]> git.donarmstrong.com Git - samtools.git/commitdiff
Merge branch 'master' of github.com:samtools/samtools into mt
authorHeng Li <lh3@me.com>
Thu, 29 Mar 2012 18:05:37 +0000 (14:05 -0400)
committerHeng Li <lh3@me.com>
Thu, 29 Mar 2012 18:05:37 +0000 (14:05 -0400)
Conflicts:
misc/Makefile

Also, killed warnings on Mac

1  2 
misc/Makefile
misc/bamcheck.c
padding.c

diff --cc misc/Makefile
index 0a4854af4c285b6cd6fc748bee9834ed36c1b5ee,64aa9df7c1b6e86fafa14ba7b3040b163175b16f..8a50ea30c9d4f6cfde4a77c0ce3efc00488e269e
@@@ -4,7 -4,7 +4,7 @@@ CFLAGS=          -g -Wall -O2 #-m64 #-arch pp
  CXXFLAGS=     $(CFLAGS)
  DFLAGS=               -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64
  OBJS=         
- PROG=         md5sum-lite md5fa maq2sam-short maq2sam-long ace2sam wgsim
 -PROG=         md5sum-lite md5fa maq2sam-short maq2sam-long ace2sam wgsim seqtk bamcheck
++PROG=         md5sum-lite md5fa maq2sam-short maq2sam-long ace2sam wgsim bamcheck
  INCLUDES=     -I..
  SUBDIRS=      .
  
diff --cc misc/bamcheck.c
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000,03cf3b233fec3b7d976dc07ac82fad94fd47a70c..76a9f6ee04a8247ebbfd93b35a2e1b0c3e1ca8eb
mode 000000,100644..100644
--- /dev/null
@@@ -1,0 -1,1287 +1,1287 @@@
 -    printf("SN\tsequences:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_1st+stats->nreads_2nd);
+ /* 
+     Author: petr.danecek@sanger
+     gcc -Wall -Winline -g -O2 -I ~/git/samtools bamcheck.c -o bamcheck -lm -lz -L ~/git/samtools -lbam
+     Assumptions, approximations and other issues:
+         - GC-depth graph does not split reads, the starting position determines which bin is incremented.
+             There are small overlaps between bins (max readlen-1). However, the bins are big (20k).
+         - coverage distribution ignores softclips and deletions
+         - some stats require sorted BAMs
+         - GC content graph can have an untidy, step-like pattern when BAM contains multiple read lengths.
+         - The whole reads are used with -t, no splicing is done, no indels or soft clips are 
+             considered, even small overlap is good enough to include the read in the stats.
+ */
+ #define BAMCHECK_VERSION "2012-03-29"
+ #define _ISOC99_SOURCE
+ #define _GNU_SOURCE
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <stdlib.h>
+ #include <stdarg.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ #include <math.h>
+ #include <ctype.h>
+ #include <getopt.h>
+ #include <errno.h>
+ #include "faidx.h"
+ #include "khash.h"
+ #include "sam.h"
+ #include "razf.h"
+ #define BWA_MIN_RDLEN 35
+ #define IS_PAIRED(bam) ((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FPAIRED && !((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FUNMAP) && !((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FMUNMAP))
+ #define IS_UNMAPPED(bam) ((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FUNMAP)
+ #define IS_REVERSE(bam) ((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FREVERSE)
+ #define IS_MATE_REVERSE(bam) ((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FMREVERSE)
+ #define IS_READ1(bam) ((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FREAD1)
+ #define IS_READ2(bam) ((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FREAD2)
+ #define IS_DUP(bam) ((bam)->core.flag&BAM_FDUP)
+ typedef struct 
+ {
+     int32_t line_len, line_blen;
+     int64_t len;
+     uint64_t offset;
+ } 
+ faidx1_t;
+ KHASH_MAP_INIT_STR(s, faidx1_t)
+ KHASH_MAP_INIT_STR(str, int)
+ struct __faidx_t {
+     RAZF *rz;
+     int n, m;
+     char **name;
+     khash_t(s) *hash;
+ };
+ typedef struct
+ {
+     float gc;
+     uint32_t depth;
+ }
+ gc_depth_t;
+ // For coverage distribution, a simple pileup
+ typedef struct 
+ {
+     int64_t pos;
+     int size, start;
+     int *buffer;
+ } 
+ round_buffer_t;
+ typedef struct { uint32_t from, to; } pos_t;
+ typedef struct
+ {
+     int npos,mpos,cpos;
+     pos_t *pos;
+ }
+ regions_t;
+ typedef struct
+ {
+     // Parameters
+     int trim_qual;      // bwa trim quality
+     int rmdup;          // Exclude reads marked as duplicates from the stats
+     // Dimensions of the quality histogram holder (quals_1st,quals_2nd), GC content holder (gc_1st,gc_2nd),
+     //  insert size histogram holder
+     int nquals;         // The number of quality bins 
+     int nbases;         // The maximum sequence length the allocated array can hold
+     int nisize;         // The maximum insert size that the allocated array can hold
+     int ngc;            // The size of gc_1st and gc_2nd
+     int nindels;        // The maximum indel length for indel distribution
+     // Arrays for the histogram data
+     uint64_t *quals_1st, *quals_2nd;
+     uint64_t *gc_1st, *gc_2nd;
+     uint64_t *isize_inward, *isize_outward, *isize_other;
+     uint64_t *acgt_cycles;
+     uint64_t *read_lengths;
+     uint64_t *insertions, *deletions;
+     uint64_t *ins_cycles, *del_cycles;
+     // The extremes encountered
+     int max_len;            // Maximum read length
+     int max_qual;           // Maximum quality
+     float isize_main_bulk;  // There are always some unrealistically big insert sizes, report only the main part
+     int is_sorted;
+     // Summary numbers
+     uint64_t total_len;
+     uint64_t total_len_dup;
+     uint64_t nreads_1st;
+     uint64_t nreads_2nd;
+     uint64_t nreads_dup;
+     uint64_t nreads_unmapped;
+     uint64_t nreads_unpaired;
+     uint64_t nreads_paired;
+     uint64_t nreads_mq0;
+     uint64_t nbases_mapped;
+     uint64_t nbases_mapped_cigar;
+     uint64_t nbases_trimmed;  // bwa trimmed bases
+     uint64_t nmismatches;
+     // GC-depth related data
+     uint32_t ngcd, igcd;        // The maximum number of GC depth bins and index of the current bin
+     gc_depth_t *gcd;            // The GC-depth bins holder
+     int gcd_bin_size;           // The size of GC-depth bin
+     int32_t tid, gcd_pos;       // Position of the current bin
+     int32_t pos;                // Position of the last read
+     // Coverage distribution related data
+     int ncov;                       // The number of coverage bins
+     uint64_t *cov;                  // The coverage frequencies
+     int cov_min,cov_max,cov_step;   // Minimum, maximum coverage and size of the coverage bins
+     round_buffer_t cov_rbuf;        // Pileup round buffer
+     // Mismatches by read cycle 
+     uint8_t *rseq_buf;             // A buffer for reference sequence to check the mismatches against
+     int nref_seq;               // The size of the buffer
+     int32_t rseq_pos;           // The coordinate of the first base in the buffer
+     int32_t rseq_len;           // The used part of the buffer
+     uint64_t *mpc_buf;          // Mismatches per cycle
+     // Filters
+     int filter_readlen;
+     // Target regions
+     int nregions;
+     regions_t *regions;
+     // Auxiliary data
+     double sum_qual;            // For calculating average quality value 
+     samfile_t *sam;             // Unused
+     faidx_t *fai;               // Reference sequence for GC-depth graph
+     int argc;                   // Command line arguments to be printed on the output
+     char **argv;
+ }
+ stats_t;
+ void error(const char *format, ...);
+ // Coverage distribution methods
+ inline int coverage_idx(int min, int max, int n, int step, int depth)
+ {
+     if ( depth < min )
+         return 0;
+     if ( depth > max )
+         return n-1;
+     return 1 + (depth - min) / step;
+ }
+ inline int round_buffer_lidx2ridx(int offset, int size, int64_t refpos, int64_t pos)
+ {
+     return (offset + (pos-refpos) % size) % size;
+ }
+ void round_buffer_flush(stats_t *stats, int64_t pos)
+ {
+     int ibuf,idp;
+     if ( pos==stats->cov_rbuf.pos ) 
+         return;
+     int64_t new_pos = pos;
+     if ( pos==-1 || pos - stats->cov_rbuf.pos >= stats->cov_rbuf.size )
