1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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12 @node Expressive marks
13 @section Expressive marks
15 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
17 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
27 @node Attached to notes
28 @subsection Attached to notes
30 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
31 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
32 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
35 * Articulations and ornamentations::
40 @node Articulations and ornamentations
41 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
52 @cindex organ pedal marks
53 @cindex pedal marks, organ
75 @funindex \staccatissimo
91 @funindex \snappizzicato
93 @funindex \reverseturn
98 @funindex \prallmordent
102 @funindex \downmordent
106 @funindex \signumcongruentiae
107 @funindex \shortfermata
109 @funindex \longfermata
110 @funindex \verylongfermata
111 @funindex \fermataMarkup
119 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
120 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
124 @var{note}\@var{name}
127 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
128 articulations}. For example:
130 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
131 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
137 @cindex staccatissimo
142 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
143 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
144 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
145 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
146 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
147 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
148 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
150 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
155 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
156 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
157 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
158 @ref{Direction and placement}.
160 Articulations are @code{Script} objects. Their properties are
161 described more fully in @rinternals{Script}.
163 Articulations can be attached to rests as well as notes but they
164 cannot be attached to multi-measure rests. A special predefined
165 command, @code{\fermataMarkup}, is available for attaching a fermata
166 to a multi-measure rest (and only a multi-measure rest). This
167 creates a @code{MultiMeasureRestText} object.
169 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
170 \override Script #'color = #red
171 \override MultiMeasureRestText #'color = #blue
176 In addition to articulations, text and markups can be attached to
177 notes. See @ref{Text scripts}.
179 For more information about the ordering of Scripts and TextScripts that
180 are attached to the notes, see @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
184 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
185 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
187 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
188 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
190 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
191 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
201 @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
206 @ref{Direction and placement},
207 @ref{List of articulations},
211 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
214 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
218 @rinternals{TextScript}.
222 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
224 @cindex absolute dynamics
226 @cindex dynamics, absolute
267 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
268 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
269 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
270 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
271 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
272 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
273 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
274 @ref{Direction and placement}.
276 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
295 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
296 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
297 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
298 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
299 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
300 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
301 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
304 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
314 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
316 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
317 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
319 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
321 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
324 @cindex espressivo articulation
326 @funindex \espressivo
329 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
330 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
333 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
339 @funindex \crescTextCresc
340 @funindex crescTextCresc
341 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
342 @funindex dimTextDecresc
343 @funindex \dimTextDecr
344 @funindex dimTextDecr
345 @funindex \dimTextDim
347 @funindex \crescHairpin
348 @funindex crescHairpin
349 @funindex \dimHairpin
352 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
353 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
354 extent. The built-in commands @code{\crescTextCresc},
355 @code{\dimTextDecresc}, @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}
356 will tell LilyPond to use such textual marks instead of hairpins
357 for all subsequent @code{\<} and @code{\>} commands. The corresponding
358 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
361 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
373 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
374 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
376 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
377 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
379 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
382 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
383 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
386 @funindex \dynamicDown
387 @funindex dynamicDown
388 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
389 @funindex dynamicNeutral
395 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
396 @code{\crescTextCresc},
399 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
400 @code{\crescHairpin},
407 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
408 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
410 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
411 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
416 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
417 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
419 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
420 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
422 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
423 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
425 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
426 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
437 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
440 @ref{Direction and placement},
441 @ref{New dynamic marks},
442 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
443 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
446 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
449 @rinternals{DynamicText},
450 @rinternals{Hairpin},
451 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
454 @node New dynamic marks
455 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
457 @cindex new dynamic marks
458 @cindex dynamic marks, new
460 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
461 @code{\markup} objects.
463 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
464 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
467 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
472 @cindex dynamics, editorial
473 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
474 @cindex editorial dynamics
480 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
481 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
482 in @ref{Formatting text}.
484 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
486 \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
487 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
488 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
495 @cindex make-dynamic-script
496 @funindex make-dynamic-script
498 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
499 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
501 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
502 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
508 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
509 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
510 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
511 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
512 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
513 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
514 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
515 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
516 attached to the same note head.
518 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
519 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
520 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
522 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
523 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
524 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
525 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
526 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
527 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
528 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
530 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
533 g'1~\mfEspressDynamic
538 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
539 explained in @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
541 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
542 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
543 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
551 Font settings in markup mode are described in
552 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
557 @ref{Formatting text},
558 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
559 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
560 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
563 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
566 @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
573 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
574 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
585 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
589 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
591 @warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
592 in the same voice it began.}
594 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
600 @cindex slurs, manual placement
601 @cindex slurs, below notes
602 @cindex slurs, above notes
605 @funindex \slurNeutral
606 @funindex slurNeutral
608 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
609 @ref{Direction and placement}.
