1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
7 Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
12 @node Editorial annotations
13 @section Editorial annotations
15 @lilypondfile[quote]{editorial-headword.ly}
17 This section discusses the various ways to change the appearance of
18 notes and add analysis or educational emphasis.
26 @node Inside the staff
27 @subsection Inside the staff
29 This section discusses how to add emphasis to elements that are
33 * Selecting notation font size::
34 * Fingering instructions::
41 @node Selecting notation font size
42 @unnumberedsubsubsec Selecting notation font size
44 @cindex font size (notation) scaling
45 @cindex font size (notation)
46 @cindex selecting font size (notation)
47 @cindex notation font size
66 The font size of notation elements may be altered. It does not
67 change the size of variable symbols, such as beams or slurs.
69 @warning{For font sizes of text, see
70 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.}
72 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
87 Internally, this sets the @code{fontSize} property. This in turn
88 causes the @code{font-size} property to be set in all layout
89 objects. The value of @code{font-size} is a number indicating the
90 size relative to the standard size for the current staff height.
91 Each step up is an increase of approximately 12% of the font size.
92 Six steps is exactly a factor of two. The Scheme function
93 @code{magstep} converts a @code{font-size} number to a scaling
94 factor. The @code{font-size} property can also be set directly,
95 so that only certain layout objects are affected.
97 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
100 \override NoteHead #'font-size = #-4
102 \override Script #'font-size = #2
104 \override Stem #'font-size = #-5
108 @cindex standard font size (notation)
109 @cindex font size (notation), standard
111 @funindex font-interface
114 Font size changes are achieved by scaling the design size that is
115 closest to the desired size. The standard font size (for
116 @w{@code{font-size = #0}}) depends on the standard staff height.
117 For a 20pt staff, a 10pt font is selected.
119 The @code{font-size} property can only be set on layout objects
120 that use fonts. These are the ones supporting the
121 @code{font-interface} layout interface.
136 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
139 @rinternals{font-interface}.
142 @node Fingering instructions
143 @unnumberedsubsubsec Fingering instructions
146 @cindex finger change
151 Fingering instructions can be entered using
152 @samp{@var{note}-@var{digit}}:
154 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
158 Markup texts may be used for finger changes.
160 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
161 c4-1 d-2 f-4 c^\markup { \finger "2 - 3" }
169 A thumb-script can be added (e.g., in cello music) to indicate
170 that a note should be played with the thumb.
172 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
173 <a_\thumb a'-3>2 <b_\thumb b'-3>
176 @cindex fingering chords
177 @cindex fingering instructions for chords
178 @cindex chords, fingering
180 Fingerings for chords can also be added to individual notes of the
181 chord by adding them after the pitches.
183 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
184 <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 <d-1 f-2 a-3 c-5>
187 Fingering instructions may be manually placed above or below the
188 staff, see @ref{Direction and placement}.
192 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
193 {controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings.ly}
195 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
196 {allowing-fingerings-to-be-printed-inside-the-staff.ly}
198 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
199 {avoiding-collisions-with-chord-fingerings.ly}
204 @ref{Direction and placement}
207 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
210 @rinternals{FingeringEvent},
211 @rinternals{fingering-event},
212 @rinternals{Fingering_engraver},
213 @rinternals{New_fingering_engraver},
214 @rinternals{Fingering}.
218 @unnumberedsubsubsec Hidden notes
221 @cindex invisible notes
222 @cindex transparent notes
223 @cindex notes, hidden
224 @cindex notes, invisible
225 @cindex notes, transparent
229 @funindex \unHideNotes
230 @funindex unHideNotes
232 Hidden (or invisible or transparent) notes can be useful in
233 preparing theory or composition exercises.
235 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
247 Notation objects which are attached to invisible notes are still
250 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
265 @rlearning{Visibility and color of objects}.