+     {
+         // Flush the whole buffer, but in sequential order, 
+         pos = stats->cov_rbuf.pos + stats->cov_rbuf.size - 1;
+     }
+     if ( pos < stats->cov_rbuf.pos ) 
+         error("Expected coordinates in ascending order, got %ld after %ld\n", pos,stats->cov_rbuf.pos);
+     int ifrom = stats->cov_rbuf.start;
+     int ito = round_buffer_lidx2ridx(stats->cov_rbuf.start,stats->cov_rbuf.size,stats->cov_rbuf.pos,pos-1);
+     if ( ifrom>ito )
+     {
+         for (ibuf=ifrom; ibuf<stats->cov_rbuf.size; ibuf++)
+         {
+             if ( !stats->cov_rbuf.buffer[ibuf] )
+                 continue;
+             idp = coverage_idx(stats->cov_min,stats->cov_max,stats->ncov,stats->cov_step,stats->cov_rbuf.buffer[ibuf]);
+             stats->cov[idp]++;
+             stats->cov_rbuf.buffer[ibuf] = 0;
+         }
+         ifrom = 0;
+     }
+     for (ibuf=ifrom; ibuf<=ito; ibuf++)
+     {
+         if ( !stats->cov_rbuf.buffer[ibuf] )
+             continue;
+         idp = coverage_idx(stats->cov_min,stats->cov_max,stats->ncov,stats->cov_step,stats->cov_rbuf.buffer[ibuf]);
+         stats->cov[idp]++;
+         stats->cov_rbuf.buffer[ibuf] = 0;
+     }
+     stats->cov_rbuf.start = (new_pos==-1) ? 0 : round_buffer_lidx2ridx(stats->cov_rbuf.start,stats->cov_rbuf.size,stats->cov_rbuf.pos,pos);
+     stats->cov_rbuf.pos   = new_pos;
+ }
+ void round_buffer_insert_read(round_buffer_t *rbuf, int64_t from, int64_t to)
+ {
+     if ( to-from >= rbuf->size )
+         error("The read length too big (%d), please increase the buffer length (currently %d)\n", to-from+1,rbuf->size);
+     if ( from < rbuf->pos )
+         error("The reads are not sorted (%ld comes after %ld).\n", from,rbuf->pos);
+     int ifrom,ito,ibuf;
+     ifrom = round_buffer_lidx2ridx(rbuf->start,rbuf->size,rbuf->pos,from);
+     ito   = round_buffer_lidx2ridx(rbuf->start,rbuf->size,rbuf->pos,to);
+     if ( ifrom>ito )
+     {
+         for (ibuf=ifrom; ibuf<rbuf->size; ibuf++)
+             rbuf->buffer[ibuf]++;
+         ifrom = 0;
+     }
+     for (ibuf=ifrom; ibuf<=ito; ibuf++)
+         rbuf->buffer[ibuf]++;
+ }
+ // Calculate the number of bases in the read trimmed by BWA
+ int bwa_trim_read(int trim_qual, uint8_t *quals, int len, int reverse) 
+ {
+     if ( len<BWA_MIN_RDLEN ) return 0;
+     // Although the name implies that the read cannot be trimmed to more than BWA_MIN_RDLEN,
+     //  the calculation can in fact trim it to (BWA_MIN_RDLEN-1). (bwa_trim_read in bwa/bwaseqio.c).
+     int max_trimmed = len - BWA_MIN_RDLEN + 1;
+     int l, sum=0, max_sum=0, max_l=0;
+     for (l=0; l<max_trimmed; l++)
+     {
+         sum += trim_qual - quals[ reverse ? l : len-1-l ];
+         if ( sum<0 ) break;
+         if ( sum>max_sum )
+         {
+             max_sum = sum;
+             // This is the correct way, but bwa clips from some reason one base less
+             // max_l   = l+1;
+             max_l   = l;
+         }
+     }
+     return max_l;
+ }
+ void count_indels(stats_t *stats,bam1_t *bam_line) 
+ {
+     int is_fwd = IS_REVERSE(bam_line) ? 0 : 1;
+     int icig;
+     int icycle = 0;
+     int read_len = bam_line->core.l_qseq;
+     for (icig=0; icig<bam_line->core.n_cigar; icig++) 
+     {
+         // Conversion from uint32_t to MIDNSHP
+         //  0123456
+         //  MIDNSHP
+         int cig  = bam1_cigar(bam_line)[icig] & BAM_CIGAR_MASK;
+         int ncig = bam1_cigar(bam_line)[icig] >> BAM_CIGAR_SHIFT;
+         if ( cig==1 )
+         {
+             int idx = is_fwd ? icycle : read_len-icycle-1;
+             if ( idx >= stats->nbases ) error("FIXME: %d vs %d\n", idx,stats->nbases);
+             stats->ins_cycles[idx]++;
+             icycle += ncig;
+             if ( ncig<=stats->nindels )
+                 stats->insertions[ncig-1]++;
+             continue;
+         }
+         if ( cig==2 )
+         {
+             int idx = is_fwd ? icycle : read_len-icycle-1;
+             if ( idx >= stats->nbases ) error("FIXME: %d vs %d\n", idx,stats->nbases);
+             stats->del_cycles[idx]++;
+             if ( ncig<=stats->nindels )
+                 stats->deletions[ncig-1]++;
+             continue;
+         }
+         icycle += ncig;
+     }
+ }
+ void count_mismatches_per_cycle(stats_t *stats,bam1_t *bam_line) 
+ {
+     int is_fwd = IS_REVERSE(bam_line) ? 0 : 1;
+     int icig,iread=0,icycle=0;
+     int iref = bam_line->core.pos - stats->rseq_pos;
+     int read_len   = bam_line->core.l_qseq;
+     uint8_t *read  = bam1_seq(bam_line);
+     uint8_t *quals = bam1_qual(bam_line);
+     uint64_t *mpc_buf = stats->mpc_buf;
+     for (icig=0; icig<bam_line->core.n_cigar; icig++) 
+     {
+         // Conversion from uint32_t to MIDNSHP
+         //  0123456
+         //  MIDNSHP
+         int cig  = bam1_cigar(bam_line)[icig] & BAM_CIGAR_MASK;
+         int ncig = bam1_cigar(bam_line)[icig] >> BAM_CIGAR_SHIFT;
+         if ( cig==1 )
+         {
+             iread  += ncig;
+             icycle += ncig;
+             continue;
+         }
+         if ( cig==2 )
+         {
+             iref += ncig;
+             continue;
+         }
+         if ( cig==4 )
+         {
+             icycle += ncig;
+             // Soft-clips are present in the sequence, but the position of the read marks a start of non-clipped sequence
+             //   iref += ncig;
+             iread  += ncig;
+             continue;
+         }
+         if ( cig==5 )
+         {
+             icycle += ncig;
+             continue;
+         }
+         if ( cig!=0 )
+             error("TODO: cigar %d, %s\n", cig,bam1_qname(bam_line));
+        
+         if ( ncig+iref > stats->rseq_len )
+             error("FIXME: %d+%d > %d, %s, %s:%d\n",ncig,iref,stats->rseq_len, bam1_qname(bam_line),stats->sam->header->target_name[bam_line->core.tid],bam_line->core.pos+1);
+         int im;
+         for (im=0; im<ncig; im++)
+         {
+             uint8_t cread = bam1_seqi(read,iread);
+             uint8_t cref  = stats->rseq_buf[iref];
+             // ---------------15
+             // =ACMGRSVTWYHKDBN
+             if ( cread==15 )
+             {
+                 int idx = is_fwd ? icycle : read_len-icycle-1;
+                 if ( idx>stats->max_len )
+                     error("mpc: %d>%d\n",idx,stats->max_len);
+                 idx = idx*stats->nquals;
+                 if ( idx>=stats->nquals*stats->nbases )
+                     error("FIXME: mpc_buf overflow\n");
+                 mpc_buf[idx]++;
+             }
+             else if ( cref && cread && cref!=cread )
+             {
+                 uint8_t qual = quals[iread] + 1;
+                 if ( qual>=stats->nquals )
+                     error("TODO: quality too high %d>=%d\n", quals[iread],stats->nquals);
+                 int idx = is_fwd ? icycle : read_len-icycle-1;
+                 if ( idx>stats->max_len )
+                     error("mpc: %d>%d\n",idx,stats->max_len);
+                 idx = idx*stats->nquals + qual;
+                 if ( idx>=stats->nquals*stats->nbases )
+                     error("FIXME: mpc_buf overflow\n");
+                 mpc_buf[idx]++;
+             }
+             iref++;
+             iread++;
+             icycle++;
+         }
+     }
+ }
+ void read_ref_seq(stats_t *stats,int32_t tid,int32_t pos)
+ {
+     khash_t(s) *h;
+     khiter_t iter;
+     faidx1_t val;
+     char *chr, c;
+     faidx_t *fai = stats->fai;
+     h = fai->hash;
+     chr = stats->sam->header->target_name[tid];
+     // ID of the sequence name
+     iter = kh_get(s, h, chr);
+     if (iter == kh_end(h)) 
+         error("No such reference sequence [%s]?\n", chr);
+     val = kh_value(h, iter);
+     // Check the boundaries
+     if (pos >= val.len)
+         error("Was the bam file mapped with the reference sequence supplied?"
