]> git.donarmstrong.com Git - lilypond.git/commitdiff
Issue 2815: parser/lexer: de-unionize semantic values, make all of them SCM
authorDavid Kastrup <dak@gnu.org>
Thu, 6 Sep 2012 14:00:48 +0000 (16:00 +0200)
committerDavid Kastrup <dak@gnu.org>
Fri, 14 Sep 2012 05:54:05 +0000 (07:54 +0200)
Being able to reliably interpret semantic values allows for better
parser extension and debugging.

lily/include/lily-lexer.hh
lily/lexer.ll
lily/parser.yy

index caa3b4b44b5987f5c094b74a8ad96606a8c4b7d7..d27b0d3a50f01484770ca2eb6579b86c9a5afef6 100644 (file)
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public:
   SCM keyword_list () const;
   SCM lookup_identifier (string s);
   SCM lookup_identifier_symbol (SCM s);
-  void push_extra_token (int token_type, SCM scm = SCM_UNDEFINED);
+  void push_extra_token (int token_type, SCM scm = SCM_UNSPECIFIED);
   void push_chord_state (SCM alist);
   void push_figuredbass_state ();
   void push_lyric_state ();
index 9fb4cb6d558429e8d76811d6cb2922ab1da9f6d0..f0fed79c7f9b8b936233034f435acb43c09bbb32 100644 (file)
@@ -86,13 +86,15 @@ SCM lookup_markup_list_command (string s);
 bool is_valid_version (string s);
 
 
-#define start_quote()  \
-       yy_push_state (quote);\
-       yylval.string = new string
+#define start_quote() do {                      \
+                yy_push_state (quote);          \
+                yylval = SCM_EOL;               \
+        } while (0)
 
-#define start_lyric_quote()    \
-       yy_push_state (lyric_quote);\
-       yylval.string = new string
+#define start_lyric_quote() do {                \
+                yy_push_state (lyric_quote);    \
+                yylval = SCM_EOL;               \
+        } while (0)
 
 #define yylval (*lexval_)
 
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ BOM_UTF8    \357\273\277
 
   /* produce requested token */
   int type = scm_to_int (scm_caar (extra_tokens_));
-  yylval.scm = scm_cdar (extra_tokens_);
+  yylval = scm_cdar (extra_tokens_);
   extra_tokens_ = scm_cdr (extra_tokens_);
   if (scm_is_null (extra_tokens_))
     yy_pop_state ();
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ BOM_UTF8    \357\273\277
 
   /* produce requested token */
   int type = scm_to_int (scm_caar (extra_tokens_));
-  yylval.scm = scm_cdar (extra_tokens_);
+  yylval = scm_cdar (extra_tokens_);
   extra_tokens_ = scm_cdr (extra_tokens_);
   if (scm_is_null (extra_tokens_))
     yy_pop_state ();
@@ -265,10 +267,10 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
        SCM top_scope = scm_car (scm_last_pair (scopes_));
        scm_module_define (top_scope, ly_symbol2scm ("version-seen"), SCM_BOOL_T);
 
-       if (!is_valid_version (s))
+       if (!is_valid_version (s)) {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return INVALID;
-
-
+        }
 }
 <sourcefilename>\"[^""]*\"     {
        string s (YYText_utf8 () + 1);
@@ -397,16 +399,18 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
 <chords,notes,figures>{RESTNAME}/[-_]  |  // pseudo backup rule
 <chords,notes,figures>{RESTNAME}       {
        char const *s = YYText ();
-       yylval.scm = scm_from_locale_string (s);
+       yylval = scm_from_locale_string (s);
        return RESTNAME;
 }
 <chords,notes,figures>q/[-_]   | // pseudo backup rule
 <chords,notes,figures>q        {
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        return CHORD_REPETITION;
 }
 
 <chords,notes,figures>R/[-_]   | // pseudo backup rule
 <chords,notes,figures>R                {
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        return MULTI_MEASURE_REST;
 }
 <INITIAL,chords,figures,lyrics,markup,notes>#  { //embedded scm
@@ -425,7 +429,7 @@ BOM_UTF8    \357\273\277
        }
        char_count_stack_.back () += n;
 
-       yylval.scm = sval;
+       yylval = sval;
        return SCM_TOKEN;
 }
 
@@ -445,36 +449,43 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
        sval = eval_scm (sval, '$');
 
        int token = scan_scm_id (sval);
-       if (!scm_is_eq (yylval.scm, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
+       if (!scm_is_eq (yylval, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
                return token;
 }
 
 <INITIAL,notes,lyrics>{ 
        \<\<    {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return DOUBLE_ANGLE_OPEN;
        }
        \>\>    {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return DOUBLE_ANGLE_CLOSE;
        }
 }
 
 <INITIAL,notes>{
        \<      {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return ANGLE_OPEN;
        }
        \>      {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return ANGLE_CLOSE;
        }
 }
 
 <figures>{
        _       {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return FIGURE_SPACE;
        }
        \>              {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return FIGURE_CLOSE;
        }
        \<      {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return FIGURE_OPEN;
        }
 }
@@ -490,39 +501,45 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
                return scan_escaped_word (YYText_utf8 () + 1); 
        }
        {FRACTION}      {
-               yylval.scm =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
+               yylval =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
                return FRACTION;
        }
        {UNSIGNED}/\/   | // backup rule
        {UNSIGNED}              {
-               yylval.scm = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
+               yylval = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
                return UNSIGNED;
        }
        {E_UNSIGNED}    {
-               yylval.i = String_convert::dec2int (string (YYText () +1));
+               yylval = scm_c_read_string (YYText () + 1);
                return E_UNSIGNED;
        }
 }
 