268 @ref{Invisible rests},
269 @ref{Visibility of objects},
273 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
276 @rinternals{Note_spacing_engraver},
277 @rinternals{NoteSpacing}.
280 @node Coloring objects
281 @unnumberedsubsubsec Coloring objects
283 @cindex colored objects
284 @cindex objects, colored
286 @cindex coloring objects
287 @cindex colored notes
288 @cindex coloring notes
289 @cindex notes, colored
295 @funindex \with-color
299 Individual objects may be assigned colors. Valid color names
300 are listed in the @ref{List of colors}.
302 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
303 \override NoteHead #'color = #red
305 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color 'LimeGreen)
307 \override Stem #'color = #blue
312 The full range of colors defined for X11 can be accessed by using
313 the Scheme function @code{x11-color}. The function takes one
314 argument; this can be a symbol in the form @code{'@var{FooBar}} or
315 a string in the form @code{"@var{FooBar}"}. The first form is
316 quicker to write and is more efficient. However, using the second
317 form it is possible to access X11 colors by the multi-word form of
320 If @code{x11-color} cannot make sense of the parameter then the
321 color returned defaults to black.
323 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
324 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2)
325 \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
326 \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet"
330 \override Beam #'color = #(x11-color "medium turquoise")
332 \override Accidental #'color = #(x11-color 'DarkRed)
334 \override NoteHead #'color = #(x11-color "LimeGreen")
336 % this is deliberate nonsense; note that the stems remain black
337 \override Stem #'color = #(x11-color 'Boggle)
347 Exact RGB colors can be specified using the Scheme function
350 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
351 \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'color = #(x11-color 'SlateBlue2)
352 \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
353 \with-color #(x11-color 'navy) "Clarinet"
356 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0)
358 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 1 1 1)
360 \override Stem #'color = #(rgb-color 0 0 0.5)
367 @ref{List of colors}, @ref{The
371 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
375 @cindex colored notes in chords
376 @cindex notes, colored in chords
377 @cindex color in chords
382 An X11 color is not necessarily exactly the same shade as a
383 similarly named normal color.
385 Not all X11 colors are distinguishable in a web browser, i.e.,
386 a web browser might not display a difference between @code{'LimeGreen}
387 and @code{'ForestGreen}. For web use normal colors are recommended
388 (i.e., @code{#blue}, @code{#green}, @code{#red}).
391 Notes in a chord cannot be colored with @code{\override}; use
392 @code{\tweak} instead, see @ref{The tweak command}.
396 @unnumberedsubsubsec Parentheses
400 @cindex notes, parenthesized
403 @funindex \parenthesize
404 @funindex parenthesize
406 Objects may be parenthesized by prefixing @code{\parenthesize} to
407 the music event. When prefixed to a chord, it parenthesizes every
408 note. Individual notes inside a chord may also be parenthesized.
410 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
412 c2 \parenthesize <c e g>
413 c2 <c \parenthesize e g>
416 Non-note objects may be parenthesized as well. For articulations,
417 a hyphen is needed before the @code{\parenthesize} command.
419 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
420 c2-\parenthesize -. d
427 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
430 @rinternals{Parenthesis_engraver},
431 @rinternals{ParenthesesItem},
432 @rinternals{parentheses-interface}.
437 Parenthesizing a chord prints parentheses around each individual
438 note, instead of a single large parenthesis around the entire
443 @unnumberedsubsubsec Stems
446 @cindex stem, invisible
447 @cindex invisible stem
453 @funindex \stemNeutral
454 @funindex stemNeutral
455 @cindex stem, direction
458 @cindex stem, neutral
460 Whenever a note is found, a @code{Stem} object is created
461 automatically. For whole notes and rests, they are also created but
464 Stems may be manually placed to point up or down; see
465 @ref{Direction and placement}.
477 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
478 {default-direction-of-stems-on-the-center-line-of-the-staff.ly}
483 @ref{Direction and placement}.
486 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
489 @rinternals{Stem_engraver},
491 @rinternals{stem-interface}.