+               " A read mapped beyond the end of the chromosome (%s:%d, chromosome length %d).\n", chr,pos,val.len);
+     int size = stats->nref_seq;
+     // The buffer extends beyond the chromosome end. Later the rest will be filled with N's.
+     if (size+pos > val.len) size = val.len-pos;
+     // Position the razf reader
+     razf_seek(fai->rz, val.offset + pos / val.line_blen * val.line_len + pos % val.line_blen, SEEK_SET);
+     uint8_t *ptr = stats->rseq_buf;
+     int nread = 0;
+     while ( nread<size && razf_read(fai->rz,&c,1) && !fai->rz->z_err )
+     {
+         if ( !isgraph(c) )
+             continue;
+         // Conversion between uint8_t coding and ACGT
+         //      -12-4---8-------
+         //      =ACMGRSVTWYHKDBN
+         if ( c=='A' || c=='a' )
+             *ptr = 1;
+         else if ( c=='C' || c=='c' )
+             *ptr = 2;
+         else if ( c=='G' || c=='g' )
+             *ptr = 4;
+         else if ( c=='T' || c=='t' )
+             *ptr = 8;
+         else
+             *ptr = 0;
+         ptr++;
+         nread++;
+     }
+     if ( nread < stats->nref_seq )
+     {
+         memset(ptr,0, stats->nref_seq - nread);
+         nread = stats->nref_seq;
+     }
+     stats->rseq_len = nread;
+     stats->rseq_pos = pos;
+     stats->tid      = tid;
+ }
+ float fai_gc_content(stats_t *stats)
+ {
+     uint32_t gc,count,c;
+     int i,size = stats->rseq_len;
+     // Count GC content
+     gc = count = 0;
+     for (i=0; i<size; i++)
+     {
+         c = stats->rseq_buf[i];
+         if ( c==2 || c==4 )
+         {
+             gc++;
+             count++;
+         }
+         else if ( c==1 || c==8 )
+             count++;
+     }
+     return count ? (float)gc/count : 0;
+ }
+ void realloc_buffers(stats_t *stats, int seq_len)
+ {
+     int n = 2*(1 + seq_len - stats->nbases) + stats->nbases;
+     stats->quals_1st = realloc(stats->quals_1st, n*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->quals_1st )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->quals_1st + stats->nbases*stats->nquals, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->quals_2nd = realloc(stats->quals_2nd, n*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->quals_2nd )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (2x%ld)\n", seq_len,n*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->quals_2nd + stats->nbases*stats->nquals, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( stats->mpc_buf )
+     {
+         stats->mpc_buf = realloc(stats->mpc_buf, n*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+         if ( !stats->mpc_buf )
+             error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+         memset(stats->mpc_buf + stats->nbases*stats->nquals, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*stats->nquals*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     }
+     stats->acgt_cycles = realloc(stats->acgt_cycles, n*4*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->acgt_cycles )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*4*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->acgt_cycles + stats->nbases*4, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*4*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->read_lengths = realloc(stats->read_lengths, n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->read_lengths )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->read_lengths + stats->nbases, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->insertions = realloc(stats->insertions, n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->insertions )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->insertions + stats->nbases, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->deletions = realloc(stats->deletions, n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->deletions )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->deletions + stats->nbases, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->ins_cycles = realloc(stats->ins_cycles, n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->ins_cycles )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->ins_cycles + stats->nbases, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->del_cycles = realloc(stats->del_cycles, n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( !stats->del_cycles )
+         error("Could not realloc buffers, the sequence too long: %d (%ld)\n", seq_len,n*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     memset(stats->del_cycles + stats->nbases, 0, (n-stats->nbases)*sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->nbases = n;
+     // Realloc the coverage distribution buffer
+     int *rbuffer = calloc(sizeof(int),seq_len*5);
+     n = stats->cov_rbuf.size-stats->cov_rbuf.start;
+     memcpy(rbuffer,stats->cov_rbuf.buffer+stats->cov_rbuf.start,n);
+     if ( stats->cov_rbuf.start>1 )
+         memcpy(rbuffer+n,stats->cov_rbuf.buffer,stats->cov_rbuf.start);
+     stats->cov_rbuf.start = 0;
+     free(stats->cov_rbuf.buffer);
+     stats->cov_rbuf.buffer = rbuffer;
+     stats->cov_rbuf.size = seq_len*5;
+ }
+ void collect_stats(bam1_t *bam_line, stats_t *stats)
+ {
+     if ( stats->rmdup && IS_DUP(bam_line) )
+         return;
+     int seq_len = bam_line->core.l_qseq;
+     if ( !seq_len ) return;
+     if ( stats->filter_readlen!=-1 && seq_len!=stats->filter_readlen ) return;
+     if ( seq_len >= stats->nbases )
+         realloc_buffers(stats,seq_len);
+     if ( stats->max_len<seq_len )
+         stats->max_len = seq_len;
+     stats->read_lengths[seq_len]++;
+     // Count GC and ACGT per cycle
+     uint8_t base, *seq  = bam1_seq(bam_line);
+     int gc_count  = 0;
+     int i;
+     int reverse = IS_REVERSE(bam_line);
+     for (i=0; i<seq_len; i++)
+     {
+         // Conversion from uint8_t coding to ACGT
+         //      -12-4---8-------
+         //      =ACMGRSVTWYHKDBN
+         //       01 2   3
+         base = bam1_seqi(seq,i);
+         base /= 2;
+         if ( base==1 || base==2 ) gc_count++;
+         else if ( base>2 ) base=3;
+         if ( 4*(reverse ? seq_len-i-1 : i) + base >= stats->nbases*4 ) 
+             error("FIXME: acgt_cycles\n");
+         stats->acgt_cycles[ 4*(reverse ? seq_len-i-1 : i) + base ]++;
+     }
+     int gc_idx_min = gc_count*(stats->ngc-1)/seq_len;
+     int gc_idx_max = (gc_count+1)*(stats->ngc-1)/seq_len;
+     if ( gc_idx_max >= stats->ngc ) gc_idx_max = stats->ngc - 1;
+     // Determine which array (1st or 2nd read) will these stats go to,
+     //  trim low quality bases from end the same way BWA does, 
+     //  fill GC histogram
+     uint64_t *quals;
+     uint8_t *bam_quals = bam1_qual(bam_line);
+     if ( bam_line->core.flag&BAM_FREAD2 )
+     {
+         quals  = stats->quals_2nd;
+         stats->nreads_2nd++;
+         for (i=gc_idx_min; i<gc_idx_max; i++)
+             stats->gc_2nd[i]++;
+     }
+     else
+     {
+         quals = stats->quals_1st;
+         stats->nreads_1st++;
+         for (i=gc_idx_min; i<gc_idx_max; i++)
+             stats->gc_1st[i]++;
+     }
+     if ( stats->trim_qual>0 ) 
+         stats->nbases_trimmed += bwa_trim_read(stats->trim_qual, bam_quals, seq_len, reverse);
+     // Quality histogram and average quality
+     for (i=0; i<seq_len; i++)
+     {
+         uint8_t qual = bam_quals[ reverse ? seq_len-i-1 : i];
+         if ( qual>=stats->nquals )
+             error("TODO: quality too high %d>=%d\n", quals[i],stats->nquals);
+         if ( qual>stats->max_qual )
+             stats->max_qual = qual;
+         quals[ i*stats->nquals+qual ]++;
+         stats->sum_qual += qual;
+     }
+     // Look at the flags and increment appropriate counters (mapped, paired, etc)
+     if ( IS_UNMAPPED(bam_line) )
+         stats->nreads_unmapped++;
+     else
+     {
+         if ( !bam_line->core.qual )
+             stats->nreads_mq0++;
+         count_indels(stats,bam_line);
+         // The insert size is tricky, because for long inserts the libraries are
+         // prepared differently and the pairs point in other direction. BWA does
+         // not set the paired flag for them.  Similar thing is true also for 454
+         // reads. Therefore, do the insert size stats for all mapped reads.
