1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
4 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
6 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
7 version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
8 Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
13 @node Notation manual tables
14 @appendix Notation manual tables
18 * Common chord modifiers::
19 * Predefined string tunings::
20 * Predefined fretboard diagrams::
21 * Predefined paper sizes::
24 * The Emmentaler font::
27 * Text markup commands::
28 * Text markup list commands::
29 * List of special characters::
30 * List of articulations::
32 * Technical glossary::
33 * All context properties::
35 * Available music functions::
36 * Context modification identifiers::
37 * Predefined type predicates::
43 @node Chord name chart
44 @appendixsec Chord name chart
46 The following chart shows two standard systems for printing chord
47 names, along with the pitches they represent.
49 @c The line width is a hack to allow space for instrument names
50 @lilypondfile[quote,line-width=15\cm]{chord-names-jazz.ly}
52 @node Common chord modifiers
53 @appendixsec Common chord modifiers
55 The following table shows chord modifiers that can be used to generate
56 standard chord structures.
58 @multitable @columnfractions .2 .25 .2 .15 .2
75 Major third, @*perfect fifth
81 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,notime]
91 Minor third, @*perfect fifth
97 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
107 Major third, @*augmented fifth
113 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
116 \chordmode { c1:aug }
123 Minor third, @*diminished fifth
129 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
132 \chordmode { c1:dim }
139 Major triad, @*minor seventh
145 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
155 Major triad, @*major seventh
157 @code{maj7} or @code{maj}
161 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
164 \chordmode { c1:maj7 }
171 Minor triad, @*minor seventh
177 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
187 Diminished triad, @*diminished seventh
193 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
196 \chordmode { c1:dim7 }
203 Augmented triad, @*minor seventh
209 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
212 \chordmode { c1:aug7 }
217 Half-diminished seventh
219 Diminished triad, @*minor seventh
225 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
228 \chordmode { c1:m7.5- }
235 Minor triad, @*major seventh
241 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
244 \chordmode { c1:m7+ }
257 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
273 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
283 Dominant seventh, @*major ninth
289 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
299 Major seventh, @*major ninth
305 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
308 \chordmode { c1:maj9 }
315 Minor seventh, @*major ninth
321 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
331 Dominant ninth, @*perfect eleventh
337 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
347 Major ninth, @*perfect eleventh
353 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
356 \chordmode { c1:maj11 }
363 Minor ninth, @*perfect eleventh
369 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
372 \chordmode { c1:m11 }
379 Dominant ninth, @*major thirteenth
385 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
395 Dominant eleventh, @*major thirteenth
401 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
404 \chordmode { c1:13.11 }
411 Major eleventh, @*major thirteenth
417 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
419 \chords { c1:maj13.11 }
420 \chordmode { c1:maj13.11 }
427 Minor eleventh, @*major thirteenth
433 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
435 \chords { c1:m13.11 }
436 \chordmode { c1:m13.11 }
443 Major second, @*perfect fifth
449 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
452 \chordmode { c1:sus2 }
459 Perfect fourth, @*perfect fifth
465 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
468 \chordmode { c1:sus4 }
473 Power chord @*(two-voiced)
479 @code{\powerChords c1:5}
481 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
482 \chordmode { \powerChords c1:5 }
486 Power chord @*@w{(three-voiced)}
488 Perfect fifth, @*octave
492 @code{\powerChords c1:5.8}
494 @lilypond[line-width=2.1\cm,noragged-right,notime]
495 \chordmode { \powerChords c1:5.8 }
500 @node Predefined string tunings
501 @appendixsec Predefined string tunings
503 The chart below shows the predefined string tunings.
505 @lilypondfile{display-predefined-string-tunings.ly}
507 @node Predefined fretboard diagrams
508 @appendixsec Predefined fretboard diagrams
511 * Diagrams for Guitar::
512 * Diagrams for Ukulele::
513 * Diagrams for Mandolin::
516 @node Diagrams for Guitar
517 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Guitar
519 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-fretboards.ly}
521 @node Diagrams for Ukulele
522 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Ukulele
524 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly}
526 @node Diagrams for Mandolin
527 @unnumberedsubsec Diagrams for Mandolin
529 @lilypondfile[line-width=15.5\cm]{display-predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly}
532 @node Predefined paper sizes
533 @appendixsec Predefined paper sizes
535 Paper sizes are defined in @file{scm/paper.scm}
538 @strong{The @qq{ISO 216} A Series}
565 @strong{The @qq{ISO 216} B Series}
592 @strong{Two extended sizes as defined in @qq{DIN 476}}
601 @strong{@qq{ISO 269} standard C series}
628 @strong{North American paper sizes}
647 @strong{Government-letter by IEEE Printer Working Group, for children's
650 @item "government-letter"
652 @item "government-legal"
654 @item "philippine-legal"
671 @item "engineering f"
676 @strong{North American Architectural sizes}
693 @strong{Antique sizes still used in the United Kingdom}
742 @strong{PA4 based sizes}
769 @strong{Used in Southeast Asia and Australia}
776 @strong{Used for very small @code{@@lilypond} examples in the
777 documentation based on a8 landscape.}
784 @node MIDI instruments
785 @appendixsec MIDI instruments
787 The following is a list of names that can be used for the
788 @code{midiInstrument} property. The order of the instruments
789 below, starting in the left-hand column moving down, corresponds
790 to the General MIDI Standard's 128 Program Numbers.
