1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
122 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
123 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
133 @ref{Direction and placement},
134 @ref{List of articulations},
138 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
141 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
145 @rinternals{TextScript}.
149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
151 @cindex absolute dynamics
153 @cindex dynamics, absolute
192 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
193 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
194 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
195 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
196 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
197 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
198 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
199 @ref{Direction and placement}.
201 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
220 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
221 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
222 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
223 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
224 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
225 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
226 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
229 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
239 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
241 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
242 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
246 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
249 @cindex espressivo articulation
251 @funindex \espressivo
254 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
255 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
258 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
264 @funindex \crescTextCresc
265 @funindex crescTextCresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
267 @funindex dimTextDecresc
268 @funindex \dimTextDecr
269 @funindex dimTextDecr
270 @funindex \dimTextDim
272 @funindex \crescHairpin
273 @funindex crescHairpin
274 @funindex \dimHairpin
277 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
278 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
279 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
280 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
281 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
282 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
285 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
297 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
298 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
300 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
301 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
303 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
306 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
307 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
310 @funindex \dynamicDown
311 @funindex dynamicDown
312 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
313 @funindex dynamicNeutral
319 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
320 @code{\crescTextCresc},
323 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
324 @code{\crescHairpin},
331 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
332 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
334 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
335 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
340 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
341 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
343 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
344 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
346 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
347 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
349 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
350 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
361 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
364 @ref{Direction and placement},
365 @ref{New dynamic marks},
366 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
367 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
370 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
373 @rinternals{DynamicText},
374 @rinternals{Hairpin},
375 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
378 @node New dynamic marks
379 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
381 @cindex new dynamic marks
382 @cindex dynamic marks, new
384 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
385 @code{\markup} objects.
387 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
388 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
391 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
396 @cindex dynamics, editorial
397 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
398 @cindex editorial dynamics
404 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
405 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
406 in @ref{Formatting text}.
408 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
409 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
410 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
411 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
418 @cindex make-dynamic-script
419 @funindex make-dynamic-script
421 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
422 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
425 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
431 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
432 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
433 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
434 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
435 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
436 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
437 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
438 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
439 attached to the same note head.
441 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
442 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
443 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
445 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
446 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
447 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
448 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
449 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
450 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
451 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
453 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
461 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
462 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
464 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
465 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
466 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
474 Font settings in markup mode are described in
475 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
480 @ref{Formatting text},
481 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
482 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
483 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
484 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
487 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
493 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
494 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
505 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
509 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
511 @warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
512 in the same voice it began.}
514 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
520 @cindex slurs, manual placement
521 @cindex slurs, below notes
522 @cindex slurs, above notes
525 @funindex \slurNeutral
526 @funindex slurNeutral
528 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
529 @ref{Direction and placement}.
531 @cindex phrasing slur
532 @cindex multiple slurs
533 @cindex simultaneous slurs
534 @cindex slur, phrasing
535 @cindex slurs, multiple
536 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
538 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
539 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
540 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
550 @funindex \slurDashed
552 @funindex \slurDotted
557 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
560 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
570 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
571 @funindex slurHalfDashed
572 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
573 @funindex slurHalfSolid
574 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
576 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
577 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
580 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
590 @funindex \slurDashPattern
591 @funindex slurDashPattern
592 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
594 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
596 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
598 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
600 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
618 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
619 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
620 @code{\slurDashPattern},
627 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
628 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
630 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
631 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
633 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
634 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
642 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
645 @ref{Direction and placement},
646 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
649 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
656 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
658 @cindex phrasing slurs
659 @cindex phrasing marks
660 @cindex slur, phrasing
661 @cindex mark, phrasing
665 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
666 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
667 @code{\)} respectively:
669 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
674 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
675 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
676 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
677 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
678 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
679 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
681 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
682 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
683 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
684 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
685 @ref{Direction and placement}.
687 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
688 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
689 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
690 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
691 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
692 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
694 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
696 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
697 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
698 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
699 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
700 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
701 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
702 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
703 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
704 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
705 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
706 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
707 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
709 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
710 style for phrasing slurs:
712 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
722 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
723 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
724 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
725 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
726 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
727 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
729 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
730 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
733 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
735 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
737 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
743 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
744 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
745 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
746 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
747 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
749 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
751 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
753 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
755 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
761 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
762 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
763 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
766 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
767 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
768 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
769 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
770 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
771 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
772 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
773 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
774 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
780 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
783 @ref{Direction and placement},
787 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
790 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
794 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
801 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
803 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
807 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
808 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
813 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
814 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
817 @cindex railroad tracks
819 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
820 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
831 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
834 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
837 @node Falls and doits
838 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
845 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
846 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
847 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
848 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
849 @emph{beyond} the main note.
851 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
858 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
859 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
864 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
865 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
874 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
880 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
881 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
890 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
896 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
899 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
904 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
909 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
910 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
921 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
924 @rinternals{Glissando}.
929 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
934 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
938 @cindex chord, broken
942 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
943 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
944 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
945 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
946 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
947 @funindex arpeggioNormal
949 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
950 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
952 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
956 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
957 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
959 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
972 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
973 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
975 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
976 @funindex arpeggioBracket
977 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
978 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
979 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
980 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
982 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
984 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
993 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1000 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1001 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1003 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1004 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1009 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1010 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1011 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1012 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1013 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1014 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1020 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1021 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1023 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1024 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1026 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1027 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1039 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1041 Internals Reference:
1042 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1044 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1049 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1050 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1051 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1053 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1054 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1057 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1058 cross-staff arpeggios.
1062 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1068 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1069 @funindex startTrillSpan
1070 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1071 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1073 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1074 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1076 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1077 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1079 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1085 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1086 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1087 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1089 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1091 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1095 @cindex pitched trills
1096 @cindex trills, pitched
1097 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1098 @funindex pitchedTrill
1100 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1101 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1102 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1103 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1105 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1106 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1110 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1111 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1112 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1114 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1115 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1116 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1117 The second measure illustrates this method:
1119 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1120 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1122 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1124 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1126 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1132 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1133 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1142 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1146 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1148 Internals Reference:
1149 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.