1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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12 @node Fretted string instruments
13 @section Fretted string instruments
15 @lilypondfile[quote]{fretted-headword.ly}
17 This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique
18 to fretted string instruments.
21 @cindex tablature, guitar
22 @cindex tablature, banjo
23 @cindex guitar tablature
24 @cindex banjo tablature
27 * Common notation for fretted strings::
32 @node Common notation for fretted strings
33 @subsection Common notation for fretted strings
35 This section discusses common notation that is unique
36 to fretted string instruments.
39 * References for fretted strings::
40 * String number indications::
41 * Default tablatures::
43 * Fret diagram markups::
44 * Predefined fret diagrams::
45 * Automatic fret diagrams::
46 * Right-hand fingerings::
49 @node References for fretted strings
50 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for fretted strings
52 Music for fretted string instruments is normally notated on
53 a single staff, either in traditional music notation or in
54 tablature. Sometimes the two types are combined, and it is
55 especially common in popular music to use chord diagrams above
56 a staff of traditional notation. The guitar and the banjo are
57 transposing instruments, sounding an octave lower than written.
58 Scores for these instruments should use the @code{"treble_8"} clef
59 (or @code{\transposition c} to get correct MIDI output).
60 Some other elements pertinent to fretted string instruments
61 are covered elsewhere:
64 @item Fingerings are indicated as shown in
65 @ref{Fingering instructions}.
67 @item Instructions for @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties
68 as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos can be found in
71 @item Instructions for handling multiple voices can be found
72 in @ref{Collision resolution}.
74 @item Instructions for indicating harmonics can be found in
81 @ref{Fingering instructions},
83 @ref{Collision resolution},
84 @ref{Instrument names},
85 @ref{Writing music in parallel},
87 @ref{List of articulations},
89 @ref{Instrument transpositions}.
92 @node String number indications
93 @unnumberedsubsubsec String number indications
95 @cindex string numbers
96 @cindex string vs. fingering numbers
97 @cindex fingering vs. string numbers
99 The string on which a note should be played may be indicated by
100 appending @code{\@var{number}} to a note.
102 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=0]
108 When fingerings and string indications are used together, their
109 placement can be controlled by the order in which the two items appear
110 in the code @emph{only} if they appear inside of an explicit chord:
111 applied to whole chords or single notes @emph{outside} of chords,
112 fingerings are placed using a different mechanism.
114 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
124 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
125 {controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings.ly}
127 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
128 {allowing-fingerings-to-be-printed-inside-the-staff.ly}
132 @ref{Fingering instructions}.
135 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
138 @rinternals{StringNumber},
139 @rinternals{Fingering}.
142 @node Default tablatures
143 @unnumberedsubsubsec Default tablatures
145 @cindex tablatures, basic
146 @cindex tablatures, default
151 Music for plucked string instruments is frequently notated using a
152 finger/touch notation or tablature. In contrast to traditional
153 notation pitches are not denoted with note heads, but by numbers (or
154 letter-like symbols in historical intavolatura). The staff lines
155 in tablature indicate the string on which the note is to be played,
156 and a number placed on a staff line indicated the fret at which
157 the corresponding string is to be pressed.
158 Notes that are to be played simultaneously are vertically aligned.
160 By default, string 1 is the highest string, and corresponds to the top
161 line on the @code{TabStaff}. The tuning of the @code{TabStaff}
162 strings defaults to the
163 standard guitar tuning (with 6 strings). The notes are printed as
164 tablature, by using @code{TabStaff} and @code{TabVoice} contexts. A
165 calligraphic tablature clef is added automatically.
167 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
168 \new TabStaff \relative c' {
174 Default tablatures do not contain any symbols for tone duration nor any
175 other musical symbols such as e.g. expressive marks.
177 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
189 \new Staff { \clef "G_8" \symbols }
190 \new TabStaff { \symbols }
195 @funindex \tabFullNotation
197 If all musical symbols used in traditional notation should also show up
198 in tablature one has to apply the command @code{\tabFullNotation} in a
199 @code{TabStaff}-context. Please bear in mind that half notes are
200 double-stemmed in tablature in order to distinguish them from quarter
203 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
223 @funindex minimumFret
224 @funindex restrainOpenStrings
226 By default pitches are assigned to the lowest playing position on the
227 fret-board (first position). Open strings are automatically preferred.
228 If you would like a certain pitch to be played on a specific string you
229 can add a string number indication to the pitch name. If you don't want
230 to have string number indications appear in traditional notation, you
231 can override the respective stencil. Usually it will be more
232 comfortable to define the playing position by using the value of
233 @code{minimumFret}. The default value for minimumFret is 0.
