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10 <title>Debian Policy Manual</title>
11 <author><qref id="authors">The Debian Policy Mailing List</qref></author>
12 <version>version &version;, &date;</version>
15 This manual describes the policy requirements for the Debian
16 GNU/Linux distribution. This includes the structure and
17 contents of the Debian archive and several design issues of
18 the operating system, as well as technical requirements that
19 each package must satisfy to be included in the distribution.
24 Copyright © 1996,1997,1998 Ian Jackson
25 and Christian Schwarz.
28 These are the copyright dates of the original Policy manual.
29 Since then, this manual has been updated by many others. No
30 comprehensive collection of copyright notices for subsequent
35 This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or
36 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
37 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
38 2, or (at your option) any later version.
42 This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
43 <em>without any warranty</em>; without even the implied
44 warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular
45 purpose. See the GNU General Public License for more
50 A copy of the GNU General Public License is available as
51 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL</file> in the Debian GNU/Linux
52 distribution or on the World Wide Web at
53 <url id="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"
54 name="the GNU General Public Licence">. You can also
55 obtain it by writing to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
56 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
64 <heading>About this manual</heading>
66 <heading>Scope</heading>
68 This manual describes the policy requirements for the Debian
69 GNU/Linux distribution. This includes the structure and
70 contents of the Debian archive and several design issues of the
71 operating system, as well as technical requirements that
72 each package must satisfy to be included in the
77 This manual also describes Debian policy as it relates to
78 creating Debian packages. It is not a tutorial on how to build
79 packages, nor is it exhaustive where it comes to describing
80 the behavior of the packaging system. Instead, this manual
81 attempts to define the interface to the package management
82 system that the developers have to be conversant with.<footnote>
83 Informally, the criteria used for inclusion is that the
84 material meet one of the following requirements:
85 <taglist compact="compact">
86 <tag>Standard interfaces</tag>
88 The material presented represents an interface to
89 the packaging system that is mandated for use, and
90 is used by, a significant number of packages, and
91 therefore should not be changed without peer
92 review. Package maintainers can then rely on this
93 interface not changing, and the package management
94 software authors need to ensure compatibility with
95 this interface definition. (Control file and
96 changelog file formats are examples.)
98 <tag>Chosen Convention</tag>
100 If there are a number of technically viable choices
101 that can be made, but one needs to select one of
102 these options for inter-operability. The version
103 number format is one example.
106 Please note that these are not mutually exclusive;
107 selected conventions often become parts of standard
113 The footnotes present in this manual are
114 merely informative, and are not part of Debian policy itself.
118 The appendices to this manual are not necessarily normative,
119 either. Please see <ref id="pkg-scope"> for more information.
123 In the normative part of this manual,
124 the words <em>must</em>, <em>should</em> and
125 <em>may</em>, and the adjectives <em>required</em>,
126 <em>recommended</em> and <em>optional</em>, are used to
127 distinguish the significance of the various guidelines in
128 this policy document. Packages that do not conform to the
129 guidelines denoted by <em>must</em> (or <em>required</em>)
130 will generally not be considered acceptable for the Debian
131 distribution. Non-conformance with guidelines denoted by
132 <em>should</em> (or <em>recommended</em>) will generally be
133 considered a bug, but will not necessarily render a package
134 unsuitable for distribution. Guidelines denoted by
135 <em>may</em> (or <em>optional</em>) are truly optional and
136 adherence is left to the maintainer's discretion.
140 These classifications are roughly equivalent to the bug
141 severities <em>serious</em> (for <em>must</em> or
142 <em>required</em> directive violations), <em>minor</em>,
143 <em>normal</em> or <em>important</em>
144 (for <em>should</em> or <em>recommended</em> directive
145 violations) and <em>wishlist</em> (for <em>optional</em>
148 Compare RFC 2119. Note, however, that these words are
149 used in a different way in this document.
154 Much of the information presented in this manual will be
155 useful even when building a package which is to be
156 distributed in some other way or is intended for local use
162 <heading>New versions of this document</heading>
165 This manual is distributed via the Debian package
166 <package><url name="debian-policy"
167 id="http://packages.debian.org/debian-policy"></package>
168 (<httpsite>packages.debian.org</httpsite>
169 <httppath>/debian-policy</httppath>).
173 The current version of this document is also available from
174 the Debian web mirrors at
175 <tt><url name="/doc/debian-policy/"
176 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/"></tt>.
178 <httpsite>www.debian.org</httpsite>
179 <httppath>/doc/debian-policy/</httppath>)
180 Also available from the same directory are several other
181 formats: <file>policy.html.tar.gz</file>
182 (<httppath>/doc/debian-policy/policy.html.tar.gz</httppath>),
183 <file>policy.pdf.gz</file>
184 (<httppath>/doc/debian-policy/policy.pdf.gz</httppath>)
185 and <file>policy.ps.gz</file>
186 (<httppath>/doc/debian-policy/policy.ps.gz</httppath>).
190 The <package>debian-policy</package> package also includes the file
191 <file>upgrading-checklist.txt.gz</file> which indicates policy
192 changes between versions of this document.
197 <heading>Authors and Maintainers</heading>
200 Originally called "Debian GNU/Linux Policy Manual", this
201 manual was initially written in 1996 by Ian Jackson.