793 acoustic grand contrabass lead 7 (fifths)
794 bright acoustic tremolo strings lead 8 (bass+lead)
795 electric grand pizzicato strings pad 1 (new age)
796 honky-tonk orchestral harp pad 2 (warm)
797 electric piano 1 timpani pad 3 (polysynth)
798 electric piano 2 string ensemble 1 pad 4 (choir)
799 harpsichord string ensemble 2 pad 5 (bowed)
800 clav synthstrings 1 pad 6 (metallic)
801 celesta synthstrings 2 pad 7 (halo)
802 glockenspiel choir aahs pad 8 (sweep)
803 music box voice oohs fx 1 (rain)
804 vibraphone synth voice fx 2 (soundtrack)
805 marimba orchestra hit fx 3 (crystal)
806 xylophone trumpet fx 4 (atmosphere)
807 tubular bells trombone fx 5 (brightness)
808 dulcimer tuba fx 6 (goblins)
809 drawbar organ muted trumpet fx 7 (echoes)
810 percussive organ french horn fx 8 (sci-fi)
811 rock organ brass section sitar
812 church organ synthbrass 1 banjo
813 reed organ synthbrass 2 shamisen
814 accordion soprano sax koto
815 harmonica alto sax kalimba
816 concertina tenor sax bagpipe
817 acoustic guitar (nylon) baritone sax fiddle
818 acoustic guitar (steel) oboe shanai
819 electric guitar (jazz) english horn tinkle bell
820 electric guitar (clean) bassoon agogo
821 electric guitar (muted) clarinet steel drums
822 overdriven guitar piccolo woodblock
823 distorted guitar flute taiko drum
824 guitar harmonics recorder melodic tom
825 acoustic bass pan flute synth drum
826 electric bass (finger) blown bottle reverse cymbal
827 electric bass (pick) shakuhachi guitar fret noise
828 fretless bass whistle breath noise
829 slap bass 1 ocarina seashore
830 slap bass 2 lead 1 (square) bird tweet
831 synth bass 1 lead 2 (sawtooth) telephone ring
832 synth bass 2 lead 3 (calliope) helicopter
833 violin lead 4 (chiff) applause
834 viola lead 5 (charang) gunshot
840 @appendixsec List of colors
842 @subsubheading Normal colors
844 Usage syntax is detailed in @ref{Coloring objects}.
846 @cindex List of colors
847 @cindex Colors, list of
850 black white red green
851 blue cyan magenta yellow
852 grey darkred darkgreen darkblue
853 darkcyan darkmagenta darkyellow
857 @subsubheading X color names
859 X color names come several variants:
861 Any name that is spelled as a single word with capitalization
862 (e.g., @q{LightSlateBlue}) can also be spelled as space separated
863 words without capitalization (e.g., @q{light slate blue}).
865 The word @q{grey} can always be spelled @q{gray} (e.g., @q{DarkSlateGray}).
867 Some names can take a numerical suffix (e.g., @q{LightSalmon4}).
870 @subsubheading Color Names without a numerical suffix:
