1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
122 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
123 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
133 @ref{Direction and placement},
134 @ref{List of articulations},
138 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
141 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
145 @rinternals{TextScript}.
149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
151 @cindex absolute dynamics
153 @cindex dynamics, absolute
194 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
195 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
196 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
197 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
198 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
199 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
200 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
201 @ref{Direction and placement}.
203 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
222 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
223 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
224 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
225 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
226 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
227 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
228 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
231 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
241 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
243 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
244 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
246 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
248 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
251 @cindex espressivo articulation
253 @funindex \espressivo
256 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
257 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
260 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
266 @funindex \crescTextCresc
267 @funindex crescTextCresc
268 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
269 @funindex dimTextDecresc
270 @funindex \dimTextDecr
271 @funindex dimTextDecr
272 @funindex \dimTextDim
274 @funindex \crescHairpin
275 @funindex crescHairpin
276 @funindex \dimHairpin
279 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
280 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
281 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
282 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
283 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
284 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
287 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
299 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
300 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
302 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
303 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
305 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
308 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
309 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
312 @funindex \dynamicDown
313 @funindex dynamicDown
314 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
315 @funindex dynamicNeutral
321 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
322 @code{\crescTextCresc},
325 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
326 @code{\crescHairpin},
333 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
334 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
336 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
337 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
342 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
343 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
345 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
346 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
348 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
349 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
351 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
352 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
363 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
366 @ref{Direction and placement},
367 @ref{New dynamic marks},
368 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
369 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
372 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
375 @rinternals{DynamicText},
376 @rinternals{Hairpin},
377 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
380 @node New dynamic marks
381 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
383 @cindex new dynamic marks
384 @cindex dynamic marks, new
386 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
387 @code{\markup} objects.
389 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
390 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
393 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
398 @cindex dynamics, editorial
399 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
400 @cindex editorial dynamics
406 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
407 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
408 in @ref{Formatting text}.
410 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
411 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
412 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
413 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
420 @cindex make-dynamic-script
421 @funindex make-dynamic-script
423 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
424 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
426 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
427 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
433 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
434 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
435 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
436 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
437 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
438 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
439 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
440 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
441 attached to the same note head.
443 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
444 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
445 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
447 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
448 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
449 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
450 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
451 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
452 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
453 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
455 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
463 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
464 explained in @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
466 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
467 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
468 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
476 Font settings in markup mode are described in
477 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
482 @ref{Formatting text},
483 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
484 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
485 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
488 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
491 @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme},
498 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
499 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
510 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
514 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
516 @warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
517 in the same voice it began.}
519 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
525 @cindex slurs, manual placement
526 @cindex slurs, below notes
527 @cindex slurs, above notes
530 @funindex \slurNeutral
531 @funindex slurNeutral
533 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
534 @ref{Direction and placement}.
536 @cindex phrasing slur
537 @cindex multiple slurs
538 @cindex simultaneous slurs
539 @cindex slur, phrasing
540 @cindex slurs, multiple
541 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
543 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
544 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
545 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
555 @funindex \slurDashed
557 @funindex \slurDotted
562 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
565 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
575 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
576 @funindex slurHalfDashed
577 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
578 @funindex slurHalfSolid
579 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
581 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
582 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
585 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
595 @funindex \slurDashPattern
596 @funindex slurDashPattern
597 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
599 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
601 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
603 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
605 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
623 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
624 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
625 @code{\slurDashPattern},
632 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
633 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
635 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
636 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
638 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
639 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
647 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
650 @ref{Direction and placement},
651 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
654 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
661 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
663 @cindex phrasing slurs
664 @cindex phrasing marks
665 @cindex slur, phrasing
666 @cindex mark, phrasing
670 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
671 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
672 @code{\)} respectively:
674 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
679 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
680 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
681 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
682 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
683 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
684 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
686 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
687 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
688 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
689 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
690 @ref{Direction and placement}.
692 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
693 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
694 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
695 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
696 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
697 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
699 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
701 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
702 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
703 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
704 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
705 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
706 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
707 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
708 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
709 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
710 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
711 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
712 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
714 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
715 style for phrasing slurs:
717 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
727 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
728 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
729 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
730 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
731 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
732 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
734 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
735 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
738 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
740 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
742 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
748 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
749 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
750 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
751 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
752 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
754 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
756 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
758 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
760 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
766 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
767 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
768 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
771 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
772 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
773 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
774 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
775 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
776 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
777 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
778 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
779 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
785 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
788 @ref{Direction and placement},
792 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
795 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
799 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
806 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
808 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
812 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
813 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
818 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
819 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
822 @cindex railroad tracks
824 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
825 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
836 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
839 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
842 @node Falls and doits
843 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
850 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
851 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
852 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
853 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
854 @emph{beyond} the main note.
856 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
863 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
864 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
869 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
870 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
879 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
885 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
886 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
895 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
901 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
904 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
909 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
914 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
915 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
926 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
929 @rinternals{Glissando}.
934 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
939 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
943 @cindex chord, broken
947 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
948 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
949 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
950 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
951 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
952 @funindex arpeggioNormal
954 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
955 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
957 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
961 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
962 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
964 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
977 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
978 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
980 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
981 @funindex arpeggioBracket
982 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
983 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
984 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
985 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
987 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
989 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
998 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1005 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1006 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1008 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1009 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1014 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1015 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1016 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1017 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1018 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1019 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1025 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1026 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1028 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1029 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1031 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1032 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1044 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1046 Internals Reference:
1047 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1049 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1054 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1055 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1056 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1058 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1059 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1062 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1063 cross-staff arpeggios.
1067 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1073 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1074 @funindex startTrillSpan
1075 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1076 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1078 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1079 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1081 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1082 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1084 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1090 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1091 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1092 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1094 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1096 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1100 @cindex pitched trills
1101 @cindex trills, pitched
1102 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1103 @funindex pitchedTrill
1105 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1106 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1107 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1108 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1110 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1111 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1115 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1116 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1117 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1119 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1120 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1121 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1122 The second measure illustrates this method:
1124 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1125 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1127 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1129 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1131 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1137 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1138 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1147 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1151 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1153 Internals Reference:
1154 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.