202 It was revised on November 27th, 1996 by David A. Morris.
203 Christian Schwarz added new sections on March 15th, 1997,
204 and reworked/restructured it in April-July 1997.
205 Christoph Lameter contributed the "Web Standard".
206 Julian Gilbey largely restructured it in 2001.
210 Since September 1998, the responsibility for the contents of
211 this document lies on the <url name="debian-policy mailing list"
212 id="mailto:debian-policy@lists.debian.org">. Proposals
213 are discussed there and inserted into policy after a certain
214 consensus is established.
215 <!-- insert shameless policy-process plug here eventually -->
216 The actual editing is done by a group of maintainers that have
217 no editorial powers. These are the current maintainers:
220 <item>Julian Gilbey</item>
221 <item>Branden Robinson</item>
222 <item>Josip Rodin</item>
223 <item>Manoj Srivastava</item>
228 While the authors of this document have tried hard to avoid
229 typos and other errors, these do still occur. If you discover
230 an error in this manual or if you want to give any
231 comments, suggestions, or criticisms please send an email to
232 the Debian Policy List,
233 <email>debian-policy@lists.debian.org</email>, or submit a
234 bug report against the <tt>debian-policy</tt> package.
238 Please do not try to reach the individual authors or maintainers
239 of the Policy Manual regarding changes to the Policy.
244 <heading>Related documents</heading>
247 There are several other documents other than this Policy Manual
248 that are necessary to fully understand some Debian policies and
253 The external "sub-policy" documents are referred to in:
254 <list compact="compact">
255 <item><ref id="fhs"></item>
256 <item><ref id="virtual_pkg"></item>
257 <item><ref id="menus"></item>
258 <item><ref id="mime"></item>
259 <item><ref id="perl"></item>
260 <item><ref id="maintscriptprompt"></item>
261 <item><ref id="emacs"></item>
266 In addition to those, which carry the weight of policy, there
267 is the Debian Developer's Reference. This document describes
268 procedures and resources for Debian developers, but it is
269 <em>not</em> normative; rather, it includes things that don't
270 belong in the Policy, such as best practices for developers.
274 The Developer's Reference is available in the
275 <package>developers-reference</package> package.
276 It's also available from the Debian web mirrors at
277 <tt><url name="/doc/developers-reference/"
278 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/developers-reference/"></tt>.
282 <sect id="definitions">
283 <heading>Definitions</heading>
286 The following terms are used in this Policy Manual:
290 The character encoding specified by ANSI X3.4-1986 and its
291 predecessor standards, referred to in MIME as US-ASCII, and
292 corresponding to an encoding in eight bits per character of
293 the first 128 <url id="http://www.unicode.org/"
294 name="Unicode"> characters, with the eighth bit always zero.
298 The transformation format (sometimes called encoding) of
299 <url id="http://www.unicode.org/" name="Unicode"> defined by
300 <url id="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3629.txt"
301 name="RFC 3629">. UTF-8 has the useful property of having
302 ASCII as a subset, so any text encoded in ASCII is trivially
312 <heading>The Debian Archive</heading>
315 The Debian GNU/Linux system is maintained and distributed as a
316 collection of <em>packages</em>. Since there are so many of
317 them (currently well over 15000), they are split into
318 <em>sections</em> and given <em>priorities</em> to simplify
319 the handling of them.
323 The effort of the Debian project is to build a free operating
324 system, but not every package we want to make accessible is
325 <em>free</em> in our sense (see the Debian Free Software
326 Guidelines, below), or may be imported/exported without
327 restrictions. Thus, the archive is split into areas<footnote>
328 The Debian archive software uses the term "component" internally
329 and in the Release file format to refer to the division of an
330 archive. The Debian Social Contract simply refers to "areas."
331 This document uses terminology similar to the Social Contract.
332 </footnote> based on their licenses and other restrictions.
336 The aims of this are:
338 <list compact="compact">
339 <item>to allow us to make as much software available as we can</item>
340 <item>to allow us to encourage everyone to write free software,
342 <item>to allow us to make it easy for people to produce
343 CD-ROMs of our system without violating any licenses,
344 import/export restrictions, or any other laws.</item>
349 The <em>main</em> archive area forms the <em>Debian GNU/Linux
354 Packages in the other archive areas (<tt>contrib</tt>,
355 <tt>non-free</tt>) are not considered to be part of the Debian
356 distribution, although we support their use and provide
357 infrastructure for them (such as our bug-tracking system and
358 mailing lists). This Debian Policy Manual applies to these
363 <heading>The Debian Free Software Guidelines</heading>
365 The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) form our
366 definition of "free software". These are:
368 <tag>1. Free Redistribution
371 The license of a Debian component may not restrict any
372 party from selling or giving away the software as a
373 component of an aggregate software distribution
374 containing programs from several different
375 sources. The license may not require a royalty or
376 other fee for such sale.
381 The program must include source code, and must allow
382 distribution in source code as well as compiled form.
384 <tag>3. Derived Works
387 The license must allow modifications and derived
388 works, and must allow them to be distributed under the
389 same terms as the license of the original software.
391 <tag>4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code
394 The license may restrict source-code from being
395 distributed in modified form <em>only</em> if the
396 license allows the distribution of "patch files"
397 with the source code for the purpose of modifying the
398 program at build time. The license must explicitly
399 permit distribution of software built from modified
400 source code. The license may require derived works to
401 carry a different name or version number from the
402 original software. (This is a compromise. The Debian
403 Project encourages all authors to not restrict any
404 files, source or binary, from being modified.)
