrument names
50 @lilypondfile[quote,line-width=15\cm]{chord-names-jazz.ly}
52 @node Common chord modifiers
53 @appendixsec Common chord modifiers
55 The following table shows chord modifiers that can be used to generate
56 standard chord structures.
58 @multitable @columnfractions .2 .25 .2 .15 .2
75 Major third, @*perfect fifth
81 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,notime]
91 Minor third, @*perfect fifth
97 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
107 Major third, @*augmented fifth
113 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
116 \chordmode { c1:aug }
123 Minor third, @*diminished fifth
129 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
132 \chordmode { c1:dim }
139 Major triad, @*minor seventh
145 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
155 Major triad, @*major seventh
157 @code{maj7} or @code{maj}
161 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
164 \chordmode { c1:maj7 }
171 Minor triad, @*minor seventh
177 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
187 Diminished triad, @*diminished seventh
193 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
196 \chordmode { c1:dim7 }
203 Augmented triad, @*minor seventh
209 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
212 \chordmode { c1:aug7 }
217 Half-diminished seventh
219 Diminished triad, @*minor seventh
225 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
228 \chordmode { c1:m7.5- }
235 Minor triad, @*major seventh
241 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
244 \chordmode { c1:m7+ }
257 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
273 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
283 Dominant seventh, @*major ninth
289 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
299 Major seventh, @*major ninth
305 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
308 \chordmode { c1:maj9 }
315 Minor seventh, @*major ninth
321 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
331 Dominant ninth, @*perfect eleventh
337 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
347 Major ninth, @*perfect eleventh
353 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
356 \chordmode { c1:maj11 }
363 Minor ninth, @*perfect eleventh
369 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
372 \chordmode { c1:m11 }
379 Dominant ninth, @*major thirteenth
385 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
395 Dominant eleventh, @*major thirteenth
401 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
404 \chordmode { c1:13.11 }
411 Major eleventh, @*major thirteenth
417 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
419 \chords { c1:maj13.11 }
420 \chordmode { c1:maj13.11 }
427 Minor eleventh, @*major thirteenth
433 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
435 \chords { c1:m13.11 }
436 \chordmode { c1:m13.11 }
443 Major second, @*perfect fifth
449 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
452 \chordmode { c1:sus2 }
459 Perfect fourth, @*perfect fifth
465 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
468 \chordmode { c1:sus4 }
473 Power chord @*(two-voiced)
479 @code{\powerChords c1:1.5}
481 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
482 \chordmode { \powerChords c1:1.5 }
486 Power chord @*@w{(three-voiced)}
488 Perfect fifth, @*octave
492 @code{\powerChords c1:1.5.8}
494 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
495 \chordmode { \powerChords c1:1.5.8 }
500 @node Predefined string tunings
501 @appendixsec Predefined string tunings
503 The chart below shows the predefined string tunings.
505 @lilypondfile{display-predefined-string-tunings.ly}
507 @node Predefined fretboard diagrams
508 @appendixsec Predefined fretboard diagrams
511 * Diagrams for Guitar::
512 * Diagrams for Ukulele::
513 * Diagrams for Mandolin::
516 @node Diagrams for Guitar
517 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Guitar
519 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-fretboards.ly}
521 @node Diagrams for Ukulele
522 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Ukulele
524 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly}
526 @node Diagrams for Mandolin
527 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Mandolin
529 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly}
532 @node Predefined paper sizes
533 @appendixsec Predefined paper sizes
535 Paper sizes are defined in @file{scm/paper.scm}
538 @strong{The @qq{ISO 216} A Series}
565 @strong{The @qq{ISO 216} B Series}
592 @strong{Two extended sizes as defined in @qq{DIN 476}}
601 @strong{@qq{ISO 269} standard C series}
628 @strong{North American paper sizes}
647 @strong{Government-letter by IEEE Printer Working Group, for children's
650 @item "government-letter"
652 @item "government-legal"
654 @item "philippine-legal"
671 @item "engineering f"
676 @strong{North American Architectural sizes}
693 @strong{Antique sizes still used in the United Kingdom}
742 @strong{PA4 based sizes}
769 @strong{Used in Southeast Asia and Australia}
776 @strong{Used for very small @code{@@lilypond} examples in the
777 documentation based on a8 landscape.}
784 @node MIDI instruments
785 @appendixsec MIDI instruments
787 The following is a list of names that can be used for the
788 @code{midiInstrument} property. The order of the instruments
789 below, starting in the left-hand column moving down, corresponds
790 to the General MIDI Standard's 128 Program Numbers.