873 snow GhostWhite WhiteSmoke gainsboro FloralWhite
874 OldLace linen AntiqueWhite PapayaWhip BlanchedAlmond
875 bisque PeachPuff NavajoWhite moccasin cornsilk
876 ivory LemonChiffon seashell honeydew MintCream
877 azure AliceBlue lavender LavenderBlush MistyRose
878 white black DarkSlateGrey DimGrey SlateGrey
879 LightSlateGrey grey LightGrey MidnightBlue navy
880 NavyBlue CornflowerBlue DarkSlateBlue SlateBlue MediumSlateBlue
881 LightSlateBlue MediumBlue RoyalBlue blue DodgerBlue
882 DeepSkyBlue SkyBlue LightSkyBlue SteelBlue LightSteelBlue
883 LightBlue PowderBlue PaleTurquoise DarkTurquoise MediumTurquoise
884 turquoise cyan LightCyan CadetBlue MediumAquamarine
885 aquamarine DarkGreen DarkOliveGreen DarkSeaGreen SeaGreen
886 MediumSeaGreen LightSeaGreen PaleGreen SpringGreen LawnGreen
887 green chartreuse MediumSpringGreen GreenYellow LimeGreen
888 YellowGreen ForestGreen OliveDrab DarkKhaki khaki
889 PaleGoldenrod LightGoldenrodYellow LightYellow yellow gold
890 LightGoldenrod goldenrod DarkGoldenrod RosyBrown IndianRed
891 SaddleBrown sienna peru burlywood beige
892 wheat SandyBrown tan chocolate firebrick
893 brown DarkSalmon salmon LightSalmon orange
894 DarkOrange coral LightCoral tomato OrangeRed
895 red HotPink DeepPink pink LightPink
896 PaleVioletRed maroon MediumVioletRed VioletRed magenta
897 violet plum orchid MediumOrchid DarkOrchid
898 DarkViolet BlueViolet purple MediumPurple thistle
899 DarkGrey DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkMagenta DarkRed
904 @subsubheading Color names with a numerical suffix
906 In the following names the suffix N can be a number in the range 1-4:
909 snowN seashellN AntiqueWhiteN bisqueN PeachPuffN
910 NavajoWhiteN LemonChiffonN cornsilkN ivoryN honeydewN
911 LavenderBlushN MistyRoseN azureN SlateBlueN RoyalBlueN
912 blueN DodgerBlueN SteelBlueN DeepSkyBlueN SkyBlueN
913 LightSkyBlueN LightSteelBlueN LightBlueN LightCyanN PaleTurquoiseN
914 CadetBlueN turquoiseN cyanN aquamarineN DarkSeaGreenN
915 SeaGreenN PaleGreenN SpringGreenN greenN chartreuseN
916 OliveDrabN DarkOliveGreenN khakiN LightGoldenrodN LightYellowN
917 yellowN goldN goldenrodN DarkGoldenrodN RosyBrownN
918 IndianRedN siennaN burlywoodN wheatN tanN
919 chocolateN firebrickN brownN salmonN LightSalmonN
920 orangeN DarkOrangeN coralN tomatoN OrangeRedN
921 redN DeepPinkN HotPinkN pinkN LightPinkN
922 PaleVioletRedN maroonN VioletRedN magentaN orchidN
923 plumN MediumOrchidN DarkOrchidN purpleN MediumPurpleN
928 @subsubheading Grey Scale
930 A grey scale can be obtained using:
937 Where N is in the range 0-100.
940 @node The Emmentaler font
941 @appendixsec The Emmentaler font
944 @cindex Emmentaler font
945 @cindex Font, Emmentaler
948 @cindex Parmesan font
949 @cindex Font, Parmesan
951 The Emmentaler font consists of two @emph{sub-sets} of glyphs.
952 @qq{Feta}, used for classical notation and @qq{Parmesan}, used for
955 Any glyph within the Emmentaler font can be accessed directly by using
956 text markup along with the name of the glyph (as shown in the tables
960 g^\markup @{\musicglyph #"scripts.segno" @}
967 \markup @{\musicglyph #"five"@}
970 For more information see @ref{Formatting text}.
975 * Time Signature glyphs::
977 * Accidental glyphs::
978 * Default Notehead glyphs::
979 * Special Notehead glyphs::
980 * Shape-note Notehead glyphs::
987 * Bracket-tip glyphs::
995 * Neomensural glyphs::
998 * Kievan Notation glyphs::
1003 @unnumberedsubsec Clef glyphs
1006 \include "font-table.ly"
1007 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1012 @node Time Signature glyphs
1013 @unnumberedsubsec Time Signature glyphs
1016 \include "font-table.ly"
1017 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1023 @unnumberedsubsec Number glyphs
1026 \include "font-table.ly"
1027 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1032 @node Accidental glyphs
1033 @unnumberedsubsec Accidental glyphs
1036 \include "font-table.ly"
1037 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1038 \doc-chars #accidentals
1042 @node Default Notehead glyphs
1043 @unnumberedsubsec Default Notehead glyphs
1046 \include "font-table.ly"
1047 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1048 \doc-chars #default-noteheads
1052 @node Special Notehead glyphs
1053 @unnumberedsubsec Special Notehead glyphs
1056 \include "font-table.ly"
1057 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1058 \doc-chars #special-noteheads
1062 @node Shape-note Notehead glyphs
1063 @unnumberedsubsec Shape-note Notehead glyphs
1066 \include "font-table.ly"
1067 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1068 \doc-chars #shape-note-noteheads
1073 @unnumberedsubsec Rest glyphs
1076 \include "font-table.ly"
1077 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1083 @unnumberedsubsec Flag glyphs
1086 \include "font-table.ly"
1087 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1093 @unnumberedsubsec Dot glyphs
1096 \include "font-table.ly"
1097 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1102 @node Dynamic glyphs
1103 @unnumberedsubsec Dynamic glyphs
1106 \include "font-table.ly"
1107 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1108 \doc-chars #dynamics
1113 @unnumberedsubsec Script glyphs
1116 \include "font-table.ly"
1117 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1122 @node Arrowhead glyphs
1123 @unnumberedsubsec Arrowhead glyphs
1126 \include "font-table.ly"
1127 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1128 \doc-chars #arrowheads
1132 @node Bracket-tip glyphs
1133 @unnumberedsubsec Bracket-tip glyphs
1136 \include "font-table.ly"
1137 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1138 \doc-chars #brackettips
1143 @unnumberedsubsec Pedal glyphs
1146 \include "font-table.ly"
1147 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1152 @node Accordion glyphs
1153 @unnumberedsubsec Accordion glyphs
1156 \include "font-table.ly"
1157 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1158 \doc-chars #accordion
1163 @unnumberedsubsec Tie glyphs
1166 \include "font-table.ly"
1167 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1172 @node Vaticana glyphs
1173 @unnumberedsubsec Vaticana glyphs
1176 \include "font-table.ly"
1177 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1178 \doc-chars #vaticana
1182 @node Medicaea glyphs
1183 @unnumberedsubsec Medicaea glyphs
1186 \include "font-table.ly"
1187 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1188 \doc-chars #medicaea
1192 @node Hufnagel glyphs
1193 @unnumberedsubsec Hufnagel glyphs
1196 \include "font-table.ly"
1197 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1198 \doc-chars #hufnagel
1202 @node Mensural glyphs
1203 @unnumberedsubsec Mensural glyphs
1206 \include "font-table.ly"
1207 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1208 \doc-chars #mensural
1212 @node Neomensural glyphs
1213 @unnumberedsubsec Neomensural glyphs
1216 \include "font-table.ly"
1217 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1218 \doc-chars #neomensural
1222 @node Petrucci glyphs
1223 @unnumberedsubsec Petrucci glyphs
1226 \include "font-table.ly"
1227 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1228 \doc-chars #petrucci
1232 @node Solesmes glyphs
1233 @unnumberedsubsec Solesmes glyphs
1236 \include "font-table.ly"
1237 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1238 \doc-chars #solesmes
1241 @node Kievan Notation glyphs
1242 @unnumberedsubsec Kievan Notation glyphs
1245 \include "font-table.ly"