235 Even when @code{minimumFret} is set, open strings are used whenever
236 possible. This behaviour can be changed by setting @code{restrainOpenStrings}
239 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
240 \layout { \override Voice.StringNumber #'stencil = ##f }
242 \new Staff \relative c {
246 c,16\5 d\5 e\4 f\4 g4\4
249 \new TabStaff \relative c {
251 c,16\5 d\5 e\4 f\4 g4\4
252 \set TabStaff.minimumFret = #5
253 \set TabStaff.restrainOpenStrings = ##t
259 @funindex \tabChordRepeats
260 @funindex \chordRepeats
261 @cindex Chord, repetition
262 @cindex repetition, using @code{q}
264 Chord constructs can be repeated by the chord repetition symbol
265 @code{q}. In combination with tabulatures, its behavior of removing
266 string and finger numbers alongside with other events is cumbersome, so
269 \chordRepeats #'(string-number-event fingering-event)
271 explicitly on music expressions in tabulature using @ref{Chord
272 repetition}. This particular command is so common that it is available
273 as @code{\tabChordRepeats}.
275 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
276 guitar = \relative c' {
277 r8 <gis-2 cis-3 b-0>~ q4 q8~ q q4
286 \tabChordRepeats \guitar
291 Ties over a line break are parenthesized by default. The same holds for
292 the second alternative of a repeat.
294 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
295 ties = \relative c' {
302 { g4\repeatTie c,2. }
329 @funindex \hideSplitTiedTabNotes
331 The command @code{\hideSplitTiedTabNotes} cancels the behavior of
332 engraving fret numbers in parentheses:
334 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
335 ties = \relative c' {
341 { g4\repeatTie c,2. }
357 \hideSplitTiedTabNotes
369 @cindex harmonic indications in tablature notation
370 @cindex tablature and harmonic indications
371 @cindex slides in tablature notation
372 @cindex tablature and slides
373 @cindex chord glissandi
375 @funindex \harmonicByFret
376 @funindex \harmonicByRatio
378 Harmonic indications can be added to tablature notation as sounding
381 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
382 \layout { \override Voice.StringNumber #'stencil = ##f }
394 \new TabStaff { \firstHarmonic }
399 Note that the command @code{\harmonic} must always be attached to single
400 notes (possibly inside of a chord) instead of whole chords.
401 It only makes sense for open-string harmonics
402 in the 12th fret. All other harmonics should be calculated by LilyPond.
403 This can be achieved by indicating the fret where a finger of the
404 fretting hand should touch a string.
406 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
408 \harmonicByFret #5 d16\4
409 \harmonicByFret #4 d16\4
410 \harmonicByFret #3 d8\4
411 \harmonicByFret #5 <g\3 b\2>2.
419 \new TabStaff { \fretHarmonics }
424 Alternatively, harmonics can be computed by defining the ratio of
425 string lengths above and below the harmonic fingering.
427 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
429 \harmonicByRatio #1/2 <g\3 b\2 e'\1>4
430 \harmonicByRatio #1/3 <g\3 b\2 e'\1>4
431 \harmonicByRatio #1/4 { g8\3 b8\2 e'4\1 }
439 \new TabStaff { \ratioHarmonics }
445 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
446 {stem-and-beam-behavior-in-tablature.ly}
448 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
449 {polyphony-in-tablature.ly}
451 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
452 {open-string-harmonics-in-tablature.ly}
454 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
455 {fretted-string-harmonics-in-tablature.ly}
457 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
458 {slides-in-tablature.ly}
460 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
461 {chord-glissando-in-tablature.ly}
465 @ref{Chord repetition},
469 @ref{Written-out repeats}.
472 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
475 @rinternals{TabNoteHead},
476 @rinternals{TabStaff},
477 @rinternals{TabVoice},
481 Chords are not handled in a special way, and hence the automatic
482 string selector may easily select the same string for two notes in
485 In order to handle @code{\partcombine}, a @code{TabStaff} must use
486 specially-created voices:
488 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
489 melodia = \partcombine { e4 g g g } { e4 e e e }
492 \new TabVoice = "one" s1
493 \new TabVoice = "two" s1
494 \new TabVoice = "shared" s1
495 \new TabVoice = "solo" s1
501 Guitar special effects are limited to harmonics and slides.
504 @node Custom tablatures
505 @unnumberedsubsubsec Custom tablatures
507 @cindex tablatures, custom
508 @cindex tablature, banjo
509 @cindex tablature, mandolin
510 @cindex tablature, guitar
511 @cindex tablature, bass guitar
512 @cindex tablature, ukulele
513 @cindex tablature, predefined string tunings
514 @cindex fretted instruments, predefined string tunings
515 @cindex predefined string tunings for fretted instruments
516 @cindex tablature, violin
517 @cindex tablature, viola
518 @cindex tablature, cello
519 @cindex tablature, bass
520 @cindex tablature, double bass
522 @funindex stringTunings
524 LilyPond tablature automatically calculates the fret for
525 a note based on the string to which the note is assigned.