406 <tag>5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
409 The license must not discriminate against any person
412 <tag>6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
415 The license must not restrict anyone from making use
416 of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For
417 example, it may not restrict the program from being
418 used in a business, or from being used for genetic
421 <tag>7. Distribution of License
424 The rights attached to the program must apply to all
425 to whom the program is redistributed without the need
426 for execution of an additional license by those
429 <tag>8. License Must Not Be Specific to Debian
432 The rights attached to the program must not depend on
433 the program's being part of a Debian system. If the
434 program is extracted from Debian and used or
435 distributed without Debian but otherwise within the
436 terms of the program's license, all parties to whom
437 the program is redistributed must have the same
438 rights as those that are granted in conjunction with
441 <tag>9. License Must Not Contaminate Other Software
444 The license must not place restrictions on other
445 software that is distributed along with the licensed
446 software. For example, the license must not insist
447 that all other programs distributed on the same medium
448 must be free software.
450 <tag>10. Example Licenses
453 The "GPL," "BSD," and "Artistic" licenses are examples of
454 licenses that we consider <em>free</em>.
461 <heading>Archive areas</heading>
464 <heading>The main archive area</heading>
467 Every package in <em>main</em> must comply with the DFSG
468 (Debian Free Software Guidelines).
472 In addition, the packages in <em>main</em>
473 <list compact="compact">
475 must not require a package outside of <em>main</em>
476 for compilation or execution (thus, the package must
477 not declare a "Depends", "Recommends", or
478 "Build-Depends" relationship on a non-<em>main</em>
482 must not be so buggy that we refuse to support them,
486 must meet all policy requirements presented in this
495 <heading>The contrib archive area</heading>
498 Every package in <em>contrib</em> must comply with the DFSG.
502 In addition, the packages in <em>contrib</em>
503 <list compact="compact">
505 must not be so buggy that we refuse to support them,
509 must meet all policy requirements presented in this
517 Examples of packages which would be included in
518 <em>contrib</em> are:
519 <list compact="compact">
521 free packages which require <em>contrib</em>,
522 <em>non-free</em> packages or packages which are not
523 in our archive at all for compilation or execution,
527 wrapper packages or other sorts of free accessories for
534 <sect1 id="non-free">
535 <heading>The non-free archive area</heading>
538 Packages must be placed in <em>non-free</em> if they are
539 not compliant with the DFSG or are encumbered by patents
540 or other legal issues that make their distribution
545 In addition, the packages in <em>non-free</em>
546 <list compact="compact">
548 must not be so buggy that we refuse to support them,
552 must meet all policy requirements presented in this
553 manual that it is possible for them to meet.
555 It is possible that there are policy
556 requirements which the package is unable to
557 meet, for example, if the source is
558 unavailable. These situations will need to be
559 handled on a case-by-case basis.
568 <sect id="pkgcopyright">
569 <heading>Copyright considerations</heading>
572 Every package must be accompanied by a verbatim copy of its
573 copyright information and distribution license in the file
574 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/copyright</file>
575 (see <ref id="copyrightfile"> for further details).
579 We reserve the right to restrict files from being included
580 anywhere in our archives if
581 <list compact="compact">
583 their use or distribution would break a law,
586 there is an ethical conflict in their distribution or
590 we would have to sign a license for them, or
593 their distribution would conflict with other project
600 Programs whose authors encourage the user to make
601 donations are fine for the main distribution, provided
602 that the authors do not claim that not donating is
603 immoral, unethical, illegal or something similar; in such
604 a case they must go in <em>non-free</em>.
608 Packages whose copyright permission notices (or patent
609 problems) do not even allow redistribution of binaries
610 only, and where no special permission has been obtained,
611 must not be placed on the Debian FTP site and its mirrors
616 Note that under international copyright law (this applies
617 in the United States, too), <em>no</em> distribution or
618 modification of a work is allowed without an explicit
619 notice saying so. Therefore a program without a copyright
620 notice <em>is</em> copyrighted and you may not do anything
621 to it without risking being sued! Likewise if a program
622 has a copyright notice but no statement saying what is
623 permitted then nothing is permitted.
627 Many authors are unaware of the problems that restrictive
628 copyrights (or lack of copyright notices) can cause for
629 the users of their supposedly-free software. It is often
630 worthwhile contacting such authors diplomatically to ask
631 them to modify their license terms. However, this can be a
632 politically difficult thing to do and you should ask for
633 advice on the <tt>debian-legal</tt> mailing list first, as
638 When in doubt about a copyright, send mail to
639 <email>debian-legal@lists.debian.org</email>. Be prepared
640 to provide us with the copyright statement. Software
641 covered by the GPL, public domain software and BSD-like
642 copyrights are safe; be wary of the phrases "commercial
643 use prohibited" and "distribution restricted".
647 <sect id="subsections">
648 <heading>Sections</heading>
651 The packages in the archive areas <em>main</em>,
652 <em>contrib</em> and <em>non-free</em> are grouped further into
653 <em>sections</em> to simplify handling.