 <quote,lyric_quote>{
        \\{ESCAPED}     {
-               *yylval.string += to_string (escaped_char (YYText ()[1]));
+                char c = escaped_char (YYText ()[1]);
+               yylval = scm_cons (scm_from_locale_stringn (&c, 1),
+                                   yylval);
        }
        [^\\""]+        {
-               *yylval.string += YYText_utf8 ();
+                yylval = scm_cons (scm_from_locale_string (YYText_utf8 ()),
+                                   yylval);
        }
        \"      {
 
                yy_pop_state ();
 
                /* yylval is union. Must remember STRING before setting SCM*/
-               string *sp = yylval.string;
-               yylval.scm = ly_string2scm (*sp);
-               delete sp;
+
+                yylval = scm_string_concatenate_reverse (yylval,
+                                                         SCM_UNDEFINED,
+                                                         SCM_UNDEFINED);
+
                return is_lyric_state () ? LYRICS_STRING : STRING;
        }
        \\      {
-               *yylval.string += YYText ();
+                yylval = scm_cons (scm_from_locale_string (YYText ()),
+                                   yylval);
        }
 }
 
@@ -531,12 +548,12 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
                start_lyric_quote ();
        }
        {FRACTION}      {
-               yylval.scm =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
+               yylval =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
                return FRACTION;
        }
        {UNSIGNED}/\/   | // backup rule
        {UNSIGNED}              {
-               yylval.scm = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
+               yylval = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
                return UNSIGNED;
        }
        {COMMAND}/[-_]  | // backup rule
@@ -545,23 +562,25 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
        }
        {LYRICS} {
                /* ugr. This sux. */
-               string s (YYText_utf8 ()); 
+               string s (YYText_utf8 ());
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                if (s == "__")
-                       return yylval.i = EXTENDER;
+                       return EXTENDER;
                if (s == "--")
-                       return yylval.i = HYPHEN;
+                       return HYPHEN;
                s = lyric_fudge (s);
 
                char c = s[s.length () - 1];
                if (c == '{' ||  c == '}') // brace open is for not confusing dumb tools.
                        here_input ().warning (
                                _ ("Brace found at end of lyric.  Did you forget a space?"));
-               yylval.scm = ly_string2scm (s);
+               yylval = ly_string2scm (s);
 
 
                return LYRICS_STRING;
        }
        . {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return YYText ()[0]; // LYRICS already catches all multibytes.
        }
 }
@@ -575,30 +594,36 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
                return scan_escaped_word (YYText_utf8 () + 1);
        }
        {FRACTION}      {
-               yylval.scm =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
+               yylval =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
                return FRACTION;
        }
        {UNSIGNED}/\/   | // backup rule
        {UNSIGNED}              {
-               yylval.scm = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
+               yylval = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
                return UNSIGNED;
        }
        -  {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return CHORD_MINUS;
        }
        :  {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return CHORD_COLON;
        }
        \/\+ {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return CHORD_BASS;
        }
        \/  {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return CHORD_SLASH;
        }
        \^  {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return CHORD_CARET;
        }
        . {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return YYText ()[0]; // WORD catches all multibyte.
        }
 }
@@ -606,6 +631,7 @@ BOM_UTF8    \357\273\277
 
 <markup>{
        \\score {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return SCORE;
        }
        {COMMAND}/[-_]  | // backup rule
@@ -639,7 +665,7 @@ BOM_UTF8    \357\273\277
                // in reverse order, so the first token pushed in the
                // loop will be EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS.
 
-               yylval.scm = scm_car(s);
+               yylval = scm_car(s);
 
                // yylval now contains the function to call as token
                // value (for token type MARKUP_FUNCTION or
@@ -660,6 +686,7 @@ BOM_UTF8    \357\273\277
                return token_type;
        }
        [{}]    {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return YYText ()[0];
        }
        [^$#{}\"\\ \t\n\r\f]+ {
@@ -670,12 +697,13 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
                if (c == '{' ||  c == '}')
                        here_input ().warning (
                                _ ("Brace found at end of markup.  Did you forget a space?"));
-               yylval.scm = ly_string2scm (s);
+               yylval = ly_string2scm (s);
 
 
                return STRING;
        }
        .  {
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                return YYText()[0];  // Above is catchall for multibyte
        }
 }
@@ -683,11 +711,14 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
 <longcomment><<EOF>> {
                LexerError (_ ("EOF found inside a comment").c_str ());
                is_main_input_ = false; // should be safe , can't have \include in --safe.
+                yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
                if (!close_input ())
                  yyterminate (); // can't move this, since it actually rets a YY_NULL
        }
 
-<<EOF>> { if (is_main_input_)
+<<EOF>> {
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+        if (is_main_input_)
        {
                /* 2 = init.ly + current file.
                   > because we're before closing, but is_main_input_ should
@@ -715,40 +746,41 @@ BOM_UTF8  \357\273\277
 }
 
 {FRACTION}     {
-       yylval.scm =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
+       yylval =  scan_fraction (YYText ());
        return FRACTION;
 }
 
 -{UNSIGNED}    | // backup rule
 {REAL}         {
-       yylval.scm = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
+       yylval = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
        return REAL;
 }
 
 {UNSIGNED}/\/  | // backup rule
 {UNSIGNED}     {
-       yylval.scm = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
+       yylval = scm_c_read_string (YYText ());
        return UNSIGNED;
 }
 