526 In order to do this, the tuning of the strings must be
527 specified. The tuning of the strings is given in the
528 @code{stringTunings} property.
530 LilyPond comes with predefined string tunings for banjo, mandolin,
531 guitar, bass guitar, ukulele, violin, viola, cello, and double bass.
532 LilyPond automatically sets
533 the correct transposition for predefined tunings. The following
534 example is for bass guitar, which sounds an octave lower than
537 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
540 \override StringNumber #'stencil = ##f
547 \new TabStaff \with {
548 stringTunings = #bass-tuning
557 The default string tuning is @code{guitar-tuning}, which
558 is the standard EADGBE tuning. Some other predefined tunings are
559 @code{guitar-open-g-tuning}, @code{mandolin-tuning} and
560 @code{banjo-open-g-tuning}. The predefined string tunings
561 are found in @file{ly/string-tunings-init.ly}.
563 @funindex stringTuning
564 @funindex \stringTuning
565 @cindex tablature, custom string tunings
566 @cindex custom string tunings
568 Any desired string tuning can be created. The
569 @code{\stringTuning} function can be
570 used to define a string tuning which can be used
571 to set @code{stringTunings} for the current context.
573 Its argument is a chord construct
574 defining the pitches of each string in the tuning.
575 The chord construct must be in absolute octave mode,
576 see @ref{Absolute octave entry}. The string
577 with the highest number (generally the lowest string) must
578 come first in the chord. For example, we can
579 define a string tuning for a four-string instrument with pitches
580 of @code{a''}, @code{d''}, @code{g'}, and @code{c'}:
582 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
595 \set Staff.stringTunings = \stringTuning <c' g' d'' a''>
601 The @code{stringTunings} property is also used by
602 @code{FretBoards} to calculate automatic fret diagrams.
604 String tunings are used as part of the hash key
605 for predefined fret diagrams
606 (see @ref{Predefined fret diagrams}).
608 The previous example could also be written as follows:
610 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
611 custom-tuning = \stringTuning <c' g' d'' a''>
624 \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #custom-tuning
630 Internally, a string tuning is a Scheme list of string pitches,
631 one for each string, ordered by string number from 1 to N,
632 where string 1 is at the top of the tablature staff and
633 string N is at the bottom. This ordinarily results in ordering
634 from highest pitch to lowest pitch, but some instruments
635 (e.g. ukulele) do not have strings ordered by pitch.
637 A string pitch in a string tuning list is a LilyPond pitch
638 object. Pitch objects are created with the Scheme function
639 @code{ly:make-pitch} (see @ref{Scheme functions}).
641 @code{\stringTuning} creates such an object from chord input.
643 LilyPond automatically calculates the number of lines in the
644 @code{TabStaff} and the number of strings in an automatically
645 calculated @code{FretBoard} as the number of elements
646 in @code{stringTunings}.
648 To let all TabStaff contexts use the same custom tuning by default,
655 stringTunings = \stringTuning \notemode @{ <c' g' d'' a''> @}
661 @cindex moderntab clef
662 @cindex clef, moderntab
666 A modern tab clef can also be used.
668 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
678 The modern tab clef supports tablatures from 4 to 7 strings.
682 @ref{Absolute octave entry},
683 @ref{Predefined fret diagrams},
684 @ref{Scheme functions}.
687 @file{ly/string-tunings-init.ly},
688 @file{scm/tablature.scm}.
691 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
694 @rinternals{Tab_note_heads_engraver}.
697 Automatic tablature calculations do not work properly in most
698 cases for instruments where string pitches do not vary
699 monotonically with string number, such as ukuleles.
702 @node Fret diagram markups
703 @unnumberedsubsubsec Fret diagram markups
705 @cindex fret diagrams
706 @cindex chord diagrams
707 @cindex diagrams, fret
708 @cindex diagrams, chord for fretted instruments
709 @cindex fret diagrams, custom
710 @cindex custom fret diagrams
712 Fret diagrams can be added to music as a markup to the desired
713 note. The markup contains information about the desired fret
714 diagram. There are three different fret-diagram markup
715 interfaces: standard, terse, and verbose. The three interfaces
716 produce equivalent markups, but have varying amounts of
717 information in the markup string. Details about the
718 syntax of the different markup strings used to define
719 fret diagrams are found at @ref{Instrument Specific Markup}.