+         int32_t isize = bam_line->core.isize;
+         if ( isize<0 ) isize = -isize;
+         if ( IS_PAIRED(bam_line) && isize!=0 )
+         {
+             stats->nreads_paired++;
+             if ( isize >= stats->nisize )
+                 isize=stats->nisize-1;
+             int pos_fst = bam_line->core.mpos - bam_line->core.pos;
+             int is_fst  = IS_READ1(bam_line) ? 1 : -1;
+             int is_fwd  = IS_REVERSE(bam_line) ? -1 : 1;
+             int is_mfwd = IS_MATE_REVERSE(bam_line) ? -1 : 1;
+             if ( is_fwd*is_mfwd>0 )
+                 stats->isize_other[isize]++;
+             else if ( is_fst*pos_fst>0 )
+             {
+                 if ( is_fst*is_fwd>0 )
+                     stats->isize_inward[isize]++;
+                 else
+                     stats->isize_outward[isize]++;
+             }
+             else if ( is_fst*pos_fst<0 )
+             {
+                 if ( is_fst*is_fwd>0 )
+                     stats->isize_outward[isize]++;
+                 else
+                     stats->isize_inward[isize]++;
+             }
+         }
+         else
+             stats->nreads_unpaired++;
+         // Number of mismatches 
+         uint8_t *nm = bam_aux_get(bam_line,"NM");
+         if (nm) 
+             stats->nmismatches += bam_aux2i(nm);
+         // Number of mapped bases from cigar 
+         if ( bam_line->core.n_cigar == 0) 
+             error("FIXME: mapped read with no cigar?\n");
+         int readlen = seq_len;
+         for (i=0; i<bam_line->core.n_cigar; i++) 
+         {
+             // Conversion from uint32_t to MIDNSHP
+             //  01--4--
+             //  MIDNSHP
+             if ( (bam1_cigar(bam_line)[i]&BAM_CIGAR_MASK)==0 || (bam1_cigar(bam_line)[i]&BAM_CIGAR_MASK)==1 )
+                 stats->nbases_mapped_cigar += bam1_cigar(bam_line)[i]>>BAM_CIGAR_SHIFT;
+             if ( (bam1_cigar(bam_line)[i]&BAM_CIGAR_MASK)==2 )
+                 readlen += bam1_cigar(bam_line)[i]>>BAM_CIGAR_SHIFT;
+         }
+         stats->nbases_mapped += seq_len;
+         if ( stats->tid==bam_line->core.tid && bam_line->core.pos<stats->pos )
+             stats->is_sorted = 0;
+         stats->pos = bam_line->core.pos;
+         if ( stats->is_sorted )
+         {
+             if ( stats->tid==-1 || stats->tid!=bam_line->core.tid )
+                 round_buffer_flush(stats,-1);
+             // Mismatches per cycle and GC-depth graph
+             if ( stats->fai )
+             {
+                 // First pass, new chromosome or sequence spanning beyond the end of the buffer 
+                 if ( stats->rseq_pos==-1 || stats->tid != bam_line->core.tid || stats->rseq_pos+stats->rseq_len < bam_line->core.pos+readlen )
+                 {
+                     read_ref_seq(stats,bam_line->core.tid,bam_line->core.pos);
+                     // Get the reference GC content for this bin. Note that in the current implementation
+                     //  the GCD bins overlap by seq_len-1. Because the bin size is by default 20k and the 
+                     //  expected read length only ~100bp, it shouldn't really matter.