657 The archive area and section for each package should be
658 specified in the package's <tt>Section</tt> control record (see
659 <ref id="f-Section">). However, the maintainer of the Debian
660 archive may override this selection to ensure the consistency of
661 the Debian distribution. The <tt>Section</tt> field should be
663 <list compact="compact">
665 <em>section</em> if the package is in the
666 <em>main</em> archive area,
669 <em>area/section</em> if the package is in
670 the <em>contrib</em> or <em>non-free</em>
677 The Debian archive maintainers provide the authoritative
678 list of sections. At present, they are:
679 <em>admin</em>, <em>cli-mono</em>, <em>comm</em>, <em>database</em>,
680 <em>devel</em>, <em>debug</em>, <em>doc</em>, <em>editors</em>,
681 <em>electronics</em>, <em>embedded</em>, <em>fonts</em>,
682 <em>games</em>, <em>gnome</em>, <em>graphics</em>, <em>gnu-r</em>,
683 <em>gnustep</em>, <em>hamradio</em>, <em>haskell</em>,
684 <em>httpd</em>, <em>interpreters</em>, <em>java</em>, <em>kde</em>,
685 <em>kernel</em>, <em>libs</em>, <em>libdevel</em>, <em>lisp</em>,
686 <em>localization</em>, <em>mail</em>, <em>math</em>, <em>misc</em>,
687 <em>net</em>, <em>news</em>, <em>ocaml</em>, <em>oldlibs</em>,
688 <em>otherosfs</em>, <em>perl</em>, <em>php</em>, <em>python</em>,
689 <em>ruby</em>, <em>science</em>, <em>shells</em>, <em>sound</em>,
690 <em>tex</em>, <em>text</em>, <em>utils</em>, <em>vcs</em>,
691 <em>video</em>, <em>web</em>, <em>x11</em>, <em>xfce</em>,
692 <em>zope</em>. The additional section <em>debian-installer</em>
693 contains special packages used by the installer and is not used
694 for normal Debian packages.
698 For more information about the sections and their definitions,
699 see the <url id="http://packages.debian.org/unstable/"
700 name="list of sections in unstable">.
704 <sect id="priorities">
705 <heading>Priorities</heading>
708 Each package should have a <em>priority</em> value, which is
709 included in the package's <em>control record</em>
710 (see <ref id="f-Priority">).
711 This information is used by the Debian package management tools to
712 separate high-priority packages from less-important packages.
716 The following <em>priority levels</em> are recognized by the
717 Debian package management tools.
719 <tag><tt>required</tt></tag>
721 Packages which are necessary for the proper
722 functioning of the system (usually, this means that
723 dpkg functionality depends on these packages).
724 Removing a <tt>required</tt> package may cause your
725 system to become totally broken and you may not even
726 be able to use <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to put things back,
727 so only do so if you know what you are doing. Systems
728 with only the <tt>required</tt> packages are probably
729 unusable, but they do have enough functionality to
730 allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software.
732 <tag><tt>important</tt></tag>
734 Important programs, including those which one would
735 expect to find on any Unix-like system. If the
736 expectation is that an experienced Unix person who
737 found it missing would say "What on earth is going on,
738 where is <prgn>foo</prgn>?", it must be an
739 <tt>important</tt> package.<footnote>
740 This is an important criterion because we are
741 trying to produce, amongst other things, a free
744 Other packages without which the system will not run
745 well or be usable must also have priority
746 <tt>important</tt>. This does
747 <em>not</em> include Emacs, the X Window System, TeX
748 or any other large applications. The
749 <tt>important</tt> packages are just a bare minimum of
750 commonly-expected and necessary tools.
752 <tag><tt>standard</tt></tag>
754 These packages provide a reasonably small but not too
755 limited character-mode system. This is what will be
756 installed by default if the user doesn't select anything
757 else. It doesn't include many large applications.
759 <tag><tt>optional</tt></tag>
761 (In a sense everything that isn't required is
762 optional, but that's not what is meant here.) This is
763 all the software that you might reasonably want to
764 install if you didn't know what it was and don't have
765 specialized requirements. This is a much larger system
766 and includes the X Window System, a full TeX
767 distribution, and many applications. Note that
768 optional packages should not conflict with each other.
770 <tag><tt>extra</tt></tag>
772 This contains all packages that conflict with others
773 with required, important, standard or optional
774 priorities, or are only likely to be useful if you
775 already know what they are or have specialized
776 requirements (such as packages containing only detached
783 Packages must not depend on packages with lower priority
784 values (excluding build-time dependencies). In order to
785 ensure this, the priorities of one or more packages may need
794 <heading>Binary packages</heading>
797 The Debian GNU/Linux distribution is based on the Debian
798 package management system, called <prgn>dpkg</prgn>. Thus,
799 all packages in the Debian distribution must be provided
800 in the <tt>.deb</tt> file format.
804 <heading>The package name</heading>
807 Every package must have a name that's unique within the Debian
812 The package name is included in the control field
813 <tt>Package</tt>, the format of which is described
814 in <ref id="f-Package">.
815 The package name is also included as a part of the file name
816 of the <tt>.deb</tt> file.
821 <heading>The version of a package</heading>
824 Every package has a version number recorded in its
825 <tt>Version</tt> control file field, described in
826 <ref id="f-Version">.
830 The package management system imposes an ordering on version
831 numbers, so that it can tell whether packages are being up- or
832 downgraded and so that package system front end applications
833 can tell whether a package it finds available is newer than
834 the one installed on the system. The version number format
835 has the most significant parts (as far as comparison is
836 concerned) at the beginning.
