1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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12 @node Expressive marks
13 @section Expressive marks
15 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
17 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
27 @node Attached to notes
28 @subsection Attached to notes
30 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
31 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
32 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
35 * Articulations and ornamentations::
40 @node Articulations and ornamentations
41 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
52 @cindex organ pedal marks
53 @cindex pedal marks, organ
75 @funindex \staccatissimo
91 @funindex \snappizzicato
93 @funindex \reverseturn
98 @funindex \prallmordent
102 @funindex \downmordent
106 @funindex \signumcongruentiae
107 @funindex \shortfermata
109 @funindex \longfermata
110 @funindex \verylongfermata
118 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
119 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
123 @var{note}\@var{name}
126 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
127 articulations}. For example:
129 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
130 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
136 @cindex staccatissimo
141 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
142 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
143 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
144 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
145 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
146 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
147 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
149 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
154 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
155 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
156 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
157 @ref{Direction and placement}.
159 Articulations are @code{Script} objects. Their properties are
160 described more fully in @rinternals{Script}.
162 In addition to articulations, text and markups can be attached to
163 notes. See @ref{Text scripts}.
165 For more information about the ordering of Scripts and TextScripts that
166 are attached to the notes, see @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
170 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
171 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
173 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
174 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
176 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
177 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
187 @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
192 @ref{Direction and placement},
193 @ref{List of articulations},
197 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
200 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
204 @rinternals{TextScript}.
208 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
210 @cindex absolute dynamics
212 @cindex dynamics, absolute
253 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
254 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
255 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
256 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
257 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
258 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
259 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
260 @ref{Direction and placement}.
262 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
281 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
282 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
283 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
284 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
285 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
286 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
287 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
290 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
300 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
302 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
303 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
305 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
307 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
310 @cindex espressivo articulation
312 @funindex \espressivo
315 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
316 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
319 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
325 @funindex \crescTextCresc
326 @funindex crescTextCresc
327 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
328 @funindex dimTextDecresc
329 @funindex \dimTextDecr
330 @funindex dimTextDecr
331 @funindex \dimTextDim
333 @funindex \crescHairpin
334 @funindex crescHairpin
335 @funindex \dimHairpin
338 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
339 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
340 extent. The built-in commands @code{\crescTextCresc},
341 @code{\dimTextDecresc}, @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}
342 will tell LilyPond to use such textual marks instead of hairpins
343 for all subsequent @code{\<} and @code{\>} commands. The corresponding
344 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
347 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
359 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
360 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
362 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
363 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
365 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
368 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
369 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
372 @funindex \dynamicDown
373 @funindex dynamicDown
374 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
375 @funindex dynamicNeutral
381 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
382 @code{\crescTextCresc},
385 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
386 @code{\crescHairpin},
393 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
394 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
396 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
397 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
402 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
403 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
405 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
406 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
408 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
409 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
411 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
412 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
423 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
426 @ref{Direction and placement},
427 @ref{New dynamic marks},
428 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
429 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
432 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
435 @rinternals{DynamicText},
436 @rinternals{Hairpin},
437 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
440 @node New dynamic marks
441 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
443 @cindex new dynamic marks
444 @cindex dynamic marks, new
446 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
447 @code{\markup} objects.
449 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
450 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
453 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
458 @cindex dynamics, editorial
459 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
460 @cindex editorial dynamics
466 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
467 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
468 in @ref{Formatting text}.
470 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
471 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
472 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
473 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
480 @cindex make-dynamic-script
481 @funindex make-dynamic-script
483 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
484 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
486 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
487 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
493 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
494 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
495 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
496 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
497 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
498 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
499 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
500 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
501 attached to the same note head.
503 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
504 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
505 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
507 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
508 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
509 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
510 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
511 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
512 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
513 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
515 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
523 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
524 explained in @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
526 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
527 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
528 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
536 Font settings in markup mode are described in
537 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
542 @ref{Formatting text},
543 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
544 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
545 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
548 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
551 @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
558 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
559 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
570 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
574 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
576 @warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
577 in the same voice it began.}
579 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
585 @cindex slurs, manual placement
586 @cindex slurs, below notes
587 @cindex slurs, above notes
590 @funindex \slurNeutral
591 @funindex slurNeutral
593 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
594 @ref{Direction and placement}.