+                     stats->gcd_pos = bam_line->core.pos;
+                     stats->igcd++;
+                     if ( stats->igcd >= stats->ngcd )
+                         error("The genome too long or the GCD bin overlaps too big [%ud]\n", stats->igcd);
+                     stats->gcd[ stats->igcd ].gc = fai_gc_content(stats);
+                 }
+                 count_mismatches_per_cycle(stats,bam_line);
+             }
+             else if ( stats->gcd_pos==-1 || stats->tid != bam_line->core.tid || bam_line->core.pos - stats->gcd_pos > stats->gcd_bin_size )
+             {
+                 // First pass or a new chromosome
+                 stats->tid     = bam_line->core.tid;
+                 stats->gcd_pos = bam_line->core.pos;
+                 stats->igcd++;
+                 if ( stats->igcd >= stats->ngcd )
+                 {
+                     uint32_t n = 2*(1 + stats->ngcd);
+                     stats->gcd = realloc(stats->gcd, n*sizeof(gc_depth_t));
+                     if ( !stats->gcd )
+                         error("Could not realloc GCD buffer, too many chromosomes or the genome too long?? [%u %u]\n", stats->ngcd,n);
+                     memset(&(stats->gcd[stats->ngcd]),0,(n-stats->ngcd)*sizeof(gc_depth_t));
+                 }
+             }
+             stats->gcd[ stats->igcd ].depth++;
+             // When no reference sequence is given, approximate the GC from the read (much shorter window, but otherwise OK)
+             if ( !stats->fai )
+                 stats->gcd[ stats->igcd ].gc += (float) gc_count / seq_len;
+             // Coverage distribution graph
+             round_buffer_flush(stats,bam_line->core.pos);
+             round_buffer_insert_read(&(stats->cov_rbuf),bam_line->core.pos,bam_line->core.pos+seq_len-1);
+         }
+     }
+     stats->total_len += seq_len;
+     if ( IS_DUP(bam_line) )
+     {
+         stats->total_len_dup += seq_len;
+         stats->nreads_dup++;
+     }
+ }
+ // Sort by GC and depth
+ #define GCD_t(x) ((gc_depth_t *)x)
+ static int gcd_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+ {
+     if ( GCD_t(a)->gc < GCD_t(b)->gc ) return -1;
+     if ( GCD_t(a)->gc > GCD_t(b)->gc ) return 1;
+     if ( GCD_t(a)->depth < GCD_t(b)->depth ) return -1;
+     if ( GCD_t(a)->depth > GCD_t(b)->depth ) return 1;
+     return 0;
+ }
+ #undef GCD_t
+ float gcd_percentile(gc_depth_t *gcd, int N, int p)
+ {
+     float n,d;
+     int k;
+     n = p*(N+1)/100;
+     k = n;
+     if ( k<=0 ) 
+         return gcd[0].depth;
+     if ( k>=N ) 
+         return gcd[N-1].depth;
+     d = n - k;
+     return gcd[k-1].depth + d*(gcd[k].depth - gcd[k-1].depth);
+ }
+ void output_stats(stats_t *stats)
+ {
+     // Calculate average insert size and standard deviation (from the main bulk data only)
+     int isize, ibulk=0;
+     uint64_t nisize=0, nisize_inward=0, nisize_outward=0, nisize_other=0;
+     for (isize=1; isize<stats->nisize; isize++)
+     {
+         // Each pair was counted twice
+         stats->isize_inward[isize] *= 0.5;
+         stats->isize_outward[isize] *= 0.5;
+         stats->isize_other[isize] *= 0.5;
+         nisize_inward += stats->isize_inward[isize];
+         nisize_outward += stats->isize_outward[isize];
+         nisize_other += stats->isize_other[isize];
+         nisize += stats->isize_inward[isize] + stats->isize_outward[isize] + stats->isize_other[isize];
+     }
+     double bulk=0, avg_isize=0, sd_isize=0;
+     for (isize=1; isize<stats->nisize; isize++)
+     {
+         bulk += stats->isize_inward[isize] + stats->isize_outward[isize] + stats->isize_other[isize];
+         avg_isize += isize * (stats->isize_inward[isize] + stats->isize_outward[isize] + stats->isize_other[isize]);
+         if ( bulk/nisize > stats->isize_main_bulk )
+         {
+             ibulk  = isize+1;
+             nisize = bulk;
+             break;
+         }
+     }
+     avg_isize /= nisize ? nisize : 1;
+     for (isize=1; isize<ibulk; isize++)
+         sd_isize += (stats->isize_inward[isize] + stats->isize_outward[isize] + stats->isize_other[isize]) * (isize-avg_isize)*(isize-avg_isize) / nisize;
+     sd_isize = sqrt(sd_isize);
+     printf("# This file was produced by bamcheck (%s)\n",BAMCHECK_VERSION);
+     printf("# The command line was:  %s",stats->argv[0]);
+     int i;
+     for (i=1; i<stats->argc; i++)
+         printf(" %s",stats->argv[i]);
+     printf("\n");
+     printf("# Summary Numbers. Use `grep ^SN | cut -f 2-` to extract this part.\n");
 -    printf("SN\t1st fragments:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_1st);
 -    printf("SN\tlast fragments:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_2nd);
 -    printf("SN\treads mapped:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_paired+stats->nreads_unpaired);
 -    printf("SN\treads unmapped:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_unmapped);
 -    printf("SN\treads unpaired:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_unpaired);
 -    printf("SN\treads paired:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_paired);
 -    printf("SN\treads duplicated:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_dup);
 -    printf("SN\treads MQ0:\t%ld\n", stats->nreads_mq0);
 -    printf("SN\ttotal length:\t%ld\n", stats->total_len);
 -    printf("SN\tbases mapped:\t%ld\n", stats->nbases_mapped);
 -    printf("SN\tbases mapped (cigar):\t%ld\n", stats->nbases_mapped_cigar);
 -    printf("SN\tbases trimmed:\t%ld\n", stats->nbases_trimmed);
 -    printf("SN\tbases duplicated:\t%ld\n", stats->total_len_dup);
 -    printf("SN\tmismatches:\t%ld\n", stats->nmismatches);
++    printf("SN\tsequences:\t%ld\n", (long)(stats->nreads_1st+stats->nreads_2nd));
+     printf("SN\tis paired:\t%d\n", stats->nreads_1st&&stats->nreads_2nd ? 1 : 0);
+     printf("SN\tis sorted:\t%d\n", stats->is_sorted ? 1 : 0);
 -    printf("SN\tinward oriented pairs:\t%ld\n", nisize_inward);
 -    printf("SN\toutward oriented pairs:\t%ld\n", nisize_outward);
 -    printf("SN\tpairs with other orientation:\t%ld\n", nisize_other);
++    printf("SN\t1st fragments:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nreads_1st);
++    printf("SN\tlast fragments:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nreads_2nd);
++    printf("SN\treads mapped:\t%ld\n", (long)(stats->nreads_paired+stats->nreads_unpaired));
++    printf("SN\treads unmapped:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nreads_unmapped);
++    printf("SN\treads unpaired:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nreads_unpaired);
++    printf("SN\treads paired:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nreads_paired);
++    printf("SN\treads duplicated:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nreads_dup);
++    printf("SN\treads MQ0:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nreads_mq0);
++    printf("SN\ttotal length:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->total_len);
++    printf("SN\tbases mapped:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nbases_mapped);
++    printf("SN\tbases mapped (cigar):\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nbases_mapped_cigar);
++    printf("SN\tbases trimmed:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nbases_trimmed);
++    printf("SN\tbases duplicated:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->total_len_dup);
++    printf("SN\tmismatches:\t%ld\n", (long)stats->nmismatches);
+     printf("SN\terror rate:\t%e\n", (float)stats->nmismatches/stats->nbases_mapped_cigar);