840 If an upstream package has problematic version numbers they
841 should be converted to a sane form for use in the
842 <tt>Version</tt> field.
846 <heading>Version numbers based on dates</heading>
849 In general, Debian packages should use the same version
850 numbers as the upstream sources.
854 However, in some cases where the upstream version number is
855 based on a date (e.g., a development "snapshot" release) the
856 package management system cannot handle these version
857 numbers without epochs. For example, dpkg will consider
858 "96May01" to be greater than "96Dec24".
862 To prevent having to use epochs for every new upstream
863 version, the date based portion of the version number
864 should be changed to the following format in such cases:
865 "19960501", "19961224". It is up to the maintainer whether
866 they want to bother the upstream maintainer to change
867 the version numbers upstream, too.
871 Note that other version formats based on dates which are
872 parsed correctly by the package management system should
873 <em>not</em> be changed.
877 Native Debian packages (i.e., packages which have been
878 written especially for Debian) whose version numbers include
879 dates should always use the "YYYYMMDD" format.
886 <heading>The maintainer of a package</heading>
889 Every package must have a Debian maintainer (the
890 maintainer may be one person or a group of people
891 reachable from a common email address, such as a mailing
892 list). The maintainer is responsible for ensuring that
893 the package is placed in the appropriate distributions.
897 The maintainer must be specified in the
898 <tt>Maintainer</tt> control field with their correct name
899 and a working email address. If one person maintains
900 several packages, they should try to avoid having
901 different forms of their name and email address in
902 the <tt>Maintainer</tt> fields of those packages.
906 The format of the <tt>Maintainer</tt> control field is
907 described in <ref id="f-Maintainer">.
911 If the maintainer of a package quits from the Debian
912 project, "Debian QA Group"
913 <email>packages@qa.debian.org</email> takes over the
914 maintainer-ship of the package until someone else
915 volunteers for that task. These packages are called
916 <em>orphaned packages</em>.<footnote>
917 The detailed procedure for doing this gracefully can
918 be found in the Debian Developer's Reference,
919 see <ref id="related">.
924 <sect id="descriptions">
925 <heading>The description of a package</heading>
928 Every Debian package must have an extended description
929 stored in the appropriate field of the control record.
930 The technical information about the format of the
931 <tt>Description</tt> field is in <ref id="f-Description">.
935 The description should describe the package (the program) to a
936 user (system administrator) who has never met it before so that
937 they have enough information to decide whether they want to
938 install it. This description should not just be copied verbatim
939 from the program's documentation.
943 Put important information first, both in the synopsis and
944 extended description. Sometimes only the first part of the
945 synopsis or of the description will be displayed. You can
946 assume that there will usually be a way to see the whole
947 extended description.
951 The description should also give information about the
952 significant dependencies and conflicts between this package
953 and others, so that the user knows why these dependencies and
954 conflicts have been declared.
958 Instructions for configuring or using the package should
959 not be included (that is what installation scripts,
960 manual pages, info files, etc., are for). Copyright
961 statements and other administrivia should not be included
962 either (that is what the copyright file is for).
965 <sect1 id="synopsis"><heading>The single line synopsis</heading>
968 The single line synopsis should be kept brief - certainly
973 Do not include the package name in the synopsis line. The
974 display software knows how to display this already, and you
975 do not need to state it. Remember that in many situations
976 the user may only see the synopsis line - make it as
977 informative as you can.
982 <sect1 id="extendeddesc"><heading>The extended description</heading>
985 Do not try to continue the single line synopsis into the
986 extended description. This will not work correctly when
987 the full description is displayed, and makes no sense
988 where only the summary (the single line synopsis) is
993 The extended description should describe what the package
994 does and how it relates to the rest of the system (in terms
995 of, for example, which subsystem it is which part of).
999 The description field needs to make sense to anyone, even
1000 people who have no idea about any of the things the
1001 package deals with.<footnote>
1002 The blurb that comes with a program in its
1003 announcements and/or <prgn>README</prgn> files is
1004 rarely suitable for use in a description. It is
1005 usually aimed at people who are already in the
1006 community where the package is used.
1015 <heading>Dependencies</heading>
1018 Every package must specify the dependency information
1019 about other packages that are required for the first to
1024 For example, a dependency entry must be provided for any
1025 shared libraries required by a dynamically-linked executable
1026 binary in a package.
1030 Packages are not required to declare any dependencies they
1031 have on other packages which are marked <tt>Essential</tt>
1032 (see below), and should not do so unless they depend on a
1033 particular version of that package.<footnote>
1035 Essential is needed in part to avoid unresolvable dependency
1036 loops on upgrade. If packages add unnecessary dependencies
1037 on packages in this set, the chances that there
1038 <strong>will</strong> be an unresolvable dependency loop
1039 caused by forcing these Essential packages to be configured
1040 first before they need to be is greatly increased. It also
1041 increases the chances that frontends will be unable to
1042 <strong>calculate</strong> an upgrade path, even if one
1046 Also, functionality is rarely ever removed from the
1047 Essential set, but <em>packages</em> have been removed from
1048 the Essential set when the functionality moved to a
1049 different package. So depending on these packages <em>just
1050 in case</em> they stop being essential does way more harm
1057 Sometimes, a package requires another package to be installed
1058 <em>and</em> configured before it can be installed. In this
1059 case, you must specify a <tt>Pre-Depends</tt> entry for
1064 You should not specify a <tt>Pre-Depends</tt> entry for a
1065 package before this has been discussed on the
1066 <tt>debian-devel</tt> mailing list and a consensus about
1067 doing that has been reached.