793 acoustic grand contrabass lead 7 (fifths)
794 bright acoustic tremolo strings lead 8 (bass+lead)
795 electric grand pizzicato strings pad 1 (new age)
796 honky-tonk orchestral harp pad 2 (warm)
797 electric piano 1 timpani pad 3 (polysynth)
798 electric piano 2 string ensemble 1 pad 4 (choir)
799 harpsichord string ensemble 2 pad 5 (bowed)
800 clav synthstrings 1 pad 6 (metallic)
801 celesta synthstrings 2 pad 7 (halo)
802 glockenspiel choir aahs pad 8 (sweep)
803 music box voice oohs fx 1 (rain)
804 vibraphone synth voice fx 2 (soundtrack)
805 marimba orchestra hit fx 3 (crystal)
806 xylophone trumpet fx 4 (atmosphere)
807 tubular bells trombone fx 5 (brightness)
808 dulcimer tuba fx 6 (goblins)
809 drawbar organ muted trumpet fx 7 (echoes)
810 percussive organ french horn fx 8 (sci-fi)
811 rock organ brass section sitar
812 church organ synthbrass 1 banjo
813 reed organ synthbrass 2 shamisen
814 accordion soprano sax koto
815 harmonica alto sax kalimba
816 concertina tenor sax bagpipe
817 acoustic guitar (nylon) baritone sax fiddle
818 acoustic guitar (steel) oboe shanai
819 electric guitar (jazz) english horn tinkle bell
820 electric guitar (clean) bassoon agogo
821 electric guitar (muted) clarinet steel drums
822 overdriven guitar piccolo woodblock
823 distorted guitar flute taiko drum
824 guitar harmonics recorder melodic tom
825 acoustic bass pan flute synth drum
826 electric bass (finger) blown bottle reverse cymbal
827 electric bass (pick) shakuhachi guitar fret noise
828 fretless bass whistle breath noise
829 slap bass 1 ocarina seashore
830 slap bass 2 lead 1 (square) bird tweet
831 synth bass 1 lead 2 (sawtooth) telephone ring
832 synth bass 2 lead 3 (calliope) helicopter
833 violin lead 4 (chiff) applause
834 viola lead 5 (charang) gunshot
840 @appendixsec List of colors
842 @subsubheading Normal colors
844 Usage syntax is detailed in @ref{Coloring objects}.
846 @cindex List of colors
847 @cindex Colors, list of
850 black white red green
851 blue cyan magenta yellow
852 grey darkred darkgreen darkblue
853 darkcyan darkmagenta darkyellow
857 @subsubheading X color names
859 X color names come several variants:
861 Any name that is spelled as a single word with capitalization
862 (e.g. @q{LightSlateBlue}) can also be spelled as space separated
863 words without capitalization (e.g. @q{light slate blue}).