494 @node Outside the staff
495 @subsection Outside the staff
497 This section discusses how to add emphasis to elements in the staff
498 from outside of the staff.
503 * Analysis brackets::
507 @unnumberedsubsubsec Balloon help
510 @cindex notation, explaining
512 @cindex help, balloon
514 @funindex \balloonGrobText
515 @funindex \balloonText
516 @funindex Balloon_engraver
517 @funindex balloonGrobText
518 @funindex balloonText
519 @funindex \balloonLengthOn
520 @funindex balloonLengthOn
521 @funindex \balloonLengthOff
522 @funindex balloonLengthOff
524 Elements of notation can be marked and named with the help of a
525 square balloon. The primary purpose of this feature is to explain
528 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
529 \new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" }
531 \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" }
533 \balloonGrobText #'Rest #'(-4 . -4) \markup { "I'm a rest" }
535 <c, g'-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { "I'm a note head" } c>2.
540 There are two music functions, @code{balloonGrobText} and
541 @code{balloonText}; the former is used like
542 @w{@code{\once \override}} to attach text to any grob, and the
543 latter is used like @code{\tweak}, typically within chords, to
544 attach text to an individual note.
546 Balloon text normally influences note spacing, but this can be
549 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
550 \new Voice \with { \consists "Balloon_engraver" }
553 \balloonGrobText #'Stem #'(3 . 4) \markup { "I'm a Stem" }
555 \balloonGrobText #'Rest #'(-4 . -4) \markup { "I'm a rest" }
558 <c, g'-\balloonText #'(-2 . -2) \markup { "I'm a note head" } c>2.
564 @code{\balloonLengthOn},
565 @code{\balloonLengthOff}.
571 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
574 @rinternals{Balloon_engraver},
575 @rinternals{BalloonTextItem},
576 @rinternals{balloon-interface}.
580 @unnumberedsubsubsec Grid lines
584 @cindex vertical lines between staves
585 @cindex lines, vertical between staves
587 @funindex Grid_point_engraver
588 @funindex Grid_line_span_engraver
589 @funindex gridInterval
591 Vertical lines can be drawn between staves synchronized with the
594 The @code{Grid_point_engraver} must be used to create the end
595 points of the lines, while the @code{Grid_line_span_engraver} must
596 be used to actually draw the lines. By default this centers grid
597 lines horizontally below and to the left side of each note head.
598 Grid lines extend from the middle lines of each staff. The
599 @code{gridInterval} must specify the duration between the grid
602 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
606 \consists "Grid_point_engraver"
607 gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
611 \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver"
617 \new Staff \relative c'' {
621 \new Staff \relative c {
632 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
633 {grid-lines--changing-their-appearance.ly}
638 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
641 @rinternals{Grid_line_span_engraver},
642 @rinternals{Grid_point_engraver},
643 @rinternals{GridLine},
644 @rinternals{GridPoint},
645 @rinternals{grid-line-interface},
646 @rinternals{grid-point-interface}.
649 @node Analysis brackets
650 @unnumberedsubsubsec Analysis brackets
653 @cindex bracket, phrasing
654 @cindex phrasing bracket
655 @cindex musicological analysis
656 @cindex analysis, musicological
657 @cindex note grouping bracket
658 @cindex horizontal bracket
659 @cindex bracket, horizontal
661 @funindex Horizontal_bracket_engraver
662 @funindex \startGroup
667 Brackets are used in musical analysis to indicate structure in musical
668 pieces. Simple horizontal brackets are supported.
670 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
674 \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver"
683 Analysis brackets may be nested.
685 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
689 \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver"
693 c4\startGroup\startGroup
696 d4\stopGroup\stopGroup
703 @rlsr{Editorial annotations}.
706 @rinternals{Horizontal_bracket_engraver},
707 @rinternals{HorizontalBracket},
708 @rinternals{horizontal-bracket-interface},