 
 [{}]   {
-
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        return YYText ()[0];
 }
 
 -/\.   | // backup rule
 [*:=]          {
-       char c = YYText ()[0];
-
-       return c;
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+       return YYText ()[0];
 }
 
 <INITIAL,notes,figures>.       {
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        return YYText ()[0];
 }
 
 <INITIAL,lyrics,notes,figures>\\. {
+    yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
     char c = YYText ()[1];
 
     switch (c) {
@@ -781,6 +813,7 @@ BOM_UTF8    \357\273\277
 <*>.[\200-\277]*       {
        string msg = _f ("invalid character: `%s'", YYText_utf8 ());
        LexerError (msg.c_str ());
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        return '%';  // Better not return half a utf8 character.
 }
 
@@ -878,7 +911,7 @@ Lily_lexer::pop_state ()
 int
 Lily_lexer::identifier_type (SCM sid)
 {
-       int k = try_special_identifiers (&yylval.scm , sid);
+       int k = try_special_identifiers (&yylval , sid);
        return k >= 0  ? k : SCM_IDENTIFIER;
 }
 
@@ -890,6 +923,7 @@ Lily_lexer::scan_escaped_word (string str)
 
 //     SCM sym = ly_symbol2scm (str.c_str ());
 
+        yylval = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        int i = lookup_keyword (str);
        if (i == MARKUP && is_lyric_state ())
                return LYRIC_MARKUP;
@@ -903,7 +937,7 @@ Lily_lexer::scan_escaped_word (string str)
        string msg (_f ("unknown escaped string: `\\%s'", str));        
        LexerError (msg.c_str ());
 
-       yylval.scm = ly_string2scm (str);
+       yylval = ly_string2scm (str);
 
        return STRING;
 }
@@ -915,7 +949,7 @@ Lily_lexer::scan_scm_id (SCM sid)
        {
                int funtype = SCM_FUNCTION;
 
-               yylval.scm = sid;
+               yylval = sid;
 
                SCM s = get_music_function_signature (sid);
                SCM cs = scm_car (s);
@@ -961,7 +995,7 @@ Lily_lexer::scan_scm_id (SCM sid)
                }
                return funtype;
        }
-       yylval.scm = sid;
+       yylval = sid;
        return identifier_type (sid);
 }
 
@@ -975,20 +1009,20 @@ Lily_lexer::scan_bare_word (string str)
                        handle = scm_hashq_get_handle (scm_cdar (pitchname_tab_stack_), sym);
                
                if (scm_is_pair (handle)) {
-                       yylval.scm = scm_cdr (handle);
-                       if (unsmob_pitch (yylval.scm)) 
+                       yylval = scm_cdr (handle);
+                       if (unsmob_pitch (yylval))
                            return (YYSTATE == notes) ? NOTENAME_PITCH : TONICNAME_PITCH;
-                       else if (scm_is_symbol (yylval.scm))
+                       else if (scm_is_symbol (yylval))
                            return DRUM_PITCH;
                }
                else if ((YYSTATE == chords)
                        && (handle = scm_hashq_get_handle (chordmodifier_tab_, sym))!= SCM_BOOL_F)
                {
-                   yylval.scm = scm_cdr (handle);
+                   yylval = scm_cdr (handle);
                    return CHORD_MODIFIER;
                }
        }
-       yylval.scm = ly_string2scm (str);
+       yylval = ly_string2scm (str);
        return STRING;
 }
 
@@ -1064,8 +1098,8 @@ Lily_lexer::eval_scm (SCM readerdata, char extra_token)
                                switch (extra_token) {
                                case '$':
                                        token = scan_scm_id (scm_car (v));
-                                       if (!scm_is_eq (yylval.scm, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
-                                               push_extra_token (token, yylval.scm);
+                                       if (!scm_is_eq (yylval, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
+                                               push_extra_token (token, yylval);
                                        break;
                                case '#':
                                        push_extra_token (SCM_IDENTIFIER, scm_car (v));
index bacdcf23698d50e79acf1d1976ff332262e1e3fe..e69f9f55175ccf2133824417cc8bb30586292dbd 100644 (file)
  * inconsistent state of indentation.
  */
 
-%{
+%code requires {
 
 #define yyerror Lily_parser::parser_error
 
 /* We use custom location type: Input objects */
 #define YYLTYPE Input
+#define YYSTYPE SCM
 #define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Current,Rhs,N) \
        ((Current).set_location ((Rhs)[1], (Rhs)[N]))
 
+#define YYPRINT(file, type, value)                                      \
+        do {                                                            \
+                if (scm_is_eq (value, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))                 \
+                        break;                                          \
+                char *p = scm_to_locale_string                          \
+                        (scm_simple_format (SCM_BOOL_F,                 \
+                                            scm_from_locale_string ("~S"), \
+                                            scm_list_1 (value)));       \
+                fputs (p, file);                                        \
+                free (p);                                               \
+        } while (0)
 
-%}
+}
 
 %parse-param {Lily_parser *parser}
 %parse-param {SCM *retval}
@@ -180,15 +192,6 @@ while (0)
 %}
 
 
-%union {
-       Book *book;
-       Output_def *outputdef;
-       SCM scm;
-       std::string *string;
-       Score *score;
-       int i;
-}
-
 %{
 