1071 The format of the package interrelationship control fields is
1072 described in <ref id="relationships">.
1076 <sect id="virtual_pkg">
1077 <heading>Virtual packages</heading>
1080 Sometimes, there are several packages which offer
1081 more-or-less the same functionality. In this case, it's
1082 useful to define a <em>virtual package</em> whose name
1083 describes that common functionality. (The virtual
1084 packages only exist logically, not physically; that's why
1085 they are called <em>virtual</em>.) The packages with this
1086 particular function will then <em>provide</em> the virtual
1087 package. Thus, any other package requiring that function
1088 can simply depend on the virtual package without having to
1089 specify all possible packages individually.
1093 All packages should use virtual package names where
1094 appropriate, and arrange to create new ones if necessary.
1095 They should not use virtual package names (except privately,
1096 amongst a cooperating group of packages) unless they have
1097 been agreed upon and appear in the list of virtual package
1098 names. (See also <ref id="virtual">)
1102 The latest version of the authoritative list of virtual
1103 package names can be found in the <tt>debian-policy</tt> package.
1104 It is also available from the Debian web mirrors at
1105 <tt><url name="/doc/packaging-manuals/virtual-package-names-list.txt"
1106 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/virtual-package-names-list.txt"></tt>.
1110 The procedure for updating the list is described in the preface
1117 <heading>Base system</heading>
1120 The <tt>base system</tt> is a minimum subset of the Debian
1121 GNU/Linux system that is installed before everything else
1122 on a new system. Only very few packages are allowed to form
1123 part of the base system, in order to keep the required disk
1128 The base system consists of all those packages with priority
1129 <tt>required</tt> or <tt>important</tt>. Many of them will
1130 be tagged <tt>essential</tt> (see below).
1135 <heading>Essential packages</heading>
1138 Essential is defined as the minimal set of functionality that
1139 must be available and usable on the system at all times, even
1140 when packages are in an unconfigured (but unpacked) state.
1141 Packages are tagged <tt>essential</tt> for a system using the
1142 <tt>Essential</tt> control file field. The format of the
1143 <tt>Essential</tt> control field is described in <ref
1148 Since these packages cannot be easily removed (one has to
1149 specify an extra <em>force option</em> to
1150 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to do so), this flag must not be used
1151 unless absolutely necessary. A shared library package
1152 must not be tagged <tt>essential</tt>; dependencies will
1153 prevent its premature removal, and we need to be able to
1154 remove it when it has been superseded.
1158 Since dpkg will not prevent upgrading of other packages
1159 while an <tt>essential</tt> package is in an unconfigured
1160 state, all <tt>essential</tt> packages must supply all of
1161 their core functionality even when unconfigured. If the
1162 package cannot satisfy this requirement it must not be
1163 tagged as essential, and any packages depending on this
1164 package must instead have explicit dependency fields as
1169 Maintainers should take great care in adding any programs,
1170 interfaces, or functionality to <tt>essential</tt> packages.
1171 Packages may assume that functionality provided by
1172 <tt>essential</tt> packages is always available without
1173 declaring explicit dependencies, which means that removing
1174 functionality from the Essential set is very difficult and is
1175 almost never done. Any capability added to an
1176 <tt>essential</tt> package therefore creates an obligation to
1177 support that capability as part of the Essential set in
1182 You must not tag any packages <tt>essential</tt> before
1183 this has been discussed on the <tt>debian-devel</tt>
1184 mailing list and a consensus about doing that has been
1189 <sect id="maintscripts">
1190 <heading>Maintainer Scripts</heading>
1193 The package installation scripts should avoid producing
1194 output which is unnecessary for the user to see and
1195 should rely on <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to stave off boredom on
1196 the part of a user installing many packages. This means,
1197 amongst other things, using the <tt>--quiet</tt> option on
1198 <prgn>install-info</prgn>.
1202 Errors which occur during the execution of an installation
1203 script must be checked and the installation must not
1204 continue after an error.
1208 Note that in general <ref id="scripts"> applies to package
1209 maintainer scripts, too.
1213 You should not use <prgn>dpkg-divert</prgn> on a file
1214 belonging to another package without consulting the
1215 maintainer of that package first.
1219 All packages which supply an instance of a common command
1220 name (or, in general, filename) should generally use
1221 <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn>, so that they may be
1222 installed together. If <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn>
1223 is not used, then each package must use
1224 <tt>Conflicts</tt> to ensure that other packages are
1225 de-installed. (In this case, it may be appropriate to
1226 specify a conflict against earlier versions of something
1227 that previously did not use
1228 <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn>; this is an exception to
1229 the usual rule that versioned conflicts should be
1233 <sect1 id="maintscriptprompt">
1234 <heading>Prompting in maintainer scripts</heading>
1236 Package maintainer scripts may prompt the user if
1237 necessary. Prompting must be done by communicating
1238 through a program, such as <prgn>debconf</prgn>, which
1239 conforms to the Debian Configuration Management
1240 Specification, version 2 or higher.
1244 Packages which are essential, or which are dependencies of
1245 essential packages, may fall back on another prompting method
1246 if no such interface is available when they are executed.