865 The word @q{grey} can always be spelled @q{gray} (e.g. @q{DarkSlateGray}).
867 Some names can take a numerical suffix (e.g. @q{LightSalmon4}).
870 @subsubheading Color Names without a numerical suffix:
873 snow GhostWhite WhiteSmoke gainsboro FloralWhite
874 OldLace linen AntiqueWhite PapayaWhip BlanchedAlmond
875 bisque PeachPuff NavajoWhite moccasin cornsilk
876 ivory LemonChiffon seashell honeydew MintCream
877 azure AliceBlue lavender LavenderBlush MistyRose
878 white black DarkSlateGrey DimGrey SlateGrey
879 LightSlateGrey grey LightGrey MidnightBlue navy
880 NavyBlue CornflowerBlue DarkSlateBlue SlateBlue MediumSlateBlue
881 LightSlateBlue MediumBlue RoyalBlue blue DodgerBlue
882 DeepSkyBlue SkyBlue LightSkyBlue SteelBlue LightSteelBlue
883 LightBlue PowderBlue PaleTurquoise DarkTurquoise MediumTurquoise
884 turquoise cyan LightCyan CadetBlue MediumAquamarine
885 aquamarine DarkGreen DarkOliveGreen DarkSeaGreen SeaGreen
886 MediumSeaGreen LightSeaGreen PaleGreen SpringGreen LawnGreen
887 green chartreuse MediumSpringGreen GreenYellow LimeGreen
888 YellowGreen ForestGreen OliveDrab DarkKhaki khaki
889 PaleGoldenrod LightGoldenrodYellow LightYellow yellow gold
890 LightGoldenrod goldenrod DarkGoldenrod RosyBrown IndianRed
891 SaddleBrown sienna peru burlywood beige
892 wheat SandyBrown tan chocolate firebrick
893 brown DarkSalmon salmon LightSalmon orange
894 DarkOrange coral LightCoral tomato OrangeRed
895 red HotPink DeepPink pink LightPink
896 PaleVioletRed maroon MediumVioletRed VioletRed magenta
897 violet plum orchid MediumOrchid DarkOrchid
898 DarkViolet BlueViolet purple MediumPurple thistle
899 DarkGrey DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkMagenta DarkRed
904 @subsubheading Color names with a numerical suffix
906 In the following names the suffix N can be a number in the range 1-4:
909 snowN seashellN AntiqueWhiteN bisqueN PeachPuffN
910 NavajoWhiteN LemonChiffonN cornsilkN ivoryN honeydewN
911 LavenderBlushN MistyRoseN azureN SlateBlueN RoyalBlueN
912 blueN DodgerBlueN SteelBlueN DeepSkyBlueN SkyBlueN
913 LightSkyBlueN LightSteelBlueN LightBlueN LightCyanN PaleTurquoiseN
914 CadetBlueN turquoiseN cyanN aquamarineN DarkSeaGreenN
915 SeaGreenN PaleGreenN SpringGreenN greenN chartreuseN
916 OliveDrabN DarkOliveGreenN khakiN LightGoldenrodN LightYellowN
917 yellowN goldN goldenrodN DarkGoldenrodN RosyBrownN
918 IndianRedN siennaN burlywoodN wheatN tanN
919 chocolateN firebrickN brownN salmonN LightSalmonN
920 orangeN DarkOrangeN coralN tomatoN OrangeRedN
921 redN DeepPinkN HotPinkN pinkN LightPinkN
922 PaleVioletRedN maroonN VioletRedN magentaN orchidN
923 plumN MediumOrchidN DarkOrchidN purpleN MediumPurpleN
928 @subsubheading Grey Scale
930 A grey scale can be obtained using:
937 Where N is in the range 0-100.
941 @appendixsec The Feta font
946 The following symbols are available in the Emmentaler font and may be
947 accessed directly using text markup with the name of the glyph
948 as shown in the tables below,
949 such as @code{g^\markup @{\musicglyph #"scripts.segno" @}} or
950 @code{\markup @{\musicglyph #"five"@}}. For more information,
951 see @ref{Formatting text}.
956 * Time Signature glyphs::
958 * Accidental glyphs::
959 * Default Notehead glyphs::
960 * Special Notehead glyphs::
961 * Shape-note Notehead glyphs::
968 * Bracket-tip glyphs::
976 * Neomensural glyphs::
979 * Kievan Notation glyphs::
984 @unnumberedsubsec Clef glyphs
987 \include "font-table.ly"
988 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
993 @node Time Signature glyphs
994 @unnumberedsubsec Time Signature glyphs
997 \include "font-table.ly"
998 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1004 @unnumberedsubsec Number glyphs
1007 \include "font-table.ly"
1008 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1013 @node Accidental glyphs
1014 @unnumberedsubsec Accidental glyphs
1017 \include "font-table.ly"
1018 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1019 \doc-chars #accidentals
1023 @node Default Notehead glyphs
1024 @unnumberedsubsec Default Notehead glyphs
1027 \include "font-table.ly"
1028 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1029 \doc-chars #default-noteheads
1033 @node Special Notehead glyphs
1034 @unnumberedsubsec Special Notehead glyphs
1037 \include "font-table.ly"
1038 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1039 \doc-chars #special-noteheads
1043 @node Shape-note Notehead glyphs
1044 @unnumberedsubsec Shape-note Notehead glyphs
1047 \include "font-table.ly"
1048 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1049 \doc-chars #shape-note-noteheads
1054 @unnumberedsubsec Rest glyphs
1057 \include "font-table.ly"
1058 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1064 @unnumberedsubsec Flag glyphs
1067 \include "font-table.ly"
1068 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1074 @unnumberedsubsec Dot glyphs
1077 \include "font-table.ly"
1078 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1083 @node Dynamic glyphs