 #define MY_MAKE_MUSIC(x, spot)  make_music_with_input (ly_symbol2scm (x), spot)
@@ -224,7 +227,7 @@ SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc,
                      SCM arg, SCM args, SCM pred);
 SCM loc_on_music (Input loc, SCM arg);
 SCM make_chord_elements (Input loc, SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list);
-SCM make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter);
+SCM make_chord_step (SCM step, Rational alter);
 SCM make_simple_markup (SCM a);
 bool is_duration (int t);
 bool is_regular_identifier (SCM id);
@@ -328,230 +331,57 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %token MULTI_MEASURE_REST
 
 
-%token <i> E_UNSIGNED
-%token <scm> UNSIGNED
+%token E_UNSIGNED
+%token UNSIGNED
 
 /* Artificial tokens, for more generic function syntax */
-%token <i> EXPECT_MARKUP "markup?"
-%token <i> EXPECT_PITCH "ly:pitch?"
-%token <i> EXPECT_DURATION "ly:duration?"
-%token <scm> EXPECT_SCM "scheme?"
-%token <scm> BACKUP "(backed-up?)"
-%token <scm> REPARSE "(reparsed?)"
-%token <i> EXPECT_MARKUP_LIST "markup-list?"
-%token <scm> EXPECT_OPTIONAL "optional?"
+%token EXPECT_MARKUP "markup?"
+%token EXPECT_PITCH "ly:pitch?"
+%token EXPECT_DURATION "ly:duration?"
+%token EXPECT_SCM "scheme?"
+%token BACKUP "(backed-up?)"
+%token REPARSE "(reparsed?)"
+%token EXPECT_MARKUP_LIST "markup-list?"
+%token EXPECT_OPTIONAL "optional?"
 /* After the last argument. */
-%token <i> EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS;
+%token EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS;
 
 /* An artificial token for parsing embedded Lilypond */
-%token <i> EMBEDDED_LILY "#{"
-
-%token <scm> BOOK_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> CHORDMODIFIER_PITCH
-%token <scm> CHORD_MODIFIER
-%token <scm> CHORD_REPETITION
-%token <scm> CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> DRUM_PITCH
-%token <scm> PITCH_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> DURATION_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> EVENT_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> EVENT_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> FRACTION
-%token <scm> LYRICS_STRING
-%token <scm> LYRIC_ELEMENT
-%token <scm> LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MARKUP_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MUSIC_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> NOTENAME_PITCH
-%token <scm> NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> REAL
-%token <scm> RESTNAME
-%token <scm> SCM_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> SCM_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> SCM_TOKEN
-%token <scm> SCORE_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> STRING
-%token <scm> STRING_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> TONICNAME_PITCH
-
-
-%type <book> book_block
-%type <book> book_body
-%type <book> bookpart_block
-%type <book> bookpart_body
-
-%type <i> bare_unsigned
-%type <scm> figured_bass_alteration
-%type <i> dots
-%type <i> exclamations
-%type <i> optional_rest
-%type <i> questions
-%type <i> script_dir
-%type <i> sub_quotes
-%type <i> sup_quotes
-%type <i> tremolo_type
-
-/* Music */
-%type <scm> composite_music
-%type <scm> grouped_music_list
-%type <scm> braced_music_list
-%type <scm> closed_music
-%type <scm> music
-%type <scm> music_bare
-%type <scm> music_arg
-%type <scm> music_assign
-%type <scm> music_embedded
-%type <scm> music_or_context_def
-%type <scm> complex_music
-%type <scm> complex_music_prefix
-%type <scm> mode_changed_music
-%type <scm> repeated_music
-%type <scm> sequential_music
-%type <scm> simple_music
-%type <scm> simultaneous_music
-%type <scm> chord_body
-%type <scm> chord_body_element
-%type <scm> command_element
-%type <scm> command_event
-%type <scm> context_modification
-%type <scm> context_change
-%type <scm> direction_less_event
-%type <scm> direction_reqd_event
-%type <scm> embedded_lilypond
-%type <scm> event_chord
-%type <scm> fingering
-%type <scm> gen_text_def
-%type <scm> music_property_def
-%type <scm> note_chord_element
-%type <scm> post_event
-%type <scm> post_event_nofinger
-%type <scm> re_rhythmed_music
-%type <scm> simple_element
-%type <scm> simple_music_property_def
-%type <scm> start_symbol
-%type <scm> string_number_event
-%type <scm> tempo_event
-
-%type <outputdef> output_def_body
-%type <outputdef> output_def_head
-%type <outputdef> output_def_head_with_mode_switch
-%type <outputdef> output_def
-%type <outputdef> paper_block
-
-%type <scm> music_function_call
-%type <scm> music_list
-%type <scm> assignment_id
-%type <scm> bare_number
-%type <scm> bare_number_closed
-%type <scm> unsigned_number
-%type <scm> bass_figure
-%type <scm> figured_bass_modification
-%type <scm> br_bass_figure
-%type <scm> bass_number
-%type <scm> chord_body_elements
-%type <scm> chord_item
-%type <scm> chord_items
-%type <scm> chord_separator
-%type <scm> context_def_mod
-%type <scm> context_def_spec_block
-%type <scm> context_def_spec_body
-%type <scm> context_mod
-%type <scm> context_mod_arg
-%type <scm> context_mod_embedded
-%type <scm> context_mod_list
-%type <scm> context_prop_spec
-%type <scm> direction_less_char
-%type <scm> duration_length
-%type <scm> embedded_scm
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_arg
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_arg_closed
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_bare
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_bare_arg
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_closed
-%type <scm> event_function_event
-%type <scm> figure_list
-%type <scm> figure_spec
-%type <scm> full_markup
-%type <scm> full_markup_list
-%type <scm> function_arglist
-%type <scm> function_arglist_optional
-%type <scm> function_arglist_backup
-%type <scm> function_arglist_nonbackup
-%type <scm> function_arglist_nonbackup_common
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_nonbackup
-%type <scm> function_arglist_skip
-%type <scm> function_arglist_bare
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_optional
-%type <scm> function_arglist_common
-%type <scm> function_arglist_common_lyric
-%type <scm> function_arglist_common_minus
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_common
-%type <scm> function_arglist_keep
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_keep
-%type <scm> identifier_init
-%type <scm> lilypond
-%type <scm> lilypond_header
-%type <scm> lyric_element
-%type <scm> lyric_element_arg
-%type <scm> lyric_element_music
-%type <scm> lyric_markup
-%type <scm> markup
-%type <scm> markup_braced_list
-%type <scm> markup_braced_list_body
-%type <scm> markup_composed_list
-%type <scm> markup_command_list
-%type <scm> markup_command_list_arguments
-%type <scm> markup_command_basic_arguments
-%type <scm> markup_head_1_item
-%type <scm> markup_head_1_list
-%type <scm> markup_list
-%type <scm> markup_top
-%type <scm> maybe_notemode_duration
-%type <scm> mode_changing_head
-%type <scm> mode_changing_head_with_context
-%type <scm> multiplied_duration
-%type <scm> music_function_event
-%type <scm> music_function_chord_body
-%type <scm> new_chord
-%type <scm> new_lyrics
-%type <scm> number_expression
-%type <scm> number_factor
-%type <scm> number_term
-%type <scm> octave_check
-%type <scm> optional_context_mod
-%type <scm> optional_id
-%type <scm> optional_notemode_duration
-%type <scm> pitch
-%type <scm> pitch_also_in_chords
-%type <scm> post_events
-%type <scm> property_operation
-%type <scm> property_path property_path_revved
-%type <scm> scalar
-%type <scm> scalar_closed
-%type <scm> scm_function_call
-%type <scm> scm_function_call_closed
-%type <scm> script_abbreviation
-%type <scm> simple_chord_elements
-%type <scm> simple_markup
-%type <scm> simple_string
-%type <scm> steno_duration
-%type <scm> steno_pitch
-%type <scm> steno_tonic_pitch
-%type <scm> step_number
-%type <scm> step_numbers
-%type <scm> string
-%type <scm> tempo_range
-
-%type <score> score_block
-%type <score> score_body
-
+%token EMBEDDED_LILY "#{"
+
+%token BOOK_IDENTIFIER
+%token CHORDMODIFIER_PITCH
+%token CHORD_MODIFIER
+%token CHORD_REPETITION
+%token CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
+%token CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
+%token DRUM_PITCH
+%token PITCH_IDENTIFIER
+%token DURATION_IDENTIFIER
+%token EVENT_IDENTIFIER
+%token EVENT_FUNCTION
+%token FRACTION
+%token LYRICS_STRING
+%token LYRIC_ELEMENT
+%token LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+%token MARKUP_FUNCTION
+%token MARKUP_LIST_FUNCTION
+%token MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+%token MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
+%token MUSIC_FUNCTION
+%token MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
+%token NOTENAME_PITCH
+%token NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+%token OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
+%token REAL
+%token RESTNAME
+%token SCM_FUNCTION
+%token SCM_IDENTIFIER
+%token SCM_TOKEN
+%token SCORE_IDENTIFIER
+%token STRING
+%token STRING_IDENTIFIER
+%token TONICNAME_PITCH
 