+     float avg_read_length = (stats->nreads_1st+stats->nreads_2nd)?stats->total_len/(stats->nreads_1st+stats->nreads_2nd):0;
+     printf("SN\taverage length:\t%.0f\n", avg_read_length);
+     printf("SN\tmaximum length:\t%d\n", stats->max_len);
+     printf("SN\taverage quality:\t%.1f\n", stats->total_len?stats->sum_qual/stats->total_len:0);
+     printf("SN\tinsert size average:\t%.1f\n", avg_isize);
+     printf("SN\tinsert size standard deviation:\t%.1f\n", sd_isize);
 -            printf("\t%ld", stats->quals_1st[ibase*stats->nquals+iqual]);
++    printf("SN\tinward oriented pairs:\t%ld\n", (long)nisize_inward);
++    printf("SN\toutward oriented pairs:\t%ld\n", (long)nisize_outward);
++    printf("SN\tpairs with other orientation:\t%ld\n", (long)nisize_other);
+     int ibase,iqual;
+     if ( stats->max_len<stats->nbases ) stats->max_len++;
+     if ( stats->max_qual+1<stats->nquals ) stats->max_qual++;
+     printf("# First Fragment Qualitites. Use `grep ^FFQ | cut -f 2-` to extract this part.\n");
+     printf("# Columns correspond to qualities and rows to cycles. First column is the cycle number.\n");
+     for (ibase=0; ibase<stats->max_len; ibase++)
+     {
+         printf("FFQ\t%d",ibase+1);
+         for (iqual=0; iqual<=stats->max_qual; iqual++)
+         {
 -            printf("\t%ld", stats->quals_2nd[ibase*stats->nquals+iqual]);
++            printf("\t%ld", (long)stats->quals_1st[ibase*stats->nquals+iqual]);
+         }
+         printf("\n");
+     }
+     printf("# Last Fragment Qualitites. Use `grep ^LFQ | cut -f 2-` to extract this part.\n");
+     printf("# Columns correspond to qualities and rows to cycles. First column is the cycle number.\n");
+     for (ibase=0; ibase<stats->max_len; ibase++)
+     {
+         printf("LFQ\t%d",ibase+1);
+         for (iqual=0; iqual<=stats->max_qual; iqual++)
+         {
 -                printf("\t%ld", stats->mpc_buf[ibase*stats->nquals+iqual]);
++            printf("\t%ld", (long)stats->quals_2nd[ibase*stats->nquals+iqual]);
+         }
+         printf("\n");
+     }
+     if ( stats->mpc_buf )
+     {
+         printf("# Mismatches per cycle and quality. Use `grep ^MPC | cut -f 2-` to extract this part.\n");
+         printf("# Columns correspond to qualities, rows to cycles. First column is the cycle number, second\n");
+         printf("# is the number of N's and the rest is the number of mismatches\n");
+         for (ibase=0; ibase<stats->max_len; ibase++)
+         {
+             printf("MPC\t%d",ibase+1);
+             for (iqual=0; iqual<=stats->max_qual; iqual++)
+             {
 -        printf("GCF\t%.2f\t%ld\n", (ibase+ibase_prev)*0.5*100./(stats->ngc-1),stats->gc_1st[ibase_prev]);
++                printf("\t%ld", (long)stats->mpc_buf[ibase*stats->nquals+iqual]);
+             }
+             printf("\n");
+         }
+     }
+     printf("# GC Content of first fragments. Use `grep ^GCF | cut -f 2-` to extract this part.\n");
+     int ibase_prev = 0;
+     for (ibase=0; ibase<stats->ngc; ibase++)
+     {
+         if ( stats->gc_1st[ibase]==stats->gc_1st[ibase_prev] ) continue;
 -        printf("GCL\t%.2f\t%ld\n", (ibase+ibase_prev)*0.5*100./(stats->ngc-1),stats->gc_2nd[ibase_prev]);
++        printf("GCF\t%.2f\t%ld\n", (ibase+ibase_prev)*0.5*100./(stats->ngc-1), (long)stats->gc_1st[ibase_prev]);
+         ibase_prev = ibase;
+     }
+     printf("# GC Content of last fragments. Use `grep ^GCL | cut -f 2-` to extract this part.\n");
+     ibase_prev = 0;
+     for (ibase=0; ibase<stats->ngc; ibase++)
+     {
+         if ( stats->gc_2nd[ibase]==stats->gc_2nd[ibase_prev] ) continue;
 -        printf("IS\t%d\t%ld\t%ld\t%ld\t%ld\n", isize,(stats->isize_inward[isize]+stats->isize_outward[isize]+stats->isize_other[isize]),
 -            stats->isize_inward[isize],stats->isize_outward[isize],stats->isize_other[isize]);
++        printf("GCL\t%.2f\t%ld\n", (ibase+ibase_prev)*0.5*100./(stats->ngc-1), (long)stats->gc_2nd[ibase_prev]);
+         ibase_prev = ibase;
+     }
+     printf("# ACGT content per cycle. Use `grep ^GCC | cut -f 2-` to extract this part. The columns are: cycle, and A,C,G,T counts [%%]\n");
+     for (ibase=0; ibase<stats->max_len; ibase++)
+     {
+         uint64_t *ptr = &(stats->acgt_cycles[ibase*4]);
+         uint64_t  sum = ptr[0]+ptr[1]+ptr[2]+ptr[3];
+         if ( ! sum ) continue;
+         printf("GCC\t%d\t%.2f\t%.2f\t%.2f\t%.2f\n", ibase,100.*ptr[0]/sum,100.*ptr[1]/sum,100.*ptr[2]/sum,100.*ptr[3]/sum);
+     }
+     printf("# Insert sizes. Use `grep ^IS | cut -f 2-` to extract this part. The columns are: pairs total, inward oriented pairs, outward oriented pairs, other pairs\n");
+     for (isize=1; isize<ibulk; isize++)
 -            printf("RL\t%d\t%ld\n", ilen,stats->read_lengths[ilen]);
++        printf("IS\t%d\t%ld\t%ld\t%ld\t%ld\n", isize, (long)(stats->isize_inward[isize]+stats->isize_outward[isize]+stats->isize_other[isize]),
++            (long)stats->isize_inward[isize], (long)stats->isize_outward[isize], (long)stats->isize_other[isize]);
+     printf("# Read lengths. Use `grep ^RL | cut -f 2-` to extract this part. The columns are: read length, count\n");
+     int ilen;
+     for (ilen=0; ilen<stats->max_len; ilen++)
+     {
+         if ( stats->read_lengths[ilen]>0 )
 -            printf("ID\t%d\t%ld\t%ld\n", ilen+1,stats->insertions[ilen],stats->deletions[ilen]);
++            printf("RL\t%d\t%ld\n", ilen, (long)stats->read_lengths[ilen]);
+     }
+     printf("# Indel distribution. Use `grep ^ID | cut -f 2-` to extract this part. The columns are: length, number of insertions, number of deletions\n");
+     for (ilen=0; ilen<stats->nindels; ilen++)
+     {
+         if ( stats->insertions[ilen]>0 || stats->deletions[ilen]>0 )
 -            printf("IC\t%d\t%ld\t%ld\n", ilen+1,stats->ins_cycles[ilen],stats->del_cycles[ilen]);
++            printf("ID\t%d\t%ld\t%ld\n", ilen+1, (long)stats->insertions[ilen], (long)stats->deletions[ilen]);
+     }
+     printf("# Indels per cycle. Use `grep ^IC | cut -f 2-` to extract this part. The columns are: cycle, number of insertions, number of deletions\n");
+     for (ilen=0; ilen<stats->nbases; ilen++)
+     {
+         if ( stats->ins_cycles[ilen]>0 || stats->del_cycles[ilen]>0 )
 -    printf("COV\t[<%d]\t%d\t%ld\n",stats->cov_min,stats->cov_min-1,stats->cov[0]);
++            printf("IC\t%d\t%ld\t%ld\n", ilen+1, (long)stats->ins_cycles[ilen], (long)stats->del_cycles[ilen]);
+     }
+     printf("# Coverage distribution. Use `grep ^COV | cut -f 2-` to extract this part.\n");
 -        printf("COV\t[%d-%d]\t%d\t%ld\n",stats->cov_min + (icov-1)*stats->cov_step, stats->cov_min + icov*stats->cov_step-1,stats->cov_min + icov*stats->cov_step-1,stats->cov[icov]);
 -    printf("COV\t[%d<]\t%d\t%ld\n",stats->cov_min + (stats->ncov-2)*stats->cov_step-1,stats->cov_min + (stats->ncov-2)*stats->cov_step-1,stats->cov[stats->ncov-1]);
++    printf("COV\t[<%d]\t%d\t%ld\n",stats->cov_min,stats->cov_min-1, (long)stats->cov[0]);
+     int icov;
+     for (icov=1; icov<stats->ncov-1; icov++)
++        printf("COV\t[%d-%d]\t%d\t%ld\n",stats->cov_min + (icov-1)*stats->cov_step, stats->cov_min + icov*stats->cov_step-1,stats->cov_min + icov*stats->cov_step-1, (long)stats->cov[icov]);
++    printf("COV\t[%d<]\t%d\t%ld\n",stats->cov_min + (stats->ncov-2)*stats->cov_step-1,stats->cov_min + (stats->ncov-2)*stats->cov_step-1, (long)stats->cov[stats->ncov-1]);
+     // Calculate average GC content, then sort by GC and depth
+     printf("# GC-depth. Use `grep ^GCD | cut -f 2-` to extract this part. The columns are: GC%%, unique sequence percentiles, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th depth percentile\n");