1084 @unnumberedsubsec Dynamic glyphs
1087 \include "font-table.ly"
1088 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1089 \doc-chars #dynamics
1094 @unnumberedsubsec Script glyphs
1097 \include "font-table.ly"
1098 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1103 @node Arrowhead glyphs
1104 @unnumberedsubsec Arrowhead glyphs
1107 \include "font-table.ly"
1108 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1109 \doc-chars #arrowheads
1113 @node Bracket-tip glyphs
1114 @unnumberedsubsec Bracket-tip glyphs
1117 \include "font-table.ly"
1118 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1119 \doc-chars #brackettips
1124 @unnumberedsubsec Pedal glyphs
1127 \include "font-table.ly"
1128 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1133 @node Accordion glyphs
1134 @unnumberedsubsec Accordion glyphs
1137 \include "font-table.ly"
1138 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1139 \doc-chars #accordion
1144 @unnumberedsubsec Tie glyphs
1147 \include "font-table.ly"
1148 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1153 @node Vaticana glyphs
1154 @unnumberedsubsec Vaticana glyphs
1157 \include "font-table.ly"
1158 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1159 \doc-chars #vaticana
1163 @node Medicaea glyphs
1164 @unnumberedsubsec Medicaea glyphs
1167 \include "font-table.ly"
1168 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1169 \doc-chars #medicaea
1173 @node Hufnagel glyphs
1174 @unnumberedsubsec Hufnagel glyphs
1177 \include "font-table.ly"
1178 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1179 \doc-chars #hufnagel
1183 @node Mensural glyphs
1184 @unnumberedsubsec Mensural glyphs
1187 \include "font-table.ly"
1188 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1189 \doc-chars #mensural
1193 @node Neomensural glyphs
1194 @unnumberedsubsec Neomensural glyphs
1197 \include "font-table.ly"
1198 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1199 \doc-chars #neomensural
1203 @node Petrucci glyphs
1204 @unnumberedsubsec Petrucci glyphs
1207 \include "font-table.ly"
1208 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1209 \doc-chars #petrucci
1213 @node Solesmes glyphs
1214 @unnumberedsubsec Solesmes glyphs
1217 \include "font-table.ly"
1218 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1219 \doc-chars #solesmes
1222 @node Kievan Notation glyphs
1223 @unnumberedsubsec Kievan Notation glyphs
1226 \include "font-table.ly"
1227 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1232 @node Note head styles
1233 @appendixsec Note head styles
1235 @cindex note head styles
1236 The following styles may be used for note heads.
1238 @lilypondfile[noindent]{note-head-style.ly}
1242 @appendixsec Clef styles
1244 The following table shows all the different clef styles possible
1245 (including where @emph{middle C} sits relative to the clef).
1247 @multitable @columnfractions .30 .2 .30 .2
1262 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1271 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1281 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1290 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1300 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1310 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1318 @code{\clef soprano}
1320 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1328 @code{\clef mezzosoprano}
1330 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1340 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1350 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1360 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1368 @code{\clef baritone}
1370 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1380 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1388 @code{\clef altovarC}
1390 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1398 @code{\clef tenorvarC}
1400 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1408 @code{\clef baritonevarC}
1410 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1418 @code{\clef varbaritone}
1420 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1428 @code{\clef baritonevarF}
1430 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1440 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1450 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1458 @code{\clef subbass}
1460 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1468 @code{\clef percussion}
1470 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1480 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1491 @node Text markup commands
1492 @appendixsec Text markup commands
1494 @include markup-commands.tely
1497 @node Text markup list commands
1498 @appendixsec Text markup list commands
1500 The following commands can all be used with @code{\markuplist}:
1502 @include markup-list-commands.tely
1505 @node List of special characters
1506 @appendixsec List of special characters
1508 The following special characters references can be used;
1509 for more details, see @ref{ASCII aliases}.