 %left '-' '+'
 
@@ -573,7 +403,7 @@ start_symbol:
        }
        ;
 
-lilypond:      /* empty */ { }
+lilypond:      /* empty */ { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        | lilypond toplevel_expression {
        }
        | lilypond assignment {
@@ -594,28 +424,20 @@ toplevel_expression:
                parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultheader"), $2);
        }
        | book_block {
-               Book *book = $1;
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-book-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), book->self_scm ());
-               book->unprotect ();
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | bookpart_block {
-               Book *bookpart = $1;
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-bookpart-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
-               bookpart->unprotect ();
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | score_block {
-               Score *score = $1;
-
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($1);
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-music-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | full_markup {
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
@@ -627,17 +449,16 @@ toplevel_expression:
        }
        | output_def {
                SCM id = SCM_EOL;
-               Output_def * od = $1;
+               Output_def * od = unsmob_output_def ($1);
 
-               if ($1->c_variable ("is-paper") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               if (od->c_variable ("is-paper") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultpaper");
-               else if ($1->c_variable ("is-midi") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               else if (od->c_variable ("is-midi") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultmidi");
-               else if ($1->c_variable ("is-layout") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               else if (od->c_variable ("is-layout") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultlayout");
 
-               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (id, od->self_scm ());
-               od->unprotect();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (id, $1);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -657,26 +478,10 @@ embedded_scm_bare_arg:
        | full_markup_list
        | context_modification
        | score_block
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        | context_def_spec_block
        | book_block
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        | bookpart_block
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        | output_def
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        ;
 
 /* The generic version may end in music, or not */
@@ -715,15 +520,17 @@ embedded_lilypond:
        }
        | error {
                parser->error_level_ = 1;
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        }
        | INVALID embedded_lilypond {
                parser->error_level_ = 1;
+                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
 
 
 lilypond_header_body:
-       /* empty */
+       /* empty */ { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        | lilypond_header_body assignment  {
 