721 The standard fret diagram markup string indicates the string
722 number and the fret number for each dot to be placed on the string.
723 In addition, open and unplayed (muted) strings can be indicated.
725 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
727 \context ChordNames {
734 <c e g c' e'>1^\markup {
735 \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-3;4-2;3-o;2-1;1-o;"
737 <d a d' f'>1^\markup {
738 \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-1;"
744 @cindex barre indications
746 Barre indications can be added to the diagram from
747 the fret-diagram markup string.
749 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
751 \context ChordNames {
758 <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup {
759 \fret-diagram #"c:6-1-1;6-1;5-3;4-3;3-2;2-1;1-1;"
761 <g, d g b d' g'>1^\markup {
762 \fret-diagram #"c:6-1-3;6-3;5-5;4-5;3-4;2-3;1-3;"
768 @cindex fret-diagram markup
771 @funindex fret-diagram
772 @funindex \fret-diagram
774 The size of the fret diagram, and the number of frets in the diagram
775 can be changed in the fret-diagram markup string.
777 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
779 \context ChordNames {
786 <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup {
787 \fret-diagram #"s:1.5;c:6-1-1;6-1;5-3;4-3;3-2;2-1;1-1;"
789 <g, b, d g b g'>1^\markup {
790 \fret-diagram #"h:6;6-3;5-2;4-o;3-o;2-o;1-3;"
796 The number of strings in a fret diagram can be changed to accommodate
797 different instruments such as banjos and ukuleles with the fret-diagram
800 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
802 \context ChordNames {
808 % An 'A' chord for ukulele
810 \fret-diagram #"w:4;4-2-2;3-1-1;2-o;1-o;"
816 Fingering indications can be added, and the location of fingering labels
817 can be controlled by the fret-diagram markup string.
819 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
821 \context ChordNames {
828 <c e g c' e'>1^\markup {
829 \fret-diagram #"f:1;6-x;5-3-3;4-2-2;3-o;2-1-1;1-o;"
831 <d a d' f'>1^\markup {
832 \fret-diagram #"f:2;6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2-2;2-3-3;1-1-1;"
838 Dot radius and dot position can be controlled with the fret-diagram
841 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
843 \context ChordNames {
850 <c e g c' e'>1^\markup {
851 \fret-diagram #"d:0.35;6-x;5-3;4-2;3-o;2-1;1-o;"
853 <d a d' f'>1^\markup {
854 \fret-diagram #"p:0.2;6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-1;"
860 @cindex fret-diagram-terse markup
862 @funindex fret-diagram-terse
863 @funindex \fret-diagram-terse
865 The fret-diagram-terse markup string omits string numbers; the string
866 number is implied by the presence of semicolons. There is one semicolon
867 for each string in the diagram. The first semicolon corresponds to the
868 highest string number and the last semicolon corresponds to the first string.
869 Mute strings, open strings, and fret numbers can be indicated.
871 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
873 \context ChordNames {
880 <c e g c' e'>1^\markup {
881 \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3;2;o;1;o;"
883 <d a d' f'>1^\markup {
884 \fret-diagram-terse #"x;x;o;2;3;1;"
890 Barre indicators can be included in the fret-diagram-terse markup string.
892 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
894 \context ChordNames {
901 <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup {
902 \fret-diagram-terse #"1-(;3;3;2;1;1-);"
904 <g, d g b d' g'>1^\markup {
905 \fret-diagram-terse #"3-(;5;5;4;3;3-);"
911 Fingering indications can be included in the fret-diagram-terse markup string.
913 @c Need to use override to enable fingerings to show this -- can we do so?
914 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
916 \context ChordNames {
922 \override Voice.TextScript
923 #'(fret-diagram-details finger-code) = #'below-string
925 <c e g c' e'>1^\markup {
926 \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3-3;2-2;o;1-1;o;"
928 <d a d' f'>1^\markup {
929 \fret-diagram-terse #"x;x;o;2-2;3-3;1-1;"
935 Other fret diagram properties must be adjusted using
936 @code{\override} when using the fret-diagram-terse markup.
938 @cindex fret-diagram-verbose markup
941 @funindex fret-diagram-verbose
942 @funindex \fret-diagram-verbose
944 The fret-diagram-verbose markup string is in the format of a Scheme list. Each
945 element of the list indicates an item to be placed on the fret diagram.
