1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 @node GNU Free Documentation License
4 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
6 @c The GNU Free Documentation License.
7 @center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
9 @c This file is intended to be included within another document,
10 @c hence no sectioning command or @node.
13 Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
14 @uref{http://fsf.org/}
16 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
17 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
24 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
25 functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
26 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
27 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
28 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
29 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
30 for modifications made by others.
32 This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
33 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
34 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
35 license designed for free software.
37 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
38 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
39 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
40 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
41 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
42 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
43 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
46 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
48 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
49 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
50 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
51 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
52 work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below,
53 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
54 licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you
55 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
58 A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
59 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
60 modifications and/or translated into another language.
62 A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
63 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
64 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
65 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
66 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
67 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
68 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
69 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
70 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
73 The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
74 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
75 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
76 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
77 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
78 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
79 Sections then there are none.
81 The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
82 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
83 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
84 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
86 A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
87 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
88 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
89 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
90 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
91 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
92 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
93 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
94 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
95 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
96 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
97 of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
99 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
100 @sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
101 format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
102 @acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML},
103 PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples
104 of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
105 @acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
106 read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
107 @acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are
108 not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML},
109 PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
110 output purposes only.
112 The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
113 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
114 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
115 formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
116 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
117 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
119 The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies
120 of the Document to the public.
122 A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
123 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
124 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
125 specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
126 ``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title''
127 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
128 section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
130 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
131 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
132 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
133 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
134 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
135 no effect on the meaning of this License.
140 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
141 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
142 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
143 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
144 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
145 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
146 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
147 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
148 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
150 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
151 you may publicly display copies.
156 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
157 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
158 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
159 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
160 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
161 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
162 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
163 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
164 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
165 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
166 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
167 as verbatim copying in other respects.
169 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
170 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
171 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
174 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
175 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
176 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
177 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
178 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
179 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
180 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
181 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
182 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
183 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
184 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
185 edition to the public.
187 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
188 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
189 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
194 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
195 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
196 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
197 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
198 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
199 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
203 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
204 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
205 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
206 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
207 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
210 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
211 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
212 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
213 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
214 unless they release you from this requirement.
217 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
218 Modified Version, as the publisher.
221 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
224 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
225 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
228 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
229 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
230 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
233 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
234 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
237 Include an unaltered copy of this License.
240 Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
241 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
242 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
243 there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
244 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
245 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
246 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
249 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
250 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
251 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
252 it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
253 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
254 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
255 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
258 For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
259 the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
260 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
261 dedications given therein.
264 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
265 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
266 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
269 Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
270 may not be included in the Modified Version.
273 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
274 to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
277 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
280 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
281 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
282 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
283 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
284 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
285 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
287 You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
288 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
289 parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
290 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
293 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
294 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
295 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
296 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
297 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
298 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
299 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
300 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
301 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
303 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
304 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
305 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
310 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
311 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
312 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
313 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
314 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
315 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
317 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
318 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
319 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
320 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
321 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
322 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
323 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
324 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
326 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
327 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
328 ``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
329 and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all
330 sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
333 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
335 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
336 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
337 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
338 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
339 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
341 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
342 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
343 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
344 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
347 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
349 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
350 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
351 distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
352 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
353 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
354 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
355 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
356 derivative works of the Document.
358 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
359 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
360 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
361 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
362 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
363 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
369 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
370 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
371 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
372 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
373 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
374 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
375 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
376 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
377 the original English version of this License and the original versions
378 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
379 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
380 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
382 If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
383 ``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
384 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
390 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
391 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
392 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
393 will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
395 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
396 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
397 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
398 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
399 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
400 60 days after the cessation.
402 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
403 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
404 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
405 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
406 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
407 your receipt of the notice.
409 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
410 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
411 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
412 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
413 not give you any rights to use it.
416 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
418 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
419 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
420 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
421 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
422 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
424 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
425 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
426 License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
427 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
428 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
429 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
430 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
431 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
432 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
433 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
434 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
440 ``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any
441 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
442 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
443 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
444 ``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the
445 site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
448 ``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
449 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
450 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
451 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
452 published by that same organization.
454 ``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
455 in part, as part of another Document.
457 An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this
458 License, and if all works that were first published under this License
459 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
460 or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
461 and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
463 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
464 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
465 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
470 @heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
472 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
473 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
474 license notices just after the title page:
478 Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
479 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
480 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
481 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
482 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
483 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
484 Free Documentation License''.
488 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
489 replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.'' line with this:
493 with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
494 the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
499 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
500 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
503 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
504 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
505 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
506 to permit their use in free software.
509 @c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"