        }
@@ -746,70 +553,32 @@ assignment_id:
 assignment:
        assignment_id '=' identifier_init  {
                parser->lexer_->set_identifier ($1, $3);
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        }
        | assignment_id property_path '=' identifier_init {
                SCM path = scm_cons (scm_string_to_symbol ($1), $2);
                parser->lexer_->set_identifier (path, $4);
-       ;
-/*
- TODO: devise standard for protection in parser.
-
-  The parser stack lives on the C-stack, which means that
-all objects can be unprotected as soon as they're here.
-
-*/
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        }
-       | embedded_scm { }
+       | embedded_scm { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        ;
 
 
 identifier_init:
-       score_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | book_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | bookpart_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | output_def {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | context_def_spec_block {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | music_assign  {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | post_event_nofinger {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | number_expression {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | FRACTION {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | string {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-        | embedded_scm {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | full_markup {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | full_markup_list {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-        | context_modification {
-                $$ = $1;
-        }
+       score_block
+       | book_block
+       | bookpart_block
+       | output_def
+       | context_def_spec_block
+       | music_assign
+       | post_event_nofinger
+       | number_expression
+       | FRACTION
+       | string
+        | embedded_scm
+       | full_markup
+       | full_markup_list
+        | context_modification
        ;
 
 context_def_spec_block:
@@ -883,60 +652,54 @@ book_block:
    * grok \layout and \midi?  */
 book_body:
        {
-               $$ = new Book;
+               Book *book = new Book;
                init_papers (parser);
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               $$->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
-               $$->paper_->unprotect ();
-               push_paper (parser, $$->paper_);
-               $$->header_ = get_header (parser);
-               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $$->self_scm ());
+               book->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               book->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
+               book->paper_->unprotect ();
+               push_paper (parser, book->paper_);
+               book->header_ = get_header (parser);
+                $$ = book->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $$);
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_book ($1)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
                parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $1);
        }
        | book_body paper_block {
-               $$->paper_ = $2;
-               $2->unprotect ();
-               set_paper (parser, $2);
+               unsmob_book ($1)->paper_ = unsmob_output_def ($2);
+               set_paper (parser, unsmob_output_def ($2));
        }
        | book_body bookpart_block {
-               Book *bookpart = $2;
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-bookpart-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
-               bookpart->unprotect ();
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body score_block {
-               Score *score = $2;
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body full_markup {
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | book_body full_markup_list {
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body
        {
-               parser->lexer_->add_scope ($1->header_);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (unsmob_book ($1)->header_);
        } lilypond_header
        | book_body embedded_scm { }
        | book_body error {
-               $$->paper_ = 0;
-               $$->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
-               $$->bookparts_ = SCM_EOL;
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               book->paper_ = 0;
+               book->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
+               book->bookparts_ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        ;
 
@@ -949,49 +712,46 @@ bookpart_block:
 
 bookpart_body:
        {
-               $$ = new Book;
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $$->self_scm ());
+               Book *book = new Book;
+               book->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+                $$ = book->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $$);
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_book ($1)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
                parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $1);
        }
        | bookpart_body paper_block {
-               $$->paper_ = $2;
-               $2->unprotect ();
+               unsmob_book ($$)->paper_ = unsmob_output_def ($2);
        }
        | bookpart_body score_block {
-               Score *score = $2;
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1, $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup {
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup_list {
                SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body
        {
-               if (!ly_is_module ($1->header_))
-                       $1->header_ = ly_make_module (false);
-               parser->lexer_->add_scope ($1->header_);
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               if (!ly_is_module (book->header_))
+                       book->header_ = ly_make_module (false);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (book->header_);
        } lilypond_header
        | bookpart_body embedded_scm { }
        | bookpart_body error {
-               $$->paper_ = 0;
-               $$->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               book->paper_ = 0;
+               book->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1003,40 +763,35 @@ score_block:
 
 score_body:
        music {
-               SCM m = $1;
                SCM scorify = ly_lily_module_constant ("scorify-music");
-               SCM score = scm_call_2 (scorify, m, parser->self_scm ());
+               $$ = scm_call_2 (scorify, $1, parser->self_scm ());
 
-               // pass ownernship to C++ again.
-               $$ = unsmob_score (score);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_score ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
        }
        | SCORE_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_score ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_score ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
        }
        | score_body
        {
-               if (!ly_is_module ($1->get_header ()))
-                       $1->set_header (ly_make_module (false));
-               parser->lexer_->add_scope ($1->get_header ());
+                Score *score = unsmob_score ($1);
+               if (!ly_is_module (score->get_header ()))
+                       score->set_header (ly_make_module (false));
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (score->get_header ());
        } lilypond_header
        | score_body output_def {
-               if ($2->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
+                Output_def *od = unsmob_output_def ($2);
+               if (od->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
                        parser->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
 