1250 The Debian Configuration Management Specification is included
1251 in the <file>debconf_specification</file> files in the
1252 <package>debian-policy</package> package.
1253 It is also available from the Debian web mirrors at
1254 <tt><url name="/doc/packaging-manuals/debconf_specification.html"
1255 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/debconf_specification.html"></tt>.
1259 Packages which use the Debian Configuration Management
1260 Specification may contain an additional
1261 <prgn>config</prgn> script and a <tt>templates</tt>
1262 file in their control archive<footnote>
1263 The control.tar.gz inside the .deb.
1264 See <manref name="deb" section="5">.
1266 The <prgn>config</prgn> script might be run before the
1267 <prgn>preinst</prgn> script, and before the package is unpacked
1268 or any of its dependencies or pre-dependencies are satisfied.
1269 Therefore it must work using only the tools present in
1270 <em>essential</em> packages.<footnote>
1271 <package>Debconf</package> or another tool that
1272 implements the Debian Configuration Management
1273 Specification will also be installed, and any
1274 versioned dependencies on it will be satisfied
1275 before preconfiguration begins.
1280 Packages which use the Debian Configuration Management
1281 Specification must allow for translation of their user-visible
1282 messages by using a gettext-based system such as the one
1283 provided by the <package>po-debconf</package> package.
1287 Packages should try to minimize the amount of prompting
1288 they need to do, and they should ensure that the user
1289 will only ever be asked each question once. This means
1290 that packages should try to use appropriate shared
1291 configuration files (such as <file>/etc/papersize</file> and
1292 <file>/etc/news/server</file>), and shared
1293 <package>debconf</package> variables rather than each
1294 prompting for their own list of required pieces of
1299 It also means that an upgrade should not ask the same
1300 questions again, unless the user has used
1301 <tt>dpkg --purge</tt> to remove the package's configuration.
1302 The answers to configuration questions should be stored in an
1303 appropriate place in <file>/etc</file> so that the user can
1304 modify them, and how this has been done should be
1309 If a package has a vitally important piece of
1310 information to pass to the user (such as "don't run me
1311 as I am, you must edit the following configuration files
1312 first or you risk your system emitting badly-formatted
1313 messages"), it should display this in the
1314 <prgn>config</prgn> or <prgn>postinst</prgn> script and
1315 prompt the user to hit return to acknowledge the
1316 message. Copyright messages do not count as vitally
1317 important (they belong in
1318 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/copyright</file>);
1319 neither do instructions on how to use a program (these
1320 should be in on-line documentation, where all the users
1325 Any necessary prompting should almost always be confined
1326 to the <prgn>config</prgn> or <prgn>postinst</prgn>
1327 script. If it is done in the <prgn>postinst</prgn>, it
1328 should be protected with a conditional so that
1329 unnecessary prompting doesn't happen if a package's
1330 installation fails and the <prgn>postinst</prgn> is
1331 called with <tt>abort-upgrade</tt>,
1332 <tt>abort-remove</tt> or <tt>abort-deconfigure</tt>.
1342 <heading>Source packages</heading>
1344 <sect id="standardsversion">
1345 <heading>Standards conformance</heading>
1348 Source packages should specify the most recent version number
1349 of this policy document with which your package complied
1350 when it was last updated.
1354 This information may be used to file bug reports
1355 automatically if your package becomes too much out of date.
1359 The version is specified in the <tt>Standards-Version</tt>
1361 The format of the <tt>Standards-Version</tt> field is
1362 described in <ref id="f-Standards-Version">.
1366 You should regularly, and especially if your package has
1367 become out of date, check for the newest Policy Manual
1368 available and update your package, if necessary. When your
1369 package complies with the new standards you should update the
1370 <tt>Standards-Version</tt> source package field and
1371 release it.<footnote>
1372 See the file <file>upgrading-checklist</file> for
1373 information about policy which has changed between
1374 different versions of this document.
1380 <sect id="pkg-relations">
1381 <heading>Package relationships</heading>
1384 Source packages should specify which binary packages they
1385 require to be installed or not to be installed in order to
1386 build correctly. For example, if building a package
1387 requires a certain compiler, then the compiler should be
1388 specified as a build-time dependency.
1392 It is not necessary to explicitly specify build-time
1393 relationships on a minimal set of packages that are always
1394 needed to compile, link and put in a Debian package a
1395 standard "Hello World!" program written in C or C++. The
1396 required packages are called <em>build-essential</em>, and
1397 an informational list can be found in
1398 <file>/usr/share/doc/build-essential/list</file> (which is
1399 contained in the <tt>build-essential</tt>
1402 <list compact="compact">
1404 This allows maintaining the list separately
1405 from the policy documents (the list does not
1406 need the kind of control that the policy
1410 Having a separate package allows one to install
1411 the build-essential packages on a machine, as
1412 well as allowing other packages such as tasks to
1413 require installation of the build-essential
1414 packages using the depends relation.
1417 The separate package allows bug reports against
1418 the list to be categorized separately from
1419 the policy management process in the BTS.