1246 \markuplist \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
1251 @node Note head styles
1252 @appendixsec Note head styles
1254 @cindex note head styles
1255 The following styles may be used for note heads.
1257 @lilypondfile[noindent]{note-head-style.ly}
1261 @appendixsec Clef styles
1263 The following table shows all the different clef styles possible
1264 (including where @emph{middle C} sits relative to the clef).
1266 @multitable @columnfractions .30 .2 .30 .2
1281 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1288 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1296 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1304 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1312 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1320 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1328 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1334 @code{\clef soprano}
1336 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1342 @code{\clef mezzosoprano}
1344 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1352 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1360 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1368 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1374 @code{\clef baritone}
1376 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1384 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1390 @code{\clef altovarC}
1392 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1398 @code{\clef tenorvarC}
1400 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1406 @code{\clef baritonevarC}
1408 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1414 @code{\clef varbaritone}
1416 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1422 @code{\clef baritonevarF}
1424 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1432 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1440 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1446 @code{\clef subbass}
1448 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1454 @code{\clef percussion}
1456 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1462 @c @example does not work as expected within multitables
1469 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1477 @c @example does not work as expected within multitables
1480 @ @ \clef moderntab @*
1484 @lilypond[line-width=3\cm,notime,ragged-right,relative=1]
1495 @node Text markup commands
1496 @appendixsec Text markup commands
1498 @include markup-commands.tely
1501 @node Text markup list commands
1502 @appendixsec Text markup list commands
1504 The following commands can all be used with @code{\markuplist}:
1506 @include markup-list-commands.tely
1509 @node List of special characters
1510 @appendixsec List of special characters
1512 The following special characters references can be used;
1513 for more details, see @ref{ASCII aliases}.
1515 The HTML syntax is used and most of these references are the same as HTML.
1516 The rest of them are inspired by @LaTeX{}.
1518 The characters are boxed so that you can see their size.
1519 A small padding has been added between the character and the box
1520 for more readability.
1523 \include "special-characters.ly"
1527 @node List of articulations
1528 @appendixsec List of articulations
1531 The following lists show all the scripts in the Feta font that may be
1532 attached to notes (eg. @samp{f\accent} or @samp{f->}). Each example
1533 shows the script in the @emph{up}, @emph{down} and @emph{neutral}
1534 positions respectively.
1536 @c Articulations and ornamentations
1537 @c Fingering instructions (for "thumb")
1538 @c Common notation for unfretted strings
1539 @c Bowing indications
1541 @c Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
1542 @c Custom percussion staves (for "halfopen" -- not yet funindexed)
1543 @c References for wind instruments (for "open"/"stopped" -- not yet funindexed)
1547 * Articulation scripts::
1548 * Ornament scripts::
1550 * Instrument-specific scripts::
1551 * Repeat sign scripts::
1556 The @multitable @columnfraction value discrepancy between the first and
1557 the remaining columns is deliberate; it seems (at least visually
1558 anyway) the gap (after building the documentation) between first and
1559 second column examples was always larger than between the remaining
1567 @cindex staccatissimo
1572 @node Articulation scripts
1573 @unnumberedsubsec Articulation scripts
1575 @multitable @columnfractions .22 .25 .25 .25
1578 @code{\accent} or @code{->}
1579 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1580 f^\accent e,_\accent b'\accent
1584 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1585 f^\espressivo e,_\espressivo b'\espressivo
1588 @code{\marcato} or @code{-^}
1589 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1590 f^\marcato e,_\marcato b'\marcato
1593 @code{\portato} or @code{-_}
1594 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1595 f^\portato e,_\portato b'\portato
1599 @code{\staccatissimo} @* or @code{-!}
1600 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1601 f^\staccatissimo e,_\staccatissimo b'\staccatissimo
1604 @code{\staccato} or @code{-.}
1605 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1606 f^\staccato e,_\staccato b'\staccato
1609 @code{\tenuto} or @code{--}
1610 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1611 f^\tenuto e,_\tenuto b'\tenuto
1623 @cindex prallmordent
1631 @node Ornament scripts
1632 @unnumberedsubsec Ornament scripts
1634 @multitable @columnfractions .22 .25 .25 .25
1638 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1639 f^\prall e,_\prall b'\prall
1643 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1644 f^\prallup e,_\prallup b'\prallup
1648 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1649 f^\pralldown e,_\pralldown b'\pralldown
1653 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1654 f^\upprall e,_\upprall b'\upprall
1659 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1660 f^\downprall e,_\downprall b'\downprall
1664 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1665 f^\prallprall e,_\prallprall b'\prallprall
1669 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1670 f^\lineprall e,_\lineprall b'\lineprall
1673 @code{\prallmordent}
1674 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1675 f^\prallmordent e,_\prallmordent b'\prallmordent