                }
                else
                {
-                       $$->add_output_def ($2);
+                       unsmob_score ($1)->add_output_def (od);
                }
-               $2->unprotect ();
        }
        | score_body error {
-               $$->error_found_ = true;
+               unsmob_score ($$)->error_found_ = true;
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1047,12 +802,12 @@ score_body:
 
 paper_block:
        output_def {
-               $$ = $1;
-               if ($$->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) != SCM_BOOL_T)
+                Output_def *od = unsmob_output_def ($1);
+
+               if (od->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) != SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
                        parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("need \\paper for paper block"));
-                       $1->unprotect ();
-                       $$ = get_paper (parser);
+                       $$ = get_paper (parser)->unprotect ();
                }
        }
        ;
@@ -1069,20 +824,21 @@ output_def:
 
 output_def_head:
        PAPER {
-               $$ = get_paper (parser);
-               $$->input_origin_ = @$;
-               parser->lexer_->add_scope ($$->scope_);
+                Output_def *p = get_paper (parser);
+               p->input_origin_ = @$;
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+                $$ = p->unprotect ();
        }
        | MIDI    {
                Output_def *p = get_midi (parser);
-               $$ = p;
+               $$ = p->unprotect ();
                parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
        }
        | LAYOUT        {
                Output_def *p = get_layout (parser);
 
                parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
-               $$ = p;
+               $$ = p->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1115,15 +871,12 @@ music_or_context_def:
 output_def_body:
        output_def_head_with_mode_switch '{' {
                $$ = $1;
-               $$->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_output_def ($$)->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
        }
        | output_def_head_with_mode_switch '{' OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER    {
-               $1->unprotect ();
-
                Output_def *o = unsmob_output_def ($3);
                o->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
-               $$ = o;
-               $$->protect ();
+               $$ = o->self_scm ();
                parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
                parser->lexer_->add_scope (o->scope_);
        }
@@ -1137,13 +890,13 @@ output_def_body:
        } music_or_context_def
        {
                if (unsmob_context_def ($3))
-                       assign_context_def ($$, $3);
+                       assign_context_def (unsmob_output_def ($1), $3);
                else {
 
                        SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier
                                     ("output-def-music-handler");
                        scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (),
-                                   $1->self_scm (), $3);
+                                   $1, $3);
                }
        }
        | output_def_body error {
@@ -2216,16 +1969,16 @@ chord_body_elements:
 chord_body_element:
        pitch exclamations questions octave_check post_events
        {
-               int q = $3;
-               int ex = $2;
+               bool q = to_boolean ($3);
+               bool ex = to_boolean ($2);
                SCM check = $4;
                SCM post = $5;
 
                Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
                n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
-               if (q % 2)
+               if (q)
                        n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
-               if (ex % 2 || q % 2)
+                if (ex || q)
                        n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
 
                if (scm_is_pair (post)) {
@@ -2349,9 +2102,9 @@ post_event_nofinger:
        }
        | script_dir music_function_event {
                $$ = $2;
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
-                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
        }
        | HYPHEN {
@@ -2365,18 +2118,18 @@ post_event_nofinger:
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("ExtenderEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
        | script_dir direction_reqd_event {
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
                        Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       m->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
                $$ = $2;
        }
        | script_dir direction_less_event {
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
                        Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       m->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
                $$ = $2;
        }
@@ -2402,7 +2155,7 @@ post_event:
 string_number_event:
        E_UNSIGNED {
                Music *s = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("StringNumberEvent", @$);
-               s->set_property ("string-number", scm_from_int ($1));
+               s->set_property ("string-number", $1);
                $$ = s->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
@@ -2461,7 +2214,7 @@ direction_less_event:
        }
        | tremolo_type  {
                Music *a = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("TremoloEvent", @$);
-               a->set_property ("tremolo-type", scm_from_int ($1));
+               a->set_property ("tremolo-type", $1);
                $$ = a->unprotect ();
         }
        | event_function_event  
@@ -2483,42 +2236,44 @@ direction_reqd_event:
 
 octave_check:
        /**/ { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
-       | '='  { $$ = scm_from_int (0); }
-       | '=' sub_quotes { $$ = scm_from_int (-$2); }
-       | '=' sup_quotes { $$ = scm_from_int ($2); }
+       | '=' quotes { $$ = $2; }
        ;
 
+quotes:
+       /* empty */
+       {
+                $$ = SCM_INUM0;
+        }
+       | sub_quotes
+        | sup_quotes
+        ;
+
 sup_quotes:
        '\'' {
-               $$ = 1;
+               $$ = scm_from_int (1);
        }
        | sup_quotes '\'' {
-               $$ ++;
+               $$ = scm_oneplus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 sub_quotes:
        ',' {
-               $$ = 1;
+               $$ = scm_from_int (-1);
        }
        | sub_quotes ',' {
-               $$++;
+               $$ = scm_oneminus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 steno_pitch:
-       NOTENAME_PITCH  {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | NOTENAME_PITCH sup_quotes     {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch ($2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
-       }
-       | NOTENAME_PITCH sub_quotes      {
-               Pitch p =* unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch (-$2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+       NOTENAME_PITCH quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2527,26 +2282,18 @@ ugh. duplication
 */
 
 steno_tonic_pitch:
-       TONICNAME_PITCH {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | TONICNAME_PITCH sup_quotes    {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch ($2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
-       }
-       | TONICNAME_PITCH sub_quotes     {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch (-$2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+       TONICNAME_PITCH quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
        }
        ;
 
 pitch:
-       steno_pitch {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
+       steno_pitch
        | PITCH_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
@@ -2602,9 +2349,9 @@ script_abbreviation:
        ;
 
 script_dir:
-       '_'     { $$ = DOWN; }
-       | '^'   { $$ = UP; }
-       | '-'   { $$ = CENTER; }
+       '_'     { $$ = scm_from_int (DOWN); }
+       | '^'   { $$ = scm_from_int (UP); }
+       | '-'   { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
        ;
 
 duration_length:
@@ -2633,21 +2380,23 @@ optional_notemode_duration:
        ;
 
 steno_duration:
-       bare_unsigned dots              {
+       UNSIGNED dots           {
                int len = 0;
-               if (!is_duration ($1))
-                       parser->parser_error (@1, _f ("not a duration: %d", $1));
+                int n = scm_to_int ($1);
+               if (!is_duration (n))
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _f ("not a duration: %d", n));
                else
-                       len = intlog2 ($1);
+                       len = intlog2 (n);
 