611 @cindex phrasing slur
612 @cindex multiple slurs
613 @cindex simultaneous slurs
614 @cindex slur, phrasing
615 @cindex slurs, multiple
616 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
618 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
619 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
620 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
630 @funindex \slurDashed
632 @funindex \slurDotted
637 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
640 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
650 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
651 @funindex slurHalfDashed
652 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
653 @funindex slurHalfSolid
654 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
656 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
657 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
660 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
670 @funindex \slurDashPattern
671 @funindex slurDashPattern
672 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
674 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
676 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
678 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
680 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
698 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
699 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
700 @code{\slurDashPattern},
707 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
708 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
710 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
711 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
713 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
714 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
722 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
725 @ref{Direction and placement},
726 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
729 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
736 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
738 @cindex phrasing slurs
739 @cindex phrasing marks
740 @cindex slur, phrasing
741 @cindex mark, phrasing
745 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
746 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
747 @code{\)} respectively:
749 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
754 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
755 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
756 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
757 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
758 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
759 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
761 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
762 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
763 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
764 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
765 @ref{Direction and placement}.
767 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
768 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
769 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
770 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
771 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
772 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
774 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
776 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
777 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
778 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
779 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
780 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
781 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
782 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
783 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
784 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
785 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
786 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
787 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
789 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
790 style for phrasing slurs:
792 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
802 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
803 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
804 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
805 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
806 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
807 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
809 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
810 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
813 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
815 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
817 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
823 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
824 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
825 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
826 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
827 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns for phrasing
829 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
831 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
833 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
835 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
841 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
842 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
843 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
846 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
847 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
848 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
849 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
850 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
851 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
852 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
853 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
854 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
860 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
863 @ref{Direction and placement},
867 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
870 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
874 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
881 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
883 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
887 A breath mark will end an automatic beam; to override this behavior, see
890 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
894 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
895 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
900 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
901 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
904 @cindex railroad tracks
906 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
907 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
918 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
921 @rinternals{BreathingEvent},
922 @rinternals{BreathingSign},
923 @rinternals{Breathing_sign_engraver}.
926 @node Falls and doits
927 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
934 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
935 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
936 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
937 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
938 @emph{beyond} the main note.
940 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
949 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
950 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
955 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
956 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
965 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
971 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
972 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
981 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
987 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
990 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
995 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
1000 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1001 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
1012 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1014 Internals Reference:
1015 @rinternals{Glissando}.
1020 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
1025 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
1028 @cindex broken chord
1029 @cindex chord, broken
1033 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
1034 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
1035 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
1036 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
1037 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
1038 @funindex arpeggioNormal
1040 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
1041 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
1043 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1047 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
1048 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
1050 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1063 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
1064 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
1066 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
1067 @funindex arpeggioBracket
1068 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
1069 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
1070 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1071 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1073 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
1075 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1081 \arpeggioParenthesis
1084 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1091 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1092 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1094 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1095 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1100 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1101 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1102 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1103 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1104 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1105 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1111 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1112 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1114 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1115 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1117 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1118 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1130 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1132 Internals Reference:
1133 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1135 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1140 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1141 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1142 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1144 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1145 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1148 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1149 cross-staff arpeggios.
1153 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1159 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1160 @funindex startTrillSpan
1161 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1162 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1164 Short trills without an extender line are printed with
1165 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1167 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1168 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1170 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1177 A trill spanner crossing a line break will restart exactly above
1178 the first note on the new line.
1180 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1188 Consecutive trill spans will work without explicit
1189 @code{\stopTrillSpan} commands, since successive trill spanners will
1190 automatically become the right bound of the previous trill.
1192 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1200 Trills can also be combined with grace notes. The syntax of this
1201 construct and the method to precisely position the grace notes are
1202 described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1204 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1206 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1210 @cindex pitched trills
1211 @cindex trills, pitched
1212 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1213 @funindex pitchedTrill
1215 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1216 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1217 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1218 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1220 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1222 d2\startTrillSpan fis
1228 @cindex pitched trill with accidental
1229 @cindex trill with accidental
1231 Subsequent accidentals of the same note in the same measure will need
1232 to be added manually. Only the accidental of the first pitched trill
1233 in a measure is printed.
1235 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1237 eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1240 eis4\startTrillSpan cis
1243 eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1246 eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1252 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1253 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1261 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1265 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1267 Internals Reference:
1268 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.