1680 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1681 f^\mordent e,_\mordent b'\mordent
1685 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1686 f^\upmordent e,_\upmordent b'\upmordent
1690 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1691 f^\downmordent e,_\downmordent b'\downmordent
1695 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1696 f^\trill e,_\trill b'\trill
1701 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1702 f^\turn e,_\turn b'\reverseturn
1706 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1707 f^\reverseturn e,_\reverseturn b'\reverseturn
1713 @cindex shortfermata
1715 @cindex verylongfermata
1717 @node Fermata scripts
1718 @unnumberedsubsec Fermata scripts
1720 @multitable @columnfractions .22 .25 .25 .25
1723 @code{\shortfermata}
1724 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1725 f^\shortfermata e,_\shortfermata b'\shortfermata
1729 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1730 f^\fermata e,_\fermata b'\fermata
1734 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1735 f^\longfermata e,_\longfermata b'\longfermata
1738 @code{\verylongfermata}
1739 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1740 f^\verylongfermata e,_\verylongfermata b'\verylongfermata
1754 @cindex snappizzicato
1757 @node Instrument-specific scripts
1758 @unnumberedsubsec Instrument-specific scripts
1760 @multitable @columnfractions .22 .25 .25 .25
1764 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1765 f^\upbow e,_\upbow b'\upbow
1769 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1770 f^\downbow e,_\downbow b'\downbow
1774 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1775 f^\flageolet e,_\flageolet b'\flageolet
1779 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1780 f^\open e,_\open b'\open
1785 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1786 f^\halfopen e,_\halfopen b'\halfopen
1790 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1791 f^\lheel e,_\lheel b'\lheel
1795 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1796 f^\rheel e,_\rheel b'\rheel
1800 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1801 f^\ltoe e,_\ltoe b'\ltoe
1806 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1807 f^\rtoe e,_\rtoe b'\rtoe
1810 @code{\snappizzicato}
1811 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1812 f^\snappizzicato e,_\snappizzicato b'\snappizzicato
1815 @code{\stopped} or @code{-+}
1816 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1817 f^\stopped e,_\stopped b'\stopped
1826 @node Repeat sign scripts
1827 @unnumberedsubsec Repeat sign scripts
1829 @multitable @columnfractions .22 .25 .25 .25
1833 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1834 f^\segno e,_\segno b'\segno
1838 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1839 f^\coda e,_\coda b'\coda
1843 @lilypond[notime,relative=2]
1844 f^\varcoda e,_\varcoda b'\varcoda
1852 @cindex semicirculus
1853 @cindex signumcongruentiae
1855 @node Ancient scripts
1856 @unnumberedsubsec Ancient scripts
1858 @multitable @columnfractions .22 .25 .25 .25
1863 \include "gregorian.ly"
1864 \new VaticanaStaff { e'^\accentus s4 f_\accentus s4 b\accentus}
1869 \include "gregorian.ly"
1870 \new VaticanaStaff { e'^\circulus s4 f_\circulus s4 b\circulus }
1875 \include "gregorian.ly"
1876 \new VaticanaStaff { e'^\ictus s4 f_\ictus s4 b\ictus}
1880 @code{\semicirculus}
1882 \include "gregorian.ly"
1883 \new VaticanaStaff {
1884 e'^\semicirculus s4 f_\semicirculus s4 b\semicirculus
1888 @code{\signumcongruentiae}
1890 \include "gregorian.ly"
1891 \new VaticanaStaff {
1892 e'^\signumcongruentiae s4
1893 f_\signumcongruentiae s4
1894 b\signumcongruentiae
1900 @cindex drums, various
1901 @cindex acoustic bass
1904 @cindex electric snare
1905 @cindex acoustic snare
1911 @cindex floor tom tom
1913 @cindex high tom tom
1916 @cindex pedal high hat
1917 @cindex open high hat
1918 @cindex half-open high hat
1919 @cindex cymbal, various
1920 @cindex crash cymbal
1922 @cindex chinese cymbal
1923 @cindex splash cymbal
1935 @cindex high timbale
1937 @cindex mute timbale
1938 @cindex open timbale
1953 @node Percussion notes
1954 @appendixsec Percussion notes
1956 @multitable @columnfractions .22 .25 .25 .25
1959 @code{bassdrum @* bd @*}
1960 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1964 @code{acousticbassdrum @* bda @*}
1965 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1966 \drums { bda4 bda1 }
1969 @code{snare @* sn @*}
1970 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1974 @code{acousticsnare @* sna @*}
1975 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1976 \drums { sna4 sna1 }
1980 @code{electricsnare @* sne @*}
1981 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1982 \drums { sne4 sne1 }
1985 @code{lowfloortom @* tomfl @*}
1986 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1987 \drums { tomfl4 tomfl1 }
1990 @code{highfloortom @* tomfh @*}
1991 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1992 \drums { tomfh4 tomfh1 }
1995 @code{lowtom @* toml @*}
1996 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
1997 \drums { toml4 toml1 }
2001 @code{hightom @* tomh @*}
2002 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2003 \drums { tomh4 tomh1 }
2006 @code{lowmidtom @* tomml @*}
2007 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2008 \drums { tomml4 tomml1 }
2011 @code{highmidtom @* tommh @*}
2012 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2013 \drums { tommh4 tommh1 }
2016 @code{highhat @* hh @*}
2017 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2022 @code{closedhihat @* hhc @*}
2023 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2024 \drums { hhc4 hhc1 }
2027 @code{openhighhat @* hho @*}
2028 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2029 \drums { hho4 hho1 }
2032 @code{halfopenhihat @* hhho @*}
2033 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2034 \drums { hhho4 hhho1 }
2037 @code{pedalhihat @* hhp @*}
2038 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2039 \drums { hhp4 hhp1 }
2044 @code{crashcymbal @* cymc @*}
2045 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2046 \drums { cymc4 cymc1 }
2049 @code{crashcymbala @* cymca @*}
2050 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2051 \drums { cymca4 cymca1 }