947 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
949 \context ChordNames {
956 <c e g c' e'>1^\markup {
957 \fret-diagram-verbose #'(
966 <d a d' f'>1^\markup {
967 \fret-diagram-verbose #'(
980 Fingering indications and barres can be included in a
981 fret-diagram-verbose markup string. Unique to the
982 fret-diagram-verbose interface is a capo indication that
983 can be placed on the fret diagram. The capo indication is
984 a thick bar that covers all strings. The fret with the
985 capo will be the lowest fret in the fret diagram.
987 @c \override is necessary to make fingering visible
988 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
990 \context ChordNames {
997 \override Voice.TextScript
998 #'(fret-diagram-details finger-code) = #'below-string
999 <f, c f a c' f'>1^\markup {
1000 \fret-diagram-verbose #'(
1010 <g, b, d g b g'>1^\markup {
1011 \fret-diagram-verbose #'(
1020 <c e g c' e'>1^\markup {
1021 \fret-diagram-verbose #'(
1033 All other fret diagram properties must be adjusted using
1034 @code{\override} when using the fret-diagram-verbose markup.
1037 The following example shows the three fret-diagram markup
1038 interfaces, along with examples of common tweaks. For example,
1039 the size of the verbose fret diagram is reduced to 0.75, and the
1040 finger indications are specified to appear below the diagram. The
1041 terse diagram includes tweaks to specify placement of finger code
1044 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
1048 \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-2;"
1052 \override #'(size . 0.75) {
1053 \override #'(finger-code . below-string) {
1054 \fret-diagram-verbose #'((place-fret 6 2 1) (barre 6 1 2)
1065 \override #'(dot-radius . 0.35) {
1066 \override #'(finger-code . in-dot) {
1067 \override #'(dot-color . white) {
1068 \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3-1-(;5-2;5-3;5-4;3-1-);"
1078 @cindex customized fret diagram
1079 @cindex fret diagram, customized
1080 @cindex diagram, fret, customized
1082 @funindex fret-diagram-interface
1084 The graphical layout of a fret diagram can be customized according to
1085 user preference through the properties of the
1086 @code{fret-diagram-interface}. Details are found at
1087 @rinternals{fret-diagram-interface}. For a fret diagram
1088 markup, the interface properties belong to @code{Voice.TextScript}.
1092 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1093 {changing-fret-orientations.ly}
1095 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1096 {customizing-markup-fret-diagrams.ly}
1100 @ref{Instrument Specific Markup}.
1103 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
1105 Internals Reference:
1106 @rinternals{fret-diagram-interface}.
1109 @node Predefined fret diagrams
1110 @unnumberedsubsubsec Predefined fret diagrams
1112 @cindex fret diagrams
1113 @cindex fret diagrams, ukulele
1114 @cindex fret diagrams, mandolin
1115 @cindex chord diagrams
1117 @funindex FretBoards
1118 @funindex stringTunings
1120 Fret diagrams can be displayed using the @code{FretBoards} context. By
1121 default, the @code{FretBoards} context will display fret diagrams that
1122 are stored in a lookup table:
1124 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1125 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1126 \context FretBoards {
1133 The default predefined fret diagrams are contained in the file
1134 @file{predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly}. Fret diagrams are
1135 stored based on the pitches of a chord and the value of
1136 @code{stringTunings} that is currently in use.
1137 @file{predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly} contains predefined
1138 fret diagrams only for @code{guitar-tuning}. Predefined fret
1139 diagrams can be added for other instruments or other tunings
1140 by following the examples found in
1141 @file{predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly}.
1143 Fret diagrams for the ukulele are contained in the file @*
1144 @file{predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly}.
1146 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1147 \include "predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly"
1149 myChords = \chordmode { a1 a:m a:aug }
1156 \set Staff.stringTunings = #ukulele-tuning
1161 Fret diagrams for the mandolin are contained in the file @*
1162 @file{predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly}.
1164 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1165 \include "predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly"
1167 myChords = \chordmode { c1 c:m7.5- c:aug }
1174 \set Staff.stringTunings = #mandolin-tuning
1179 Chord pitches can be entered
1180 either as simultaneous music or using chord mode (see
1181 @ref{Chord mode overview}).
1183 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right,quote]
1184 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1185 \context FretBoards {
1191 @cindex chord names with fret diagrams
1192 @cindex fret diagrams with chord names
1194 @funindex ChordNames
1196 @funindex \chordmode
1198 It is common that both chord names and fret diagrams are displayed together.
1199 This is achieved by putting a @code{ChordNames} context in parallel with
1200 a @code{FretBoards} context and giving both contexts the same music.
1202 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1203 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1204 mychords = \chordmode{
1209 \context ChordNames {
1212 \context FretBoards {
1218 @cindex transposing fret diagrams
1219 @cindex fret diagrams, transposing
1220 @cindex diagrams, fret, transposing
1222 Predefined fret diagrams are transposable, as long as a diagram for the
1223 transposed chord is stored in the fret diagram table.