1511 The HTML syntax is used and most of these references are the same as HTML.
1512 The rest of them are inspired by @LaTeX{}.
1514 The characters are boxed so that you can see their size.
1515 A small padding has been added between the character and the box
1516 for more readability.
1519 \include "special-characters.ly"
1523 @node List of articulations
1524 @appendixsec List of articulations
1549 @cindex prallmordent
1556 @cindex semicirculus
1557 @cindex shortfermata
1558 @cindex signumcongruentiae
1559 @cindex snappizzicato
1560 @cindex staccatissimo
1571 @cindex verylongfermata
1573 The following scripts are available in the Feta font and may be
1574 attached to notes (eg. @samp{f\accent}).
1576 @c Articulations and ornamentations
1577 @c Fingering instructions (for "thumb")
1578 @c Common notation for unfretted strings
1579 @c Bowing indications
1581 @c Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
1582 @c Custom percussion staves (for "halfopen" -- not yet funindexed)
1583 @c References for wind instruments (for "open"/"stopped" -- not yet funindexed)
1587 * Articulation scripts::
1588 * Ornament scripts::
1590 * Instrument-specific scripts::
1591 * Repeat sign scripts::
1596 @node Articulation scripts
1597 @unnumberedsubsec Articulation scripts
1599 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .25 .25 .25
1613 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1619 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1620 f\espressivo e,_\espressivo
1626 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1627 f\marcato e,_\marcato
1632 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1633 f\portato e,_\portato
1637 @code{\staccatissimo}
1639 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1640 f\staccatissimo e,_\staccatissimo
1645 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1646 f\staccato e,_\staccato
1652 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1659 @node Ornament scripts
1660 @unnumberedsubsec Ornament scripts
1662 @multitable @columnfractions .25 .25 .25 .25
1676 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1682 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1683 f\mordent e,_\mordent
1687 @code{\prallmordent}
1689 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1690 f\prallmordent e,_\prallmordent
1695 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1702 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1703 f\upprall e,_\upprall
1708 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1709 f\downprall e,_\downprall
1715 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1716 f\upmordent e,_\upmordent
1721 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1722 f\downmordent e,_\downmordent
1728 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1729 f\lineprall e,_\lineprall
1734 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1735 f\prallprall e,_\prallprall
1741 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1742 f\pralldown e,_\pralldown
1747 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1748 f\prallup e,_\prallup
1754 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1755 f\reverseturn e,_\reverseturn
1760 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right,relative=2]
1766 @node Fermata scripts
1767 @unnumberedsubsec Fermata scripts
1770 \include "script-chart.ly"
1771 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #fermatas }
1774 @node Instrument-specific scripts
1775 @unnumberedsubsec Instrument-specific scripts
1778 \include "script-chart.ly"
1779 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #instrument-specific }
1782 @node Repeat sign scripts
1783 @unnumberedsubsec Repeat sign scripts
1786 \include "script-chart.ly"
1787 \new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #repeats }
1790 @node Ancient scripts
1791 @unnumberedsubsec Ancient scripts
1794 \include "script-chart.ly"
1795 \include "gregorian.ly"
1796 \new VaticanaStaff { \scriptStaffAncient #ancient }
1800 @node Percussion notes
1801 @appendixsec Percussion notes
1803 @lilypondfile[quote]{percussion-chart.ly}
1806 @node Technical glossary
1807 @appendixsec Technical glossary
1809 A glossary of the technical terms and concepts used internally in
1810 LilyPond. These terms may appear in the manuals, on mailing lists
1811 or in the source code.
1833 @unnumberedsubsec alist
1836 @cindex association list
1838 An association list or @strong{alist} for short is a Scheme pair
1839 which associates a value with a key: @w{@code{(key . value)}}. For
1840 example, in @file{scm/lily.scm}, the alist
1841 @w{@qq{type-p-name-alist}} associates certain type predicates
1842 (e.g.@tie{}@code{ly:music?}) with names (e.g.@tie{}@qq{music}) so
1843 that type-check failures can be reported with a console message that
1844 includes the name of the expected type predicate.
