1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
7 Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
12 @node Editorial annotations
13 @section Editorial annotations
15 @lilypondfile[quote]{editorial-headword.ly}
17 This section discusses the various ways to change the appearance of
18 notes and add analysis or educational emphasis.
26 @node Inside the staff
27 @subsection Inside the staff
29 This section discusses how to add emphasis to elements that are
33 * Selecting notation font size::
34 * Fingering instructions::
41 @node Selecting notation font size
42 @unnumberedsubsubsec Selecting notation font size
44 @cindex font size (notation) scaling
45 @cindex font size (notation)
46 @cindex selecting font size (notation)
47 @cindex notation font size
66 The font size of notation elements may be altered. It does not
67 change the size of variable symbols, such as beams or slurs.
69 @warning{For font sizes of text, see
70 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.}
72 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
87 Internally, this sets the @code{fontSize} property. This in turn
88 causes the @code{font-size} property to be set in all layout
89 objects. The value of @code{font-size} is a number indicating the
90 size relative to the standard size for the current staff height.
91 Each step up is an increase of approximately 12% of the font size.
92 Six steps is exactly a factor of two. The Scheme function
93 @code{magstep} converts a @code{font-size} number to a scaling
94 factor. The @code{font-size} property can also be set directly,
95 so that only certain layout objects are affected.
97 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
100 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #-4
102 \override Script #'font-size = #2
104 \override Stem #'font-size = #-5
108 @cindex standard font size (notation)
109 @cindex font size (notation), standard
111 @funindex font-interface
114 Font size changes are achieved by scaling the design size that is
115 closest to the desired size. The standard font size (for
116 @w{@code{font-size = #0}}) depends on the standard staff height.
117 For a 20pt staff, a 10pt font is selected.
119 The @code{font-size} property can only be set on layout objects
120 that use fonts. These are the ones supporting the
121 @code{font-interface} layout interface.
136 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
139 @rinternals{font-interface}.
142 @node Fingering instructions
143 @unnumberedsubsubsec Fingering instructions
146 @cindex finger change
151 Fingering instructions can be entered using
152 @samp{@var{note}-@var{digit}}:
154 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
158 Markup texts may be used for finger changes.
160 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
161 c4-1 d-2 f-4 c^\markup { \finger "2 - 3" }
169 A thumb-script can be added (e.g. cello music) to indicate
170 that a note should be played with the thumb.
172 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
173 <a_\thumb a'-3>2 <b_\thumb b'-3>
176 @cindex fingering chords
177 @cindex fingering instructions for chords
178 @cindex chords, fingering
180 Fingerings for chords can also be added to individual notes by
181 adding them after the pitches.
183 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
184 <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 <d-1 f-2 a-3 c-5>
187 Fingering instructions may be manually placed above or below the
188 staff, see @ref{Direction and placement}.
192 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
193 {controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings.ly}
195 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
196 {allowing-fingerings-to-be-printed-inside-the-staff.ly}
198 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
199 {avoiding-collisions-with-chord-fingerings.ly}
204 @ref{Direction and placement}.
207 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
210 @rinternals{FingeringEvent},
211 @rinternals{fingering-event},
212 @rinternals{Fingering_engraver},
213 @rinternals{New_fingering_engraver},
214 @rinternals{Fingering}.
217 By default, numbers greater than 9 are not supported using
218 @samp{@var{note}-@var{digit}}.
222 @unnumberedsubsubsec Hidden notes
225 @cindex invisible notes
226 @cindex transparent notes
227 @cindex notes, hidden
228 @cindex notes, invisible
229 @cindex notes, transparent
233 @funindex \unHideNotes
234 @funindex unHideNotes
236 Hidden (or invisible or transparent) notes can be useful in
237 preparing theory or composition exercises.
239 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
251 Note heads, stems, and flags, and rests are invisible. Beams
252 are invisible if they start on a hidden note. Objects that are
253 attached to invisible notes are still visible.
255 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
270 @rlearning{Visibility and color of objects}.
273 @ref{Invisible rests},
274 @ref{Visibility of objects},
278 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
281 @rinternals{Note_spacing_engraver},
282 @rinternals{NoteSpacing}.
285 @node Coloring objects
286 @unnumberedsubsubsec Coloring objects
288 @cindex colored objects
289 @cindex objects, colored
291 @cindex coloring objects
292 @cindex colored notes
293 @cindex coloring notes
294 @cindex notes, colored
300 @funindex \with-color
304 Individual objects may be assigned colors. Valid color names
305 are listed in the @ref{List of colors}.
307 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
308 \override NoteHead #'color = #red
310 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color 'LimeGreen)
312 \override Stem #'color = #blue
317 The full range of colors defined for X11 can be accessed by using
318 the Scheme function @code{x11-color}. The function takes one
319 argument; this can be a symbol in the form @code{'@var{FooBar}} or
320 a string in the form @code{"@var{FooBar}"}. The first form is
321 quicker to write and is more efficient. However, using the second
322 form it is possible to access X11 colors by the multi-word form of
325 If @code{x11-color} cannot make sense of the parameter then the
326 color returned defaults to black.
328 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
329 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2)
330 \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
331 \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet"
335 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
337 \override Accidental #'color = #(x11-color 'DarkRed)
339 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color "LimeGreen")
341 % this is deliberate nonsense; note that the stems remain black
342 \override Stem #'color = #(x11-color 'Boggle)
352 Exact RGB colors can be specified using the Scheme function
355 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
356 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2)
357 \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
358 \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet"
361 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0)
363 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 1 1 1)
365 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0.5)
372 @ref{List of colors}, @ref{The
376 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
380 @cindex colored notes in chords
381 @cindex notes, colored in chords
382 @cindex color in chords
387 An X11 color is not necessarily exactly the same shade as a
388 similarly named normal color.