+     uint32_t igcd;
+     for (igcd=0; igcd<stats->igcd; igcd++)
+     {
+         if ( stats->fai )
+             stats->gcd[igcd].gc = round(100. * stats->gcd[igcd].gc);
+         else
+             if ( stats->gcd[igcd].depth ) 
+                 stats->gcd[igcd].gc = round(100. * stats->gcd[igcd].gc / stats->gcd[igcd].depth);
+     }
+     qsort(stats->gcd, stats->igcd+1, sizeof(gc_depth_t), gcd_cmp);
+     igcd = 0;
+     while ( igcd < stats->igcd )
+     {
+         // Calculate percentiles (10,25,50,75,90th) for the current GC content and print
+         uint32_t nbins=0, itmp=igcd;
+         float gc = stats->gcd[igcd].gc;
+         while ( itmp<stats->igcd && fabs(stats->gcd[itmp].gc-gc)<0.1 )
+         {
+             nbins++;
+             itmp++;
+         }
+         printf("GCD\t%.1f\t%.3f\t%.3f\t%.3f\t%.3f\t%.3f\t%.3f\n", gc, (igcd+nbins+1)*100./(stats->igcd+1),
+                 gcd_percentile(&(stats->gcd[igcd]),nbins,10) *avg_read_length/stats->gcd_bin_size,
+                 gcd_percentile(&(stats->gcd[igcd]),nbins,25) *avg_read_length/stats->gcd_bin_size, 
+                 gcd_percentile(&(stats->gcd[igcd]),nbins,50) *avg_read_length/stats->gcd_bin_size, 
+                 gcd_percentile(&(stats->gcd[igcd]),nbins,75) *avg_read_length/stats->gcd_bin_size, 
+                 gcd_percentile(&(stats->gcd[igcd]),nbins,90) *avg_read_length/stats->gcd_bin_size 
+               );
+         igcd += nbins;
+     }
+ }
+ void bam_init_header_hash(bam_header_t *header);
+ void init_regions(stats_t *stats, char *file)
+ {
+     khiter_t iter;
+     khash_t(str) *header_hash;
+     bam_init_header_hash(stats->sam->header);
+     header_hash = (khash_t(str)*)stats->sam->header->hash;
+     FILE *fp = fopen(file,"r");
+     if ( !fp ) error("%s: %s\n",file,strerror(errno));
+     char *line = NULL;
+     size_t len = 0;
+     ssize_t nread;
+     int warned = 0;
+     int prev_tid=-1, prev_pos=-1;
+     while ((nread = getline(&line, &len, fp)) != -1) 
+     {
+         if ( line[0] == '#' ) continue;
+         int i = 0;
+         while ( i<nread && !isspace(line[i]) ) i++;
+         if ( i>=nread ) error("Could not parse the file: %s\n", file);
+         line[i] = 0;
+         iter = kh_get(str, header_hash, line);
+         int tid = kh_val(header_hash, iter);
+         if ( iter == kh_end(header_hash) )
+         {
+             if ( !warned )
+                 fprintf(stderr,"Warning: Some sequences not present in the BAM (%s)\n", line);
+             warned = 1;
+             continue;
+         }
+         if ( tid >= stats->nregions )
+         {
+             stats->regions = realloc(stats->regions,sizeof(regions_t)*(stats->nregions+100));
+             int j;
+             for (j=stats->nregions; j<stats->nregions+100; j++)
+             {
+                 stats->regions[j].npos = stats->regions[j].mpos = stats->regions[j].cpos = 0;
+                 stats->regions[j].pos = NULL;
+             }
+             stats->nregions += 100;
+         }
+         int npos = stats->regions[tid].npos;
+         if ( npos >= stats->regions[tid].mpos )
+         {
+             stats->regions[tid].mpos += 1000;
+             stats->regions[tid].pos = realloc(stats->regions[tid].pos,sizeof(pos_t)*stats->regions[tid].mpos);
+         }
+         if ( (sscanf(line+i+1,"%d %d",&stats->regions[tid].pos[npos].from,&stats->regions[tid].pos[npos].to))!=2 ) error("Could not parse the region [%s]\n");
+         if ( prev_tid==-1 || prev_tid!=tid )
+         {
+             prev_tid = tid;
+             prev_pos = stats->regions[tid].pos[npos].from;
+         }
+         if ( prev_pos>stats->regions[tid].pos[npos].from )
+             error("The positions are not in chromosomal order (%s:%d comes after %d)\n", line,stats->regions[tid].pos[npos].from,prev_pos);
+         stats->regions[tid].npos++;
+     }
+     if (line) free(line);
+     fclose(fp);
+ }
+ void destroy_regions(stats_t *stats)
+ {
+     int i;
+     for (i=0; i<stats->nregions; i++)
+     {
+         if ( !stats->regions[i].mpos ) continue;
+         free(stats->regions[i].pos);
+     }
+     if ( stats->regions ) free(stats->regions);
+ }
+ static int fetch_read(const bam1_t *bam_line, void *data)
+ {
+     collect_stats((bam1_t*)bam_line,(stats_t*)data);
+     return 1;
+ }
+ void error(const char *format, ...)
+ {
+     if ( !format )
+     {
+         printf("Version: %s\n", BAMCHECK_VERSION);
+         printf("About: The program collects statistics from BAM files. The output can be visualized using plot-bamcheck.\n");
+         printf("Usage: bamcheck [OPTIONS] file.bam\n");
+         printf("       bamcheck [OPTIONS] file.bam chr:from-to\n");
+         printf("Options:\n");
+         printf("    -c, --coverage <int>,<int>,<int>    Coverage distribution min,max,step [1,1000,1]\n");
+         printf("    -d, --remove-dups                   Exlude from statistics reads marked as duplicates\n");
+         printf("    -h, --help                          This help message\n");
+         printf("    -i, --insert-size <int>             Maximum insert size [8000]\n");
+         printf("    -l, --read-length <int>             Include in the statistics only reads with the given read length []\n");
+         printf("    -m, --most-inserts <float>          Report only the main part of inserts [0.99]\n");
+         printf("    -q, --trim-quality <int>            The BWA trimming parameter [0]\n");
+         printf("    -r, --ref-seq <file>                Reference sequence (required for GC-depth calculation).\n");
+         printf("    -t, --target-regions <file>         Do stats in these regions only. Tab-delimited file chr,from,to, 1-based, inclusive.\n");
+         printf("    -s, --sam                           Input is SAM\n");
+         printf("\n");
+     }
+     else
+     {
+         va_list ap;
+         va_start(ap, format);
+         vfprintf(stderr, format, ap);
+         va_end(ap);
+     }
+     exit(-1);
+ }
+ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+ {
+     char *targets = NULL;
+     char *bam_fname = NULL;
+     samfile_t *sam = NULL;
+     char in_mode[5];
+     stats_t *stats = calloc(1,sizeof(stats_t));
+     stats->ngc    = 200;
+     stats->nquals = 95;
+     stats->nbases = 300;
+     stats->nisize = 8000;
+     stats->max_len   = 30;
+     stats->max_qual  = 40;
+     stats->isize_main_bulk = 0.99;   // There are always outliers at the far end
+     stats->gcd_bin_size = 20000;
+     stats->ngcd         = 3e5;     // 300k of 20k bins is enough to hold a genome 6Gbp big
+     stats->nref_seq     = stats->gcd_bin_size;
+     stats->rseq_pos     = -1;
+     stats->tid = stats->gcd_pos = -1;
+     stats->is_sorted = 1;
+     stats->cov_min  = 1;
+     stats->cov_max  = 1000;
+     stats->cov_step = 1;
+     stats->argc = argc;
+     stats->argv = argv;
+     stats->filter_readlen = -1;
+     stats->nindels = stats->nbases;
+     strcpy(in_mode, "rb");
+     static struct option loptions[] = 
+     {
+         {"help",0,0,'h'},
+         {"remove-dups",0,0,'d'},
+         {"sam",0,0,'s'},
+         {"ref-seq",0,0,'r'},
+         {"coverage",0,0,'c'},
+         {"read-length",0,0,'l'},
+         {"insert-size",0,0,'i'},
+         {"most-inserts",0,0,'m'},
+         {"trim-quality",0,0,'q'},
+         {"target-regions",0,0,'t'},
+         {0,0,0,0}
+     };
+     int opt;
+     while ( (opt=getopt_long(argc,argv,"?hdsr:c:l:i:t:m:q:",loptions,NULL))>0 )
+     {
+         switch (opt)
+         {
+             case 'd': stats->rmdup=1; break;