1847 @unnumberedsubsec callback
1851 A @strong{callback} is a routine, function or method whose reference is
1852 passed as an argument in a call to another routine, so allowing
1853 the called routine to invoke it. The technique enables a lower-
1854 level software layer to call a function defined in a higher
1855 layer. Callbacks are used extensively in LilyPond to permit
1856 user-level Scheme code to define how many low-level actions are
1861 @unnumberedsubsec closure
1864 @cindex simple closure
1866 In Scheme, a @strong{closure} is created when a function, usually
1867 a lambda expression, is passed as a variable. The closure contains
1868 the function's code plus references to the lexical bindings of the
1869 function's free variables (i.e. those variables used in the
1870 expression but defined outside it). When this function is applied
1871 to different arguments later, the free variable bindings that were
1872 captured in the closure are used to obtain the values of the free
1873 variables to be used in the calculation. One useful property of
1874 closures is the retention of internal variable values between
1875 invocations, so permitting state to be maintained.
1877 A @strong{simple closure} is a closure whose expression has no free
1878 variables and hence no free variable bindings.
1880 A simple closure is represented in LilyPond by a smob containing
1881 the expression and a method to apply the expression to a passed
1886 @unnumberedsubsec glyph
1892 A @strong{glyph} is a particular graphical representation of a typographic
1893 character, or a combination of two characters formating a ligature.
1894 A set of glyphs with a single style and shape comprise a font, and
1895 a set of fonts covering several styles and sizes comprise a typeface.
1900 @ref{Special characters}.
1904 @unnumberedsubsec grob
1907 @cindex layout objects
1908 @cindex graphical objects
1910 LilyPond objects which represent items of notation in the printed
1911 output such as note heads, stems, slurs, ties, fingering, clefs,
1912 etc are called @q{Layout objects}, often known as @q{GRaphical
1913 OBjects}, or @strong{grobs} for short. They are represented by
1914 instances of the @code{Grob} class.
1918 @rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
1919 @rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
1920 @rlearning{Properties of layout objects}.
1922 Internals Reference:
1923 @rinternals{grob-interface},
1924 @rinternals{All layout objects}.
1928 @unnumberedsubsec immutable
1930 @cindex immutable objects
1931 @cindex immutable properties
1932 @cindex shared properties
1934 An @strong{immutable} object is one whose state cannot be modified
1935 after creation, in contrast to a mutable object, which can be
1936 modified after creation.
1938 In LilyPond, immutable or shared properties define the default
1939 style and behavior of grobs. They are shared between many objects.
1940 In apparent contradiction to the name, they can be changed using
1941 @code{\override} and @code{\revert}.
1949 @unnumberedsubsec interface
1952 @cindex grob-interface
1953 @cindex graphical object interfaces
1955 Actions and properties which are common to a number of grobs are
1956 grouped together in an object called a @code{grob-interface}, or
1957 just @q{interface} for short.
1961 @rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
1962 @rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
1963 @rlearning{Properties found in interfaces}.
1966 @ref{Layout interfaces}.
1968 Internals Reference:
1969 @rinternals{Graphical Object Interfaces}.
1973 @unnumberedsubsec lexer
1978 A @strong{lexer} is a program which converts a sequence of
1979 characters into a sequence of tokens, a process called lexical
1980 analysis. The LilyPond lexer converts the stream obtained from an
1981 input @file{.ly} file into a tokenized stream more suited to the
1982 next stage of processing - parsing, for which see @ref{parser}.
1983 The LilyPond lexer is built with Flex from the lexer file
1984 @file{lily/lexer.ll} which contains the lexical rules. This file
1985 is part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond
1986 binary installation.
1990 @unnumberedsubsec mutable
1992 @cindex mutable objects
1993 @cindex mutable properties
1995 A @strong{mutable} object is one whose state can be modified after
1996 creation, in contrast to an immutable object, whose state is fixed
1997 at the time of creation.
1999 In LilyPond, mutable properties contain values that are specific to
2000 one grob. Typically, lists of other objects or results from
2001 computations are stored in mutable properties.
2009 @unnumberedsubsec output-def
2013 An instance of the @code{Output-def} class contains the methods and
2014 data structures associated with an output block. Instances are
2015 created for midi, layout and paper blocks.
