1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
113 Articulations are @code{Script} objects. Their properties are
114 described more fully in @rinternals{Script}.
116 In addition to articulations, text and markups can be attached to
117 notes. See @ref{Text scripts}.
119 For more information about the ordering of Scripts and TextScripts that
120 are attached to the notes, see @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
124 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
125 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
127 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
128 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
130 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
131 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
141 @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
146 @ref{Direction and placement},
147 @ref{List of articulations},
151 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
154 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
158 @rinternals{TextScript}.
162 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
164 @cindex absolute dynamics
166 @cindex dynamics, absolute
207 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
208 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
209 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
210 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
211 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
212 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
213 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
214 @ref{Direction and placement}.
216 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
235 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
236 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
237 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
238 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
239 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
240 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
241 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
254 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
256 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
257 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
259 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
261 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
264 @cindex espressivo articulation
266 @funindex \espressivo
269 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
270 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
273 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
279 @funindex \crescTextCresc
280 @funindex crescTextCresc
281 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
282 @funindex dimTextDecresc
283 @funindex \dimTextDecr
284 @funindex dimTextDecr
285 @funindex \dimTextDim
287 @funindex \crescHairpin
288 @funindex crescHairpin
289 @funindex \dimHairpin
292 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
293 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
294 extent. The built-in commands @code{\crescTextCresc},
295 @code{\dimTextDecresc}, @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}
296 will tell LilyPond to use such textual marks instead of hairpins
297 for all subsequent @code{\<} and @code{\>} commands. The corresponding
298 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
301 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
313 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
314 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
316 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
317 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
319 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
322 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
323 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
326 @funindex \dynamicDown
327 @funindex dynamicDown
328 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
329 @funindex dynamicNeutral
335 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
336 @code{\crescTextCresc},
339 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
340 @code{\crescHairpin},
347 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
348 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
350 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
351 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
356 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
357 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
359 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
360 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
362 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
363 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
365 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
366 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
377 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
380 @ref{Direction and placement},
381 @ref{New dynamic marks},
382 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
383 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
386 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
389 @rinternals{DynamicText},
390 @rinternals{Hairpin},
391 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
394 @node New dynamic marks
395 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
397 @cindex new dynamic marks
398 @cindex dynamic marks, new
400 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
401 @code{\markup} objects.
403 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
404 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
407 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
412 @cindex dynamics, editorial
413 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
414 @cindex editorial dynamics
420 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
421 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
422 in @ref{Formatting text}.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
425 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
426 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
427 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
434 @cindex make-dynamic-script
435 @funindex make-dynamic-script
437 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
438 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
440 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
441 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
447 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
448 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
449 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
450 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
451 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
452 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
453 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
454 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
455 attached to the same note head.
457 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
458 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
459 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
461 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
462 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
463 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
464 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
465 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
466 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
467 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
469 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
477 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
478 explained in @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
480 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
481 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
482 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
490 Font settings in markup mode are described in
491 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
496 @ref{Formatting text},
497 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
498 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
499 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
502 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
505 @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme},
512 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
513 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
524 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
528 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
530 @warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
531 in the same voice it began.}
533 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
539 @cindex slurs, manual placement
540 @cindex slurs, below notes
541 @cindex slurs, above notes
544 @funindex \slurNeutral
545 @funindex slurNeutral
547 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
548 @ref{Direction and placement}.
550 @cindex phrasing slur
551 @cindex multiple slurs
552 @cindex simultaneous slurs
553 @cindex slur, phrasing
554 @cindex slurs, multiple
555 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
557 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
558 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
559 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
569 @funindex \slurDashed
571 @funindex \slurDotted
576 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
579 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
589 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
590 @funindex slurHalfDashed
591 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
592 @funindex slurHalfSolid
593 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
595 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
596 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
599 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
609 @funindex \slurDashPattern
610 @funindex slurDashPattern
611 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
613 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
615 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
617 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
619 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
637 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
638 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
639 @code{\slurDashPattern},
646 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
647 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
649 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
650 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
652 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
653 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
661 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
664 @ref{Direction and placement},
665 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
668 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
675 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
677 @cindex phrasing slurs
678 @cindex phrasing marks
679 @cindex slur, phrasing
680 @cindex mark, phrasing
684 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
685 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
686 @code{\)} respectively:
688 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
693 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
694 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
695 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
696 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
697 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
698 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
700 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
701 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
702 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
703 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
704 @ref{Direction and placement}.
706 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
707 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
708 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
709 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
710 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
711 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
713 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
715 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
716 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
717 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
718 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
719 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
720 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
721 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
722 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
723 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
724 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
725 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
726 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
728 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
729 style for phrasing slurs:
731 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
741 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
742 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
743 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
744 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
745 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
746 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
748 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
749 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
752 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
754 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
756 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
762 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
763 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
764 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
765 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
766 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
768 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
770 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
772 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
774 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
780 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
781 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
782 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
785 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
786 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
787 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
788 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
789 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
790 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
791 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
792 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
793 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
799 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
802 @ref{Direction and placement},
806 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
809 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
813 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
820 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
822 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
826 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
827 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
832 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
833 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
836 @cindex railroad tracks
838 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
839 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
850 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
853 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
856 @node Falls and doits
857 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
864 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
865 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
866 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
867 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
868 @emph{beyond} the main note.
870 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
877 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
878 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
883 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
884 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
893 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
899 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
900 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
909 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
915 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
918 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
923 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
928 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
929 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
940 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
943 @rinternals{Glissando}.
948 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
953 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
957 @cindex chord, broken
961 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
962 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
963 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
964 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
965 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
966 @funindex arpeggioNormal
968 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
969 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
971 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
975 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
976 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
978 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
991 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
992 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
994 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
995 @funindex arpeggioBracket
996 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
997 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
998 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
999 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1001 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
1003 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1009 \arpeggioParenthesis
1012 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1019 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1020 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1022 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1023 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1028 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1029 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1030 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1031 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1032 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1033 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1039 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1040 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1042 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1043 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1045 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1046 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1058 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1060 Internals Reference:
1061 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1063 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1068 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1069 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1070 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1072 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1073 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1076 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1077 cross-staff arpeggios.
1081 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1087 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1088 @funindex startTrillSpan
1089 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1090 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1092 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1093 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1095 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1096 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1098 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1104 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1105 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1106 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1108 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1110 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1114 @cindex pitched trills
1115 @cindex trills, pitched
1116 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1117 @funindex pitchedTrill
1119 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1120 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1121 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1122 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1124 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1125 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1129 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1130 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1131 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1133 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1134 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1135 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1136 The second measure illustrates this method:
1138 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1139 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1141 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1143 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1145 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1151 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1152 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1161 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1165 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1167 Internals Reference:
1168 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.