1225 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1226 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1227 mychords = \chordmode{
1233 \transpose c e { \mychords }
1236 \context ChordNames {
1239 \context FretBoards {
1246 The predefined fret diagram table for guitar contains eight chords (major, minor,
1247 augmented, diminished, dominant seventh, major seventh, minor seventh, dominant ninth)
1248 for each of 17 keys.
1249 The predefined fret diagram table for ukulele contains these chords
1250 plus an additional three chords (major sixth, suspended second, and
1252 A complete list of the predefined fret diagrams is
1253 shown in @ref{Predefined fretboard diagrams}. If there is no entry in
1254 the table for a chord, the FretBoards engraver will calculate a
1255 fret-diagram using the automatic fret diagram functionality described in
1256 @ref{Automatic fret diagrams}.
1258 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1259 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1260 mychords = \chordmode{
1265 \context ChordNames {
1268 \context FretBoards {
1274 @cindex fret diagrams, adding custom
1275 @cindex custom fret diagrams, adding
1276 @cindex adding custom fret diagrams
1278 Fret diagrams can be added to the fret diagram table. To add a diagram,
1279 you must specify the hash table for the diagram, the chord for the
1280 diagram, the tuning to be used, and
1281 a definition for the diagram. Normally, the hash table will be
1282 @var{default-fret-table}. The diagram definition can be either a
1283 fret-diagram-terse definition string or a fret-diagram-verbose
1286 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1287 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1289 \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table
1290 \chordmode { c:maj9 }
1294 mychords = \chordmode {
1299 \context ChordNames {
1302 \context FretBoards {
1308 Different fret diagrams for the same chord name can be stored using different
1309 octaves of pitches. The different octave should be at least two octaves
1310 above or below the default octave, because the octaves above and below the
1311 default octave are used for transposing fretboards.
1313 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1314 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1316 \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table
1319 #(offset-fret 2 (chord-shape 'bes guitar-tuning))
1321 mychords = \chordmode {
1326 \context ChordNames {
1329 \context FretBoards {
1335 @cindex fretted instruments, chord shapes
1336 @cindex chord shapes for fretted instruments
1338 @funindex \addChordShape
1339 @funindex addChordShape
1340 @funindex storePredefinedDiagram
1341 @funindex \storePredefinedDiagram
1343 In addition to fret diagrams, LilyPond stores an internal list of chord
1344 shapes. The chord shapes are fret diagrams that can be shifted along
1345 the neck to different positions to provide different chords. Chord
1346 shapes can be added to the internal list and then used to define
1347 predefined fret diagrams. Because they can be moved to various
1348 positions on the neck, chord shapes will normally not contain
1349 any open strings. Like fret diagrams, chord shapes can be
1350 entered as either fret-diagram-terse strings or fret-diagram-verbose
1353 @lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote]
1354 \include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
1356 % Add a new chord shape
1358 \addChordShape #'powerf #guitar-tuning #"1-1;3-3;3-4;x;x;x;"
1360 % add some new chords based on the power chord shape
1362 \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table
1365 #(chord-shape 'powerf guitar-tuning)
1366 \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table
1369 #(offset-fret 2 (chord-shape 'powerf guitar-tuning))
1371 mychords = \chordmode{
1376 \context ChordNames {
1379 \context FretBoards {
1385 The graphical layout of a fret diagram can be customized according to
1386 user preference through the properties of the
1387 @code{fret-diagram-interface}. Details are found at
1388 @rinternals{fret-diagram-interface}. For a predefined fret diagram,
1389 the interface properties belong to @code{FretBoards.FretBoard}.
1393 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1394 {customizing-fretboard-fret-diagrams.ly}
1396 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1397 {defining-predefined-fretboards-for-other-instruments.ly}
1399 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1400 {chordchanges-for-fretboards.ly}
1402 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1403 {fretboards-alternate-tables.ly}
1407 @ref{Custom tablatures},
1408 @ref{Automatic fret diagrams},
1409 @ref{Chord mode overview},
1410 @ref{Predefined fretboard diagrams}.
1413 @file{ly/predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly}, @*
1414 @file{ly/predefined-guitar-ninth-fretboards.ly}, @*
1415 @file{ly/predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly}, @*
1416 @file{ly/predefined-mandolin-fretboards.ly}.
1419 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
1421 Internals Reference:
1422 @rinternals {fret-diagram-interface}.