+             case 's': strcpy(in_mode, "r"); break;
+             case 'r': stats->fai = fai_load(optarg); 
+                       if (stats->fai==0) 
+                           error("Could not load faidx: %s\n", optarg); 
+                       break;
+             case 'c': if ( sscanf(optarg,"%d,%d,%d",&stats->cov_min,&stats->cov_max,&stats->cov_step)!= 3 ) 
+                           error("Unable to parse -c %s\n", optarg); 
+                       break;
+             case 'l': stats->filter_readlen = atoi(optarg); break;
+             case 'i': stats->nisize = atoi(optarg); break;
+             case 'm': stats->isize_main_bulk = atof(optarg); break;
+             case 'q': stats->trim_qual = atoi(optarg); break;
+             case 't': targets = optarg; break;
+             case '?': 
+             case 'h': error(NULL);
+             default: error("Unknown argument: %s\n", optarg);
+         }
+     }
+     if ( optind<argc )
+         bam_fname = argv[optind++];
+     if ( !bam_fname )
+     {
+         if ( isatty(fileno((FILE *)stdin)) )
+             error(NULL);
+         bam_fname = "-";
+     }
+     // Init structures
+     //  .. coverage bins and round buffer
+     if ( stats->cov_step > stats->cov_max - stats->cov_min + 1 )
+     {
+         stats->cov_step = stats->cov_max - stats->cov_min;
+         if ( stats->cov_step <= 0 )
+             stats->cov_step = 1;
+     }
+     stats->ncov = 3 + (stats->cov_max-stats->cov_min) / stats->cov_step;
+     stats->cov_max = stats->cov_min + ((stats->cov_max-stats->cov_min)/stats->cov_step +1)*stats->cov_step - 1;
+     stats->cov = calloc(sizeof(uint64_t),stats->ncov);
+     stats->cov_rbuf.size = stats->nbases*5;
+     stats->cov_rbuf.buffer = calloc(sizeof(int32_t),stats->cov_rbuf.size);
+     // .. bam
+     if ((sam = samopen(bam_fname, in_mode, NULL)) == 0) 
+         error("Failed to open: %s\n", bam_fname);
+     stats->sam = sam;
+     bam1_t *bam_line = bam_init1();
+     // .. arrays
+     stats->quals_1st     = calloc(stats->nquals*stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->quals_2nd     = calloc(stats->nquals*stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->gc_1st        = calloc(stats->ngc,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->gc_2nd        = calloc(stats->ngc,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->isize_inward  = calloc(stats->nisize,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->isize_outward = calloc(stats->nisize,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->isize_other   = calloc(stats->nisize,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->gcd           = calloc(stats->ngcd,sizeof(gc_depth_t));
+     stats->rseq_buf      = calloc(stats->nref_seq,sizeof(uint8_t));
+     stats->mpc_buf       = stats->fai ? calloc(stats->nquals*stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t)) : NULL;
+     stats->acgt_cycles   = calloc(4*stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->read_lengths  = calloc(stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->insertions    = calloc(stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->deletions     = calloc(stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->ins_cycles    = calloc(stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     stats->del_cycles    = calloc(stats->nbases,sizeof(uint64_t));
+     if ( targets )
+         init_regions(stats, targets);
+     // Collect statistics
+     if ( optind<argc )
+     {
+         // Collect stats in selected regions only
+         bam_index_t *bam_idx = bam_index_load(bam_fname);
+         if (bam_idx == 0)
+             error("Random alignment retrieval only works for indexed BAM files.\n");
+         int i;
+         for (i=optind; i<argc; i++) 
+         {
+             int tid, beg, end;
+             bam_parse_region(stats->sam->header, argv[i], &tid, &beg, &end);
+             if ( tid < 0 ) continue;
+             bam_fetch(stats->sam->x.bam, bam_idx, tid, beg, end, stats, fetch_read);
+         }
+         bam_index_destroy(bam_idx);
+     }
+     else
+     {
+         // Stream through the entire BAM ignoring off-target regions if -t is given
+         while (samread(sam,bam_line) >= 0) 
+         {
+             if ( stats->regions )
+             {
+                 if ( bam_line->core.tid >= stats->nregions || bam_line->core.tid<0 ) continue;
+                 if ( !stats->is_sorted ) error("The BAM must be sorted in order for -t to work.\n");
+                 regions_t *reg = &stats->regions[bam_line->core.tid];
+                 if ( reg->cpos==reg->npos ) continue;       // done for this chr
+                 // Find a matching interval or skip this read. No splicing of reads is done, no indels or soft clips considered, 
+                 //  even small overlap is enough to include the read in the stats.
+                 int i = reg->cpos;
+                 while ( i<reg->npos && reg->pos[i].to<=bam_line->core.pos ) i++;
+                 if ( i>=reg->npos ) { reg->cpos = reg->npos; continue; }
+                 if ( bam_line->core.pos + bam_line->core.l_qseq + 1 < reg->pos[i].from ) continue;
+                 reg->cpos = i;
+             }
+             collect_stats(bam_line,stats);
+         }
+     }
+     round_buffer_flush(stats,-1);
+     output_stats(stats);
+     bam_destroy1(bam_line);
+     samclose(stats->sam);
+     if (stats->fai) fai_destroy(stats->fai);
+     free(stats->cov_rbuf.buffer); free(stats->cov);
+     free(stats->quals_1st); free(stats->quals_2nd); 
+     free(stats->gc_1st); free(stats->gc_2nd);
+     free(stats->isize_inward); free(stats->isize_outward); free(stats->isize_other);
+     free(stats->gcd);
+     free(stats->rseq_buf);
+     free(stats->mpc_buf);
+     free(stats->acgt_cycles);
+     free(stats->read_lengths);
+     free(stats->insertions);
+     free(stats->deletions);
+     free(stats->ins_cycles);
+     free(stats->del_cycles);
+     destroy_regions(stats);
+     free(stats);
+       return 0;
+ }
diff --cc padding.c
index fb3bc13eb65b9b127bd7d8f82b95b6bbe27aab27,cf8ebfdce26b93bfefc2c794a49908c2fc61d48c..033a7916237f94314bcf9661880a3fcde4604156
+++ b/padding.c
@@@ -54,6 -57,7 +57,7 @@@ int bam_pad2unpad(bamFile in, bamFile o
        bam_header_t *h;
        bam1_t *b;
        kstring_t r, q;
 -        int r_tid = -1;
++      int r_tid = -1;
        uint32_t *cigar2 = 0;
        int n2 = 0, m2 = 0, *posmap = 0;
  
                n2 = 0;
                if (b->core.pos == 0 && b->core.tid >= 0 && strcmp(bam1_qname(b), h->target_name[b->core.tid]) == 0) {
                        int i, k;
+                       /*
+                       fprintf(stderr, "[depad] Found embedded reference %s\n", bam1_qname(b));
+                       */
+                       r_tid = b->core.tid;
                        unpad_seq(b, &r);
 -                              fprintf(stderr, "[depad] ERROR: (Padded) length of %s is %i in BAM header, but %i in embedded reference\n", bam1_qname(b), h->target_len[r_tid], r.l);
+                       if (h->target_len[r_tid] != r.l) {
++                              fprintf(stderr, "[depad] ERROR: (Padded) length of %s is %i in BAM header, but %ld in embedded reference\n", bam1_qname(b), h->target_len[r_tid], r.l);
+                               return -1;
+                       }
                        write_cigar(cigar2, n2, m2, bam_cigar_gen(b->core.l_qseq, BAM_CMATCH));
                        replace_cigar(b, n2, cigar2);
                        posmap = realloc(posmap, r.m * sizeof(int));