596 @cindex phrasing slur
597 @cindex multiple slurs
598 @cindex simultaneous slurs
599 @cindex slur, phrasing
600 @cindex slurs, multiple
601 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
603 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
604 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
605 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
615 @funindex \slurDashed
617 @funindex \slurDotted
622 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
625 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
635 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
636 @funindex slurHalfDashed
637 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
638 @funindex slurHalfSolid
639 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
641 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
642 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
645 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
655 @funindex \slurDashPattern
656 @funindex slurDashPattern
657 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
659 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
661 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
663 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
665 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
683 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
684 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
685 @code{\slurDashPattern},
692 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
693 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
695 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
696 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
698 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
699 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
707 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
710 @ref{Direction and placement},
711 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
714 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
721 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
723 @cindex phrasing slurs
724 @cindex phrasing marks
725 @cindex slur, phrasing
726 @cindex mark, phrasing
730 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
731 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
732 @code{\)} respectively:
734 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
739 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
740 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
741 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
742 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
743 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
744 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
746 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
747 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
748 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
749 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
750 @ref{Direction and placement}.
752 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
753 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
754 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
755 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
756 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
757 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
759 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
761 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
762 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
763 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
764 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
765 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
766 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
767 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
768 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
769 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
770 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
771 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
772 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
774 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
775 style for phrasing slurs:
777 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
787 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
788 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
789 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
790 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
791 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
792 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
794 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
795 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
798 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
800 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
802 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
808 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
809 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
810 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
811 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
812 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
814 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
816 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
818 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
820 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
826 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
827 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
828 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
831 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
832 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
833 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
834 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
835 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
836 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
837 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
838 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
839 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
845 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
848 @ref{Direction and placement},
852 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
855 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
859 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
866 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
868 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
872 A breath mark will end an automatic beam; to override this behavior, see
875 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
879 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
880 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
885 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
886 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
889 @cindex railroad tracks
891 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
892 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
903 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
906 @rinternals{BreathingEvent},
907 @rinternals{BreathingSign},
908 @rinternals{Breathing_sign_engraver}.
911 @node Falls and doits
912 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
919 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
920 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
921 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
922 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
923 @emph{beyond} the main note.
925 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
932 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
933 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
938 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
939 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
948 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
954 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
955 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
964 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
970 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
973 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
978 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
983 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
984 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
995 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
998 @rinternals{Glissando}.
1003 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
1008 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
1011 @cindex broken chord
1012 @cindex chord, broken
1016 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
1017 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
1018 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
1019 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
1020 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
1021 @funindex arpeggioNormal
1023 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
1024 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
1026 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1030 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
1031 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
1033 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1046 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
1047 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
1049 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
1050 @funindex arpeggioBracket
1051 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
1052 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
1053 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1054 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1056 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
1058 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1064 \arpeggioParenthesis
1067 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1074 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1075 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1077 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1078 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1083 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1084 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1085 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1086 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1087 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1088 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1094 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1095 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1097 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1098 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1100 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1101 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1113 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1115 Internals Reference:
1116 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1118 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1123 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1124 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1125 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1127 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1128 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1131 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1132 cross-staff arpeggios.
1136 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1142 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1143 @funindex startTrillSpan
1144 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1145 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1147 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1148 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1150 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1151 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1153 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1159 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1160 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1161 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1163 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1165 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1169 @cindex pitched trills
1170 @cindex trills, pitched
1171 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1172 @funindex pitchedTrill
1174 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1175 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1176 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1177 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1179 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1180 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1184 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1185 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1186 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1188 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1189 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1190 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1191 The second measure illustrates this method:
1193 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1194 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1196 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1198 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1200 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1206 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1207 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1216 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1220 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1222 Internals Reference:
1223 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.