1425 @node Automatic fret diagrams
1426 @unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic fret diagrams
1428 @cindex fret diagrams, automatic
1429 @cindex chord diagrams, automatic
1430 @cindex automatic fret diagrams
1431 @cindex automatic chord diagrams
1433 Fret diagrams can be automatically created from entered notes using the
1434 @code{FretBoards} context. If no predefined diagram is available for
1435 the entered notes in the active @code{stringTunings}, this context
1436 calculates strings and frets that can be used to play the notes.
1438 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1440 \context ChordNames {
1445 \context FretBoards {
1457 @funindex predefinedFretboardsOff
1458 @funindex \predefinedFretboardsOff
1459 @funindex predefinedFretboardsOn
1460 @funindex \predefinedFretboardsOn
1462 As no predefined diagrams are loaded by default, automatic calculation
1463 of fret diagrams is the default behavior. Once default diagrams are
1464 loaded, automatic calculation can be enabled and disabled with predefined
1467 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1469 \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table
1472 #"x;3-1-(;5-2;5-3;5-4;3-1-1-);"
1474 \context ChordNames {
1479 \context FretBoards {
1481 \predefinedFretboardsOff
1483 \predefinedFretboardsOn
1497 Sometimes the fretboard calculator will be unable to find
1498 an acceptable diagram. This can often be remedied by
1499 manually assigning a note to a string. In many cases, only one
1500 note need be manually placed on a string; the rest of
1501 the notes will then be placed appropriately by the
1502 @code{FretBoards} context.
1504 @cindex fret diagrams, adding fingerings
1505 @cindex fingerings, adding to fret diagrams
1507 Fingerings can be added to FretBoard fret diagrams.
1509 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
1511 \context ChordNames {
1516 \context FretBoards {
1517 <c-3 e-2 g c'-1 e'>1
1528 @funindex minimumFret
1530 The minimum fret to be used in calculating strings and frets for
1531 the FretBoard context can be set with the @code{minimumFret}
1534 @lilypond[quote, verbatim]
1536 \context ChordNames {
1541 \context FretBoards {
1543 \set FretBoards.minimumFret = #5
1554 The strings and frets for the @code{FretBoards} context depend
1555 on the @code{stringTunings} property, which has the same meaning
1556 as in the TabStaff context. See @ref{Custom tablatures} for
1557 information on the @code{stringTunings} property.
1559 The graphical layout of a fret diagram can be customized according to
1560 user preference through the properties of the
1561 @code{fret-diagram-interface}. Details are found at
1562 @rinternals{fret-diagram-interface}. For a @code{FretBoards} fret
1563 diagram, the interface properties belong to
1564 @code{FretBoards.FretBoard}.
1568 @code{\predefinedFretboardsOff},
1569 @code{\predefinedFretboardsOn}.
1574 @ref{Custom tablatures}.
1577 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
1579 Internals Reference:
1580 @rinternals {fret-diagram-interface}.
1583 Automatic fretboard calculations do not work properly for instruments
1584 with non-monotonic tunings.
1587 @node Right-hand fingerings
1588 @unnumberedsubsubsec Right-hand fingerings
1590 @cindex fretted instruments, right hand fingerings
1591 @cindex fingerings, right hand for fretted instruments
1592 @cindex right hand fingerings for fretted instruments
1594 @funindex rightHandFinger
1595 @funindex \rightHandFinger
1597 Right-hand fingerings @var{p-i-m-a} must be entered using
1598 @code{\rightHandFinger} followed by a number.
1600 @warning{If the number is entered in Scheme notation, remember to append
1601 a space before following it with a closing @code{>} or similar.}
1603 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=0]
1605 c4\rightHandFinger #1
1606 e\rightHandFinger #2
1607 g\rightHandFinger #3
1608 c\rightHandFinger #4
1609 <c,\rightHandFinger #1 e\rightHandFinger #2
1610 g\rightHandFinger #3 c\rightHandFinger #4 >1
1613 For convenience, you can abbreviate @code{\rightHandFinger} to something
1614 short, for example @code{RH},
1623 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1624 {placement-of-right-hand-fingerings.ly}
1626 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
1627 {fingerings,-string-indications,-and-right-hand-fingerings.ly}
1631 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
1633 Internals Reference:
1634 @rinternals{StrokeFinger}.
1640 Most of the notational issues associated with guitar music are
1641 covered sufficiently in the general fretted strings section, but there
1642 are a few more worth covering here. Occasionally users want to
1643 create songbook-type documents having only lyrics with chord
1644 indications above them. Since LilyPond is a music typesetter,
1645 it is not recommended for documents that have no music notation
1646 in them. A better alternative is a word processor, text editor,
1647 or, for experienced users, a typesetter like GuitarTeX.