2054 @code{crashcymbalb @* cymcb @*}
2055 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2056 \drums { cymcb4 cymcb1 }
2059 @code{ridecymbal @* cymr @*}
2060 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2061 \drums { cymr4 cymr1 }
2065 @code{ridecymbala @* cymra @*}
2066 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2067 \drums { cymra4 cymra1 }
2070 @code{ridecymbalb @* cymrb @*}
2071 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2072 \drums { cymrb4 cymrb1 }
2075 @code{chinesecymbal @* cymch @*}
2076 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2077 \drums { cymch4 cymch1 }
2080 @code{splashcymbal @* cyms @*}
2081 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2082 \drums { cyms4 cyms1 }
2086 @code{ridebell @* rb @*}
2087 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2091 @code{cowbell @* cb @*}
2092 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2096 @code{hibongo @* boh @*}
2097 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2098 \drums { boh4 boh1 }
2101 @code{openhibongo @* boho @*}
2102 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2103 \drums { boho4 boho1 }
2107 @code{mutehibongo @* bohm @*}
2108 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2109 \drums { bohm4 bohm1 }
2112 @code{lobongo @* bol @*}
2113 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2114 \drums { bol4 bol1 }
2117 @code{openlobongo @* bolo @*}
2118 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2119 \drums { bolo4 bolo1 }
2122 @code{mutelobongo @* bolm @*}
2123 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2124 \drums { bolm4 bolm1 }
2129 @code{hiconga @* cgh @*}
2130 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2131 \drums { cgh4 cgh1 }
2134 @code{openhiconga @* cgho @*}
2135 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2136 \drums { cgho4 cgho1 }
2139 @code{mutehiconga @* cghm @*}
2140 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2141 \drums { cghm4 cghm1 }
2144 @code{loconga @* cgl @*}
2145 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2146 \drums { cgl4 cgl1 }
2150 @code{openloconga @* cglo @*}
2151 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2152 \drums { cglo4 cglo1 }
2155 @code{muteloconga @* cglm @*}
2156 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2157 \drums { cglm4 cglm1 }
2160 @code{hitimbale @* timh @*}
2161 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2162 \drums { timh4 timh1 }
2165 @code{lotimbale @* timl @*}
2166 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2167 \drums { timl4 timl1 }
2171 @code{hiagogo @* agh @*}
2172 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2173 \drums { agh4 agh1 }
2176 @code{loagogo @* agl @*}
2177 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2178 \drums { agl4 agl1 }
2181 @code{sidestick @* ss @*}
2182 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2186 @code{hisidestick @* ssh @*}
2187 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2188 \drums { ssh4 ssh1 }
2192 @code{losidestick @* ssl @*}
2193 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2194 \drums { ssl4 ssl1 }
2197 @code{guiro @* gui @*}
2198 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2199 \drums { gui4 gui1 }
2202 @code{shortguiro @* guis @*}
2203 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2204 \drums { guis4 guis1 }
2207 @code{longguiro @* guil @*}
2208 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2209 \drums { guil4 guil1 }
2213 @code{cabasa @* cab @*}
2214 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2215 \drums { cab4 cab1 }
2218 @code{maracas @* mar @*}
2219 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2220 \drums { mar4 mar1 }
2223 @code{shortwhistle @* whs @*}
2224 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2225 \drums { whs4 whs1 }
2228 @code{longwhistle @* whl @*}
2229 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2230 \drums { whl4 whl1 }
2234 @code{handclap @* hc @*}
2235 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2239 @code{tambourine @* tamb @*}
2240 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2241 \drums { tamb4 tamb1 }
2244 @code{vibraslap @* vibs @*}
2245 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2246 \drums { vibs4 vibs1 }
2249 @code{tamtam @* tt @*}
2250 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2255 @code{claves @* cl @*}
2256 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2260 @code{hiwoodblock @* wbh @*}
2261 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2262 \drums { wbh4 wbh1 }
2265 @code{lowoodblock @* wbl @*}
2266 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2267 \drums { wbl4 wbl1 }
2270 @code{opencuica @* cuio @*}
2271 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2272 \drums { cuio4 cuio1 }
2276 @code{mutecuica @* cuim @*}
2277 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2278 \drums { cuim4 cuim1 }
2281 @code{triangle @* tri @*}
2282 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2283 \drums { tri4 tri1 }
2286 @code{opentriangle @* trio @*}
2287 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2288 \drums { trio4 trio1 }
2291 @code{mutetriangle @* trim}
2292 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2293 \drums { trim4 trim1 }
2297 @code{oneup @* ua @*}
2298 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2302 @code{twoup @* ub @*}
2303 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2307 @code{threeup @* uc @*}
2308 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2312 @code{fourup @* ud @*}
2313 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2318 @code{fiveup @* ue @*}
2319 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2323 @code{onedown @* da @*}
2324 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2328 @code{twodown @* db @*}
2329 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2333 @code{threedown @* dc @*}
2334 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2339 @code{fourdown @* dd @*}
2340 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2344 @code{fivedown @* de @*}
2345 @lilypond[notime,ragged-right]
2353 @node Technical glossary
2354 @appendixsec Technical glossary
2356 A glossary of the technical terms and concepts used internally in
2357 LilyPond. These terms may appear in the manuals, on mailing lists
2358 or in the source code.