2019 @unnumberedsubsec parser
2023 @cindex LilyPond grammar
2024 @cindex grammar for LilyPond
2027 A @strong{parser} analyzes the sequence of tokens produced by a
2028 lexer to determine its grammatical structure, grouping the tokens
2029 progressively into larger groupings according to the rules of the
2030 grammar. If the sequence of tokens is valid the end product is a
2031 tree of tokens whose root is the grammar's start symbol. If this
2032 cannot be achieved the file is invalid and an appropriate error
2033 message is produced. The syntactic groupings and the rules for
2034 constructing the groupings from their parts for the LilyPond syntax
2035 are defined in @file{lily/parser.yy} and shown in Backus Normal Form
2036 (BNF) in @rcontrib{LilyPond grammar}. This file is used to build the
2037 parser during the program build by the parser generator, Bison. It is
2038 part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond binary
2042 @node parser variable
2043 @unnumberedsubsec parser variable
2045 @cindex parser variable
2046 @cindex Scheme variable
2047 @cindex global variable
2048 @cindex afterGraceFraction
2051 @cindex output-count
2052 @cindex output-suffix
2053 @cindex partCombineListener
2055 @cindex toplevel-bookparts
2056 @cindex toplevel-scores
2057 @cindex showLastLength
2058 @cindex showFirstLength
2060 These are variables defined directly in Scheme. Their direct
2061 use by users is strongly discouraged, because their scoping
2062 semantics can be confusing.
2064 When the value of such a variable is changed in a @file{.ly} file,
2065 the change is global, and unless explicitly reverted, the new value
2066 will persist to the end of the file, affecting subsequent
2067 @code{\score} blocks as well as external files added with the
2068 @code{\include} command. This can lead to unintended consequences
2069 and in complex typesetting projects the consequent errors can be
2070 difficult to track down.
2072 LilyPond uses the following parser variables:
2075 @item afterGraceFraction
2080 @item partCombineListener
2082 @item toplevel-bookparts
2083 @item toplevel-scores
2084 @item showLastLength
2085 @item showFirstLength
2090 @unnumberedsubsec prob
2093 @cindex property object
2095 PRoperty OBjects, or @strong{probs} for short, are instances of
2096 the @code{Prob} class, a simple base class for objects which have
2097 mutable and immutable property alists and the methods to manipulate
2098 them. The @code{Music} and @code{Stream_event} classes derive from
2099 @code{Prob}. Instances of the @code{Prob} class are also created
2100 to hold the formatted content of system grobs and titling blocks
2104 @node simple closure
2105 @unnumberedsubsec simple closure
2111 @unnumberedsubsec smob
2114 @cindex Scheme object
2116 @strong{Smobs}, or ScheMe OBjects, are part of the mechanism used
2117 by Guile to export C and C++ objects to Scheme code. In LilyPond,
2118 smobs are created from C++ objects through macros. There are two
2119 types of smob objects: simple smobs, intended for simple immutable
2120 objects like numbers, and complex smobs, used for objects with
2121 identities. If you have access to the LilyPond sources, more
2122 information can be found in @file{lily/includes/smob.hh}.
2125 @unnumberedsubsec stencil
2129 An instance of the @strong{stencil} class holds the information
2130 required to print a typographical object. It is a simple smob
2131 containing a confining box, which defines the vertical and
2132 horizontal extents of the object, and a Scheme expression which
2133 will print the object when evaluated. Stencils may be combined
2134 to form more complex stencils defined by a tree of Scheme
2135 expressions formed from the Scheme expressions of the component
2138 The @code{stencil} property, which connects a grob to its stencil,
2139 is defined in the @code{grob-interface} interface.
2142 Internals Reference:
2143 @rinternals{grob-interface}.
2146 @node All context properties
2147 @appendixsec All context properties
2149 @include context-properties.tely
2152 @node Layout properties
2153 @appendixsec Layout properties
2155 @include layout-properties.tely
2158 @node Available music functions
2159 @appendixsec Available music functions
2161 @include identifiers.tely
2163 @node Context modification identifiers
2164 @appendixsec Context modification identifiers
2166 The following commands are defined for use as context modifications
2167 within a @code{\layout} or @code{\with} block.
2169 @include context-mod-identifiers.tely
2171 @node Predefined type predicates
2172 @appendixsec Predefined type predicates
2174 @include type-predicates.tely
2177 @node Scheme functions
2178 @appendixsec Scheme functions
2180 @include scheme-functions.tely