-               $$ = Duration (len, $2).smobbed_copy ();
+               $$ = Duration (len, scm_to_int ($2)).smobbed_copy ();
        }
        | DURATION_IDENTIFIER dots      {
                Duration *d = unsmob_duration ($1);
-               Duration k (d->duration_log (), d->dot_count () + $2);
+               Duration k (d->duration_log (),
+                            d->dot_count () + scm_to_int ($2));
                k = k.compressed (d->factor ());
-               *d = k;
-               $$ = $1;
+                scm_remember_upto_here_1 ($1);
+               $$ = k.smobbed_copy ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2655,8 +2404,8 @@ multiplied_duration:
        steno_duration {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | multiplied_duration '*' bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = unsmob_duration ($$)->compressed ( $3) .smobbed_copy ();
+       | multiplied_duration '*' UNSIGNED {
+               $$ = unsmob_duration ($$)->compressed (scm_to_int ($3)).smobbed_copy ();
        }
        | multiplied_duration '*' FRACTION {
                Rational  m (scm_to_int (scm_car ($3)), scm_to_int (scm_cdr ($3)));
@@ -2667,20 +2416,21 @@ multiplied_duration:
 
 dots:
        /* empty */     {
-               $$ = 0;
+               $$ = SCM_INUM0;
        }
        | dots '.' {
-               $$ ++;
+               $$ = scm_oneplus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 tremolo_type:
        ':'     {
-               $$ = 0;
+               $$ = SCM_INUM0;
        }
-       | ':' bare_unsigned {
-               if (!is_duration ($2))
-                       parser->parser_error (@2, _f ("not a duration: %d", $2));
+       | ':' UNSIGNED {
+                int n = scm_to_int ($2);
+               if (!is_duration (n))
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _f ("not a duration: %d", n));
                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
@@ -2792,18 +2542,22 @@ figure_spec:
 
 
 optional_rest:
-       /**/   { $$ = 0; }
-       | REST { $$ = 1; }
+       /**/   { $$ = SCM_BOOL_F; }
+       | REST { $$ = SCM_BOOL_T; }
        ;
 
 simple_element:
        pitch exclamations questions octave_check maybe_notemode_duration optional_rest {
                if (!parser->lexer_->is_note_state ())
                        parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Note mode for notes"));
-               if ($2 || $3 || scm_is_number ($4) || !SCM_UNBNDP ($5) || $6)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2)
+                    || !SCM_UNBNDP ($3)
+                    || scm_is_number ($4)
+                    || !SCM_UNBNDP ($5)
+                    || scm_is_true ($6))
                {
                        Music *n = 0;
-                       if ($6)
+                       if (scm_is_true ($6))
                                n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RestEvent", @$);
                        else
                                n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
@@ -2821,9 +2575,9 @@ simple_element:
                                n->set_property ("absolute-octave", scm_from_int (q-1));
                        }
                        
-                       if ($3 % 2)
+                       if (to_boolean ($3))
                                n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
-                       if ($2 % 2 || $3 % 2)
+                       if (to_boolean ($2) || to_boolean ($3))
                                n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
                        
                        $$ = n->unprotect ();
@@ -2961,23 +2715,23 @@ step_numbers:
        ;
 
 step_number:
-       bare_unsigned {
+       UNSIGNED {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, 0);
         }
-       | bare_unsigned '+' {
+       | UNSIGNED '+' {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, SHARP_ALTERATION);
        }
-       | bare_unsigned CHORD_MINUS {
+       | UNSIGNED CHORD_MINUS {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, FLAT_ALTERATION);
        }
        ;
 
 tempo_range:
-       bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
+       UNSIGNED {
+               $$ = $1;
        }
-       | bare_unsigned '~' bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = scm_cons (scm_from_int ($1), scm_from_int ($3));
+       | UNSIGNED '~' UNSIGNED {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -3033,25 +2787,31 @@ bare_number_closed:
        | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
-bare_unsigned:
-       UNSIGNED {
-               $$ = scm_to_int ($1);
-       }
-       ;
-
 unsigned_number:
        UNSIGNED
        | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
 exclamations:
-               { $$ = 0; }
-       | exclamations '!'      { $$ ++; }
+               { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
+       | exclamations '!'
+        {
+                if (SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+                        $$ = SCM_BOOL_T;
+                else
+                        $$ = scm_not ($1);
+        }
        ;
 
 questions:
-               { $$ = 0; }
-       | questions '?' { $$ ++; }
+       { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
+       | questions '?'
+        {
+                if (SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+                        $$ = SCM_BOOL_T;
+                else
+                        $$ = scm_not ($1);
+        }
        ;
 
 /*
@@ -3220,9 +2980,7 @@ simple_markup:
                SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
                parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
        } '{' score_body '}' {
-               Score * sc = $4;
-               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("score-markup"), sc->self_scm ());
-               sc->unprotect ();
+               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("score-markup"), $4);
                parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        | MARKUP_FUNCTION markup_command_basic_arguments {
@@ -3424,8 +3182,10 @@ set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a)
 
 
 SCM
-make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter)
+make_chord_step (SCM step_scm, Rational alter)
 {
+        int step = scm_to_int (step_scm);
+
        if (step == 7)
                alter += FLAT_ALTERATION;