2379 @unnumberedsubsec alist
2382 @cindex association list
2384 An association list or @strong{alist} for short is a Scheme pair
2385 which associates a value with a key: @w{@code{(key . value)}}. For
2386 example, in @file{scm/lily.scm}, the alist
2387 @w{@qq{type-p-name-alist}} associates certain type predicates
2388 (e.g., @code{ly:music?}) with names (e.g., @qq{music}) so
2389 that type-check failures can be reported with a console message that
2390 includes the name of the expected type predicate.
2393 @unnumberedsubsec callback
2397 A @strong{callback} is a routine, function or method whose reference is
2398 passed as an argument in a call to another routine, so allowing
2399 the called routine to invoke it. The technique enables a lower-
2400 level software layer to call a function defined in a higher
2401 layer. Callbacks are used extensively in LilyPond to permit
2402 user-level Scheme code to define how many low-level actions are
2407 @unnumberedsubsec closure
2411 In Scheme, a @strong{closure} is created when a function, usually
2412 a lambda expression, is passed as a variable. The closure contains
2413 the function's code plus references to the lexical bindings of the
2414 function's free variables (i.e., those variables used in the
2415 expression but defined outside it). When this function is applied
2416 to different arguments later, the free variable bindings that were
2417 captured in the closure are used to obtain the values of the free
2418 variables to be used in the calculation. One useful property of
2419 closures is the retention of internal variable values between
2420 invocations, so permitting state to be maintained.
2424 @unnumberedsubsec glyph
2430 A @strong{glyph} is a particular graphical representation of a typographic
2431 character, or a combination of two characters formating a ligature.
2432 A set of glyphs with a single style and shape comprise a font, and
2433 a set of fonts covering several styles and sizes comprise a typeface.
2438 @ref{Special characters}.
2442 @unnumberedsubsec grob
2445 @cindex layout objects
2446 @cindex graphical objects
2448 LilyPond objects which represent items of notation in the printed
2449 output such as note heads, stems, slurs, ties, fingering, clefs,
2450 etc are called @q{Layout objects}, often known as @q{GRaphical
2451 OBjects}, or @strong{grobs} for short. They are represented by
2452 instances of the @code{Grob} class.
2456 @rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
2457 @rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
2458 @rlearning{Properties of layout objects}.
2460 Internals Reference:
2461 @rinternals{grob-interface},
2462 @rinternals{All layout objects}.
2466 @unnumberedsubsec immutable
2468 @cindex immutable objects
2469 @cindex immutable properties
2470 @cindex shared properties
2472 An @strong{immutable} object is one whose state cannot be modified
2473 after creation, in contrast to a mutable object, which can be
2474 modified after creation.
2476 In LilyPond, immutable or shared properties define the default
2477 style and behavior of grobs. They are shared between many objects.
2478 In apparent contradiction to the name, they can be changed using
2479 @code{\override} and @code{\revert}.
2487 @unnumberedsubsec interface
2490 @cindex grob-interface
2491 @cindex graphical object interfaces
2493 Actions and properties which are common to a number of grobs are
2494 grouped together in an object called a @code{grob-interface}, or
2495 just @q{interface} for short.
2499 @rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
2500 @rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
2501 @rlearning{Properties found in interfaces}.
2504 @ref{Layout interfaces}.
2506 Internals Reference:
2507 @rinternals{Graphical Object Interfaces}.
2511 @unnumberedsubsec lexer
2516 A @strong{lexer} is a program which converts a sequence of
2517 characters into a sequence of tokens, a process called lexical
2518 analysis. The LilyPond lexer converts the stream obtained from an
2519 input @file{.ly} file into a tokenized stream more suited to the
2520 next stage of processing - parsing, for which see @ref{parser}.