1650 * Indicating position and barring::
1651 * Indicating harmonics and dampened notes::
1652 * Indicating power chords::
1655 @node Indicating position and barring
1656 @unnumberedsubsubsec Indicating position and barring
1658 @cindex indicating position and barring for fretted instruments
1659 @cindex fretted instruments, indicating position and barring
1661 This example demonstrates how to include guitar position and
1662 barring indications.
1664 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=0]
1668 \override TextSpanner #'(bound-details left text) = #"XII "
1670 b16 e g e b g\stopTextSpan
1676 @ref{Text spanners}.
1679 @rlsr{Fretted strings},
1680 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1683 @node Indicating harmonics and dampened notes
1684 @unnumberedsubsubsec Indicating harmonics and dampened notes
1686 @cindex fretted instruments, dampened notes
1687 @cindex fretted instruments, harmonics
1688 @cindex dampened notes on fretted instruments
1689 @cindex harmonics on fretted instruments
1691 Special note heads can be used to indicate dampened notes or
1692 harmonics. Harmonics are normally further explained with a
1695 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1698 \override Staff.NoteHead #'style = #'harmonic-mixed
1699 d^\markup { \italic { \fontsize #-2 { "harm. 12" }}} <g b>1
1703 Dampened notes (also called @notation{dead notes}) are supported
1704 within normal and tablature staves:
1706 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1707 music = \relative c' {
1708 < a\3 \deadNote c\2 a'\1 >4
1709 < b\3 \deadNote d\2 b'\1 >
1710 < c\3 \deadNote e\2 c'\1 >
1712 \times 2/3 { g8 b e }
1727 Another playing technique (especially used on electric guitars) is
1728 called @notation{palm mute}. The string is hereby partly muted by the
1729 palm of the striking hand (hence the name). Lilypond supports
1730 the notation of palm mute-style notes by changing the note head to a
1733 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1734 \new Voice { % Warning: explicit Voice instantiation is
1735 % required to have palmMuteOff work properly
1736 % when palmMuteOn comes at the beginning of
1741 e8^\markup { \musicglyph #"noteheads.u2do" = palm mute }
1744 e e \palmMute e e e |
1745 e8 \palmMute { e e e } e e e e |
1746 < \palmMute e b' e >8 \palmMute { e e e } < \palmMute e b' e >2
1753 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
1756 @ref{Special note heads},
1757 @ref{Note head styles}.
1760 @node Indicating power chords
1761 @unnumberedsubsubsec Indicating power chords
1763 @funindex powerChords
1764 @funindex \powerChords
1766 @cindex power chords
1767 @cindex chords, power
1769 Power chords and their symbols can be engraved in chord mode or as chord
1772 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1773 ChordsAndSymbols = {
1778 \set minimumFret = #8
1782 \set minimumFret = #5
1802 Power chord symbols are automatically switched off as soon as one of the
1803 other common chord modifier is used:
1805 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1806 mixedChords = \chordmode {
1831 @rglos{power chord}.
1834 @ref{Extended and altered chords},
1835 @ref{Printing chord names}.
1838 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.
1845 * Banjo tablatures::
1848 @node Banjo tablatures
1849 @unnumberedsubsubsec Banjo tablatures
1851 @cindex banjo tablatures
1852 @cindex tablature, banjo
1854 LilyPond has basic support for the five-string banjo. When making tablatures
1855 for five-string banjo, use the banjo tablature format function to get
1856 correct fret numbers for the fifth string:
1858 @c due to crazy intervals of banjo music, absolute pitch is recommended
1860 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1862 \set TabStaff.tablatureFormat = #fret-number-tablature-format-banjo
1863 \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #banjo-open-g-tuning
1866 g8 d' g'\5 a b g e d' |
1867 g4 d''8\5 b' a'\2 g'\5 e'\2 d' |
1873 @cindex banjo tunings
1874 @cindex tunings, banjo
1876 @funindex banjo-c-tuning
1877 @funindex banjo-modal-tuning
1878 @funindex banjo-open-d-tuning
1879 @funindex banjo-open-dm-tuning
1880 @funindex four-string-banjo
1882 A number of common tunings for the five-string banjo are predefined:
1883 @code{banjo-c-tuning} (gCGBD), @code{banjo-modal-tuning} (gDGCD),
1884 @code{banjo-open-d-tuning} (aDF#AD) and @code{banjo-open-dm-tuning}
1887 These may be converted to four-string tunings using the
1888 @code{four-string-banjo} function:
1891 \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #(four-string-banjo banjo-c-tuning)
1896 @file{ly/string-tunings-init.ly}.
1899 @rlsr{Fretted strings}.