1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
122 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
123 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
133 @ref{Direction and placement},
134 @ref{List of articulations},
138 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
141 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
145 @rinternals{TextScript}.
149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
151 @cindex absolute dynamics
153 @cindex dynamics, absolute
194 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
195 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
196 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
197 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
198 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
199 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
200 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
201 @ref{Direction and placement}.
203 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
222 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
223 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
224 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
225 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
226 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
227 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
228 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
231 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
241 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
243 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
244 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
246 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
248 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
251 @cindex espressivo articulation
253 @funindex \espressivo
256 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
257 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
260 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
266 @funindex \crescTextCresc
267 @funindex crescTextCresc
268 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
269 @funindex dimTextDecresc
270 @funindex \dimTextDecr
271 @funindex dimTextDecr
272 @funindex \dimTextDim
274 @funindex \crescHairpin
275 @funindex crescHairpin
276 @funindex \dimHairpin
279 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
280 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
281 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
282 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
283 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
284 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
287 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
299 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
300 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
302 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
303 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
305 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
308 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
309 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
312 @funindex \dynamicDown
313 @funindex dynamicDown
314 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
315 @funindex dynamicNeutral
321 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
322 @code{\crescTextCresc},
325 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
326 @code{\crescHairpin},
333 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
334 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
336 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
337 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
342 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
343 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
345 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
346 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
348 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
349 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
351 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
352 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
363 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
366 @ref{Direction and placement},
367 @ref{New dynamic marks},
368 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
369 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
372 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
375 @rinternals{DynamicText},
376 @rinternals{Hairpin},
377 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
380 @node New dynamic marks
381 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
383 @cindex new dynamic marks
384 @cindex dynamic marks, new
386 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
387 @code{\markup} objects.
389 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
390 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
393 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
398 @cindex dynamics, editorial
399 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
400 @cindex editorial dynamics
406 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
407 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
408 in @ref{Formatting text}.
410 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
411 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
412 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
413 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
420 @cindex make-dynamic-script
421 @funindex make-dynamic-script
423 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
424 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
426 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
427 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
433 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
434 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
435 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
436 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
437 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
438 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
439 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
440 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
441 attached to the same note head.
443 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
444 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
445 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
447 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
448 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
449 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
450 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
451 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
452 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
453 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
455 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
463 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
464 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
466 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
467 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
468 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
476 Font settings in markup mode are described in
477 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
482 @ref{Formatting text},
483 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
484 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
485 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
486 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
489 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
495 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
496 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
507 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
511 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
513 @warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
514 in the same voice it began.}
516 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
522 @cindex slurs, manual placement
523 @cindex slurs, below notes
524 @cindex slurs, above notes
527 @funindex \slurNeutral
528 @funindex slurNeutral
530 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
531 @ref{Direction and placement}.
533 @cindex phrasing slur
534 @cindex multiple slurs
535 @cindex simultaneous slurs
536 @cindex slur, phrasing
537 @cindex slurs, multiple
538 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
540 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
541 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
542 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
552 @funindex \slurDashed
554 @funindex \slurDotted
559 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
562 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
572 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
573 @funindex slurHalfDashed
574 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
575 @funindex slurHalfSolid
576 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
578 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
579 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
582 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
592 @funindex \slurDashPattern
593 @funindex slurDashPattern
594 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
596 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
598 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
600 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
602 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
620 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
621 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
622 @code{\slurDashPattern},
629 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
630 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
632 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
633 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
635 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
636 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
644 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
647 @ref{Direction and placement},
648 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
651 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
658 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
660 @cindex phrasing slurs
661 @cindex phrasing marks
662 @cindex slur, phrasing
663 @cindex mark, phrasing
667 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
668 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
669 @code{\)} respectively:
671 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
676 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
677 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
678 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
679 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
680 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
681 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
683 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
684 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
685 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
686 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
687 @ref{Direction and placement}.
689 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
690 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
691 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
692 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
693 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
694 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
696 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
698 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
699 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
700 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
701 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
702 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
703 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
704 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
705 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
706 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
707 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
708 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
709 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
711 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
712 style for phrasing slurs:
714 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
724 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
725 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
726 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
727 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
728 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
729 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
731 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
732 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
735 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
737 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
739 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
745 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
746 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
747 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
748 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
749 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
751 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
753 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
755 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
757 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
763 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
764 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
765 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
768 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
769 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
770 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
771 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
772 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
773 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
774 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
775 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
776 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
782 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
785 @ref{Direction and placement},
789 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
792 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
796 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
803 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
805 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
809 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
810 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
815 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
816 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
819 @cindex railroad tracks
821 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
822 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
833 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
836 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
839 @node Falls and doits
840 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
847 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
848 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
849 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
850 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
851 @emph{beyond} the main note.
853 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
860 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
861 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
866 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
867 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
876 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
882 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
883 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
892 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
898 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
901 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
906 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
911 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
912 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
923 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
926 @rinternals{Glissando}.
931 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
936 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
940 @cindex chord, broken
944 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
945 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
946 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
947 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
948 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
949 @funindex arpeggioNormal
951 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
952 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
954 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
958 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
959 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
961 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
974 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
975 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
977 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
978 @funindex arpeggioBracket
979 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
980 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
981 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
982 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
984 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
986 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
995 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1002 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1003 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1005 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1006 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1011 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1012 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1013 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1014 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1015 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1016 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1022 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1023 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1025 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1026 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1028 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1029 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1041 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1043 Internals Reference:
1044 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1046 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1051 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1052 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1053 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1055 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1056 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1059 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1060 cross-staff arpeggios.
1064 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1070 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1071 @funindex startTrillSpan
1072 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1073 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1075 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1076 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1078 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1079 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1081 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1087 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1088 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1089 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1091 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1093 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1097 @cindex pitched trills
1098 @cindex trills, pitched
1099 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1100 @funindex pitchedTrill
1102 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1103 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1104 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1105 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1107 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1108 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1112 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1113 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1114 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1116 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1117 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1118 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1119 The second measure illustrates this method:
1121 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1122 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1124 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1126 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1128 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1134 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1135 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1144 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1148 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1150 Internals Reference:
1151 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.