2521 The LilyPond lexer is built with Flex from the lexer file
2522 @file{lily/lexer.ll} which contains the lexical rules. This file
2523 is part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond
2524 binary installation.
2528 @unnumberedsubsec mutable
2530 @cindex mutable objects
2531 @cindex mutable properties
2533 A @strong{mutable} object is one whose state can be modified after
2534 creation, in contrast to an immutable object, whose state is fixed
2535 at the time of creation.
2537 In LilyPond, mutable properties contain values that are specific to
2538 one grob. Typically, lists of other objects or results from
2539 computations are stored in mutable properties.
2547 @unnumberedsubsec output-def
2551 An instance of the @code{Output-def} class contains the methods and
2552 data structures associated with an output block. Instances are
2553 created for midi, layout and paper blocks.
2557 @unnumberedsubsec parser
2561 @cindex LilyPond grammar
2562 @cindex grammar for LilyPond
2565 A @strong{parser} analyzes the sequence of tokens produced by a
2566 lexer to determine its grammatical structure, grouping the tokens
2567 progressively into larger groupings according to the rules of the
2568 grammar. If the sequence of tokens is valid the end product is a
2569 tree of tokens whose root is the grammar's start symbol. If this
2570 cannot be achieved the file is invalid and an appropriate error
2571 message is produced. The syntactic groupings and the rules for
2572 constructing the groupings from their parts for the LilyPond syntax
2573 are defined in @file{lily/parser.yy} and shown in Backus Normal Form
2574 (BNF) in @rcontrib{LilyPond grammar}. This file is used to build the
2575 parser during the program build by the parser generator, Bison. It is
2576 part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond binary
2580 @node parser variable
2581 @unnumberedsubsec parser variable
2583 @cindex parser variable
2584 @cindex Scheme variable
2585 @cindex global variable
2586 @cindex afterGraceFraction
2589 @cindex output-count
2590 @cindex output-suffix
2591 @cindex partCombineListener
2593 @cindex toplevel-bookparts
2594 @cindex toplevel-scores
2595 @cindex showLastLength
2596 @cindex showFirstLength
2598 These are variables defined directly in Scheme. Their direct
2599 use by users is strongly discouraged, because their scoping
2600 semantics can be confusing.
2602 When the value of such a variable is changed in a @file{.ly} file,
2603 the change is global, and unless explicitly reverted, the new value
2604 will persist to the end of the file, affecting subsequent
2605 @code{\score} blocks as well as external files added with the
2606 @code{\include} command. This can lead to unintended consequences
2607 and in complex typesetting projects the consequent errors can be
2608 difficult to track down.
2610 LilyPond uses the following parser variables:
2613 @item afterGraceFraction
2618 @item partCombineListener
2620 @item toplevel-bookparts
2621 @item toplevel-scores
2622 @item showLastLength
2623 @item showFirstLength
2628 @unnumberedsubsec prob
2631 @cindex property object
2633 PRoperty OBjects, or @strong{probs} for short, are instances of
2634 the @code{Prob} class, a simple base class for objects which have
2635 mutable and immutable property alists and the methods to manipulate
2636 them. The @code{Music} and @code{Stream_event} classes derive from
2637 @code{Prob}. Instances of the @code{Prob} class are also created
2638 to hold the formatted content of system grobs and titling blocks
2643 @unnumberedsubsec smob
2646 @cindex Scheme object
2648 @strong{Smobs}, or ScheMe OBjects, are part of the mechanism used
2649 by Guile to export C and C++ objects to Scheme code. In LilyPond,
2650 smobs are created from C++ objects through macros. There are two
2651 types of smob objects: simple smobs, intended for simple immutable
2652 objects like numbers, and complex smobs, used for objects with
2653 identities. If you have access to the LilyPond sources, more
2654 information can be found in @file{lily/includes/smob.hh}.
2657 @unnumberedsubsec stencil
2661 An instance of the @strong{stencil} class holds the information
2662 required to print a typographical object. It is a simple smob
2663 containing a confining box, which defines the vertical and
2664 horizontal extents of the object, and a Scheme expression which
2665 will print the object when evaluated. Stencils may be combined
2666 to form more complex stencils defined by a tree of Scheme
2667 expressions formed from the Scheme expressions of the component
2670 The @code{stencil} property, which connects a grob to its stencil,
2671 is defined in the @code{grob-interface} interface.
2674 Internals Reference:
2675 @rinternals{grob-interface}.
2678 @node All context properties
2679 @appendixsec All context properties
2681 @include context-properties.tely
2684 @node Layout properties
2685 @appendixsec Layout properties
2687 @include layout-properties.tely
2690 @node Available music functions
2691 @appendixsec Available music functions
2693 @include identifiers.tely
2695 @node Context modification identifiers
2696 @appendixsec Context modification identifiers
2698 The following commands are defined for use as context modifications
2699 within a @code{\layout} or @code{\with} block.
2701 @include context-mod-identifiers.tely
2703 @node Predefined type predicates
2704 @appendixsec Predefined type predicates
2706 @include type-predicates.tely
2709 @node Scheme functions
2710 @appendixsec Scheme functions
2712 @include scheme-functions.tely