390 Not all X11 colors are distinguishable in a web browser, i.e.,
391 a web browser might not display a difference between @code{LimeGreen}
392 and @code{ForestGreen}. For web use normal colors are recommended
393 (i.e., @code{blue}, @code{green}, @code{red}).
396 Notes in a chord cannot be colored with @code{\override}; use
397 @code{\tweak} instead, see @ref{The tweak command}.
401 @unnumberedsubsubsec Parentheses
405 @cindex notes, parenthesized
408 @funindex \parenthesize
409 @funindex parenthesize
411 Objects may be parenthesized by prefixing @code{\parenthesize} to
412 the music event. When prefixed to a chord, it parenthesizes every
413 note. Individual notes inside a chord may also be parenthesized.
415 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
417 c2 \parenthesize <c e g>
418 c2 <c \parenthesize e g>
421 Non-note objects may be parenthesized as well. For articulations,
422 a hyphen is needed before the @code{\parenthesize} command.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
425 c2-\parenthesize -. d
432 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
435 @rinternals{Parenthesis_engraver},
436 @rinternals{ParenthesesItem},
437 @rinternals{parentheses-interface}.
442 Parenthesizing a chord prints parentheses around each individual
443 note, instead of a single large parenthesis around the entire
448 @unnumberedsubsubsec Stems
451 @cindex stem, invisible
452 @cindex invisible stem
458 @funindex \stemNeutral
459 @funindex stemNeutral
460 @cindex stem, direction
463 @cindex stem, neutral
465 Whenever a note is found, a @code{Stem} object is created
466 automatically. For whole notes and rests, they are also created but
469 Stems may be manually placed to point up or down; see
470 @ref{Direction and placement}.
482 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
483 {default-direction-of-stems-on-the-center-line-of-the-staff.ly}
488 @ref{Direction and placement}.
491 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
494 @rinternals{Stem_engraver},
496 @rinternals{stem-interface}.
499 @node Outside the staff
500 @subsection Outside the staff
502 This section discusses how to add emphasis to elements in the staff
503 from outside of the staff.
508 * Analysis brackets::
512 @unnumberedsubsubsec Balloon help
515 @cindex notation, explaining
517 @cindex help, balloon
519 @funindex \balloonGrobText
520 @funindex \balloonText
521 @funindex Balloon_engraver
522 @funindex balloonGrobText
523 @funindex balloonText
524 @funindex \balloonLengthOn
525 @funindex balloonLengthOn
526 @funindex \balloonLengthOff
527 @funindex balloonLengthOff
529 Elements of notation can be marked and named with the help of a
530 square balloon. The primary purpose of this feature is to explain
533 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
534 \new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" }
536 \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" }
538 \balloonGrobText #'Rest #'(-4 . -4) \markup { "I'm a rest" }
540 <c, g'-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { "I'm a note head" } c>2.
545 There are two music functions, @code{balloonGrobText} and
546 @code{balloonText}; the former is used like
547 @w{@code{\once \override}} to attach text to any grob, and the
548 latter is used like @code{\tweak}, typically within chords, to
549 attach text to an individual note.
551 Balloon text normally influences note spacing, but this can be
554 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
555 \new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" }
558 \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" }
560 \balloonGrobText #'Rest #'(-4 . -4) \markup { "I'm a rest" }
563 <c, g'-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { "I'm a note head" } c>2.
569 @code{\balloonLengthOn},
570 @code{\balloonLengthOff}.
576 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
579 @rinternals{Balloon_engraver},
580 @rinternals{BalloonTextItem},
581 @rinternals{balloon-interface}.
585 @unnumberedsubsubsec Grid lines
589 @cindex vertical lines between staves
590 @cindex lines, vertical between staves
592 @funindex Grid_point_engraver
593 @funindex Grid_line_span_engraver
594 @funindex gridInterval
596 Vertical lines can be drawn between staves synchronized with the
599 The @code{Grid_point_engraver} must be used to create the end
600 points of the lines, while the @code{Grid_line_span_engraver} must
601 be used to actually draw the lines. By default this centers grid
602 lines horizontally below and to the left side of each note head.
603 Grid lines extend from the middle lines of each staff. The
604 @code{gridInterval} must specify the duration between the grid
607 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
611 \consists "Grid_point_engraver"
612 gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
616 \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver"
622 \new Staff \relative c'' {
626 \new Staff \relative c {
637 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
638 {grid-lines--changing-their-appearance.ly}
643 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
646 @rinternals{Grid_line_span_engraver},
647 @rinternals{Grid_point_engraver},
648 @rinternals{GridLine},
649 @rinternals{GridPoint},
650 @rinternals{grid-line-interface},
651 @rinternals{grid-point-interface}.
654 @node Analysis brackets
655 @unnumberedsubsubsec Analysis brackets
658 @cindex bracket, phrasing
659 @cindex phrasing bracket
660 @cindex musicological analysis
661 @cindex analysis, musicological
662 @cindex note grouping bracket
663 @cindex horizontal bracket
664 @cindex bracket, horizontal
666 @funindex Horizontal_bracket_engraver
667 @funindex \startGroup
672 Brackets are used in musical analysis to indicate structure in musical
673 pieces. Simple horizontal brackets are supported.
675 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
679 \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver"
688 Analysis brackets may be nested.
690 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
694 \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver"
698 c4\startGroup\startGroup
701 d4\stopGroup\stopGroup
708 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
711 @rinternals{Horizontal_bracket_engraver},
712 @rinternals{HorizontalBracket},
713 @rinternals{horizontal-bracket-interface},