1426 When specifying the set of build-time dependencies, one
1427 should list only those packages explicitly required by the
1428 build. It is not necessary to list packages which are
1429 required merely because some other package in the list of
1430 build-time dependencies depends on them.<footnote>
1431 The reason for this is that dependencies change, and
1432 you should list all those packages, and <em>only</em>
1433 those packages that <em>you</em> need directly. What
1434 others need is their business. For example, if you
1435 only link against <file>libimlib</file>, you will need to
1436 build-depend on <package>libimlib2-dev</package> but
1437 not against any <tt>libjpeg*</tt> packages, even
1438 though <tt>libimlib2-dev</tt> currently depends on
1439 them: installation of <package>libimlib2-dev</package>
1440 will automatically ensure that all of its run-time
1441 dependencies are satisfied.
1446 If build-time dependencies are specified, it must be
1447 possible to build the package and produce working binaries
1448 on a system with only essential and build-essential
1449 packages installed and also those required to satisfy the
1450 build-time relationships (including any implied
1451 relationships). In particular, this means that version
1452 clauses should be used rigorously in build-time
1453 relationships so that one cannot produce bad or
1454 inconsistently configured packages when the relationships
1455 are properly satisfied.
1459 <ref id="relationships"> explains the technical details.
1464 <heading>Changes to the upstream sources</heading>
1467 If changes to the source code are made that are not
1468 specific to the needs of the Debian system, they should be
1469 sent to the upstream authors in whatever form they prefer
1470 so as to be included in the upstream version of the
1475 If you need to configure the package differently for
1476 Debian or for Linux, and the upstream source doesn't
1477 provide a way to do so, you should add such configuration
1478 facilities (for example, a new <prgn>autoconf</prgn> test
1479 or <tt>#define</tt>) and send the patch to the upstream
1480 authors, with the default set to the way they originally
1481 had it. You can then easily override the default in your
1482 <file>debian/rules</file> or wherever is appropriate.
1486 You should make sure that the <prgn>configure</prgn> utility
1487 detects the correct architecture specification string
1488 (refer to <ref id="arch-spec"> for details).
1492 If you need to edit a <prgn>Makefile</prgn> where GNU-style
1493 <prgn>configure</prgn> scripts are used, you should edit the
1494 <file>.in</file> files rather than editing the
1495 <prgn>Makefile</prgn> directly. This allows the user to
1496 reconfigure the package if necessary. You should
1497 <em>not</em> configure the package and edit the generated
1498 <prgn>Makefile</prgn>! This makes it impossible for someone
1499 else to later reconfigure the package without losing the
1505 <sect id="dpkgchangelog">
1506 <heading>Debian changelog: <file>debian/changelog</file></heading>
1509 Changes in the Debian version of the package should be
1510 briefly explained in the Debian changelog file
1511 <file>debian/changelog</file>.<footnote>
1513 Mistakes in changelogs are usually best rectified by
1514 making a new changelog entry rather than "rewriting
1515 history" by editing old changelog entries.
1518 This includes modifications
1519 made in the Debian package compared to the upstream one
1520 as well as other changes and updates to the package.
1522 Although there is nothing stopping an author who is also
1523 the Debian maintainer from using this changelog for all
1524 their changes, it will have to be renamed if the Debian
1525 and upstream maintainers become different people. In such
1526 a case, however, it might be better to maintain the package
1527 as a non-native package.
1532 The format of the <file>debian/changelog</file> allows the
1533 package building tools to discover which version of the package
1534 is being built and find out other release-specific information.
1538 That format is a series of entries like this:
1540 <example compact="compact">
1541 <var>package</var> (<var>version</var>) <var>distribution(s)</var>; urgency=<var>urgency</var>
1543 [optional blank line(s), stripped]
1545 * <var>change details</var>
1546 <var>more change details</var>
1548 [blank line(s), included in output of dpkg-parsechangelog]
1550 * <var>even more change details</var>
1552 [optional blank line(s), stripped]
1554 -- <var>maintainer name</var> <<var>email address</var>><var>[two spaces]</var> <var>date</var>
1559 <var>package</var> and <var>version</var> are the source
1560 package name and version number.
1564 <var>distribution(s)</var> lists the distributions where
1565 this version should be installed when it is uploaded - it
1566 is copied to the <tt>Distribution</tt> field in the
1567 <file>.changes</file> file. See <ref id="f-Distribution">.
1571 <var>urgency</var> is the value for the <tt>Urgency</tt>
1572 field in the <file>.changes</file> file for the upload
1573 (see <ref id="f-Urgency">). It is not possible to specify
1574 an urgency containing commas; commas are used to separate
1575 <tt><var>keyword</var>=<var>value</var></tt> settings in the
1576 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> changelog format (though there is
1577 currently only one useful <var>keyword</var>,
1582 The change details may in fact be any series of lines
1583 starting with at least two spaces, but conventionally each
1584 change starts with an asterisk and a separating space and
1585 continuation lines are indented so as to bring them in
1586 line with the start of the text above. Blank lines may be
1587 used here to separate groups of changes, if desired.
1591 If this upload resolves bugs recorded in the Bug Tracking
1592 System (BTS), they may be automatically closed on the
1593 inclusion of this package into the Debian archive by
1594 including the string: <tt>closes: Bug#<var>nnnnn</var></tt>
1595 in the change details.<footnote>
1596 To be precise, the string should match the following
1597 Perl regular expression:
1599 /closes:\s*(?:bug)?\#?\s?\d+(?:,\s*(?:bug)?\#?\s?\d+)*/i
1601 Then all of the bug numbers listed will be closed by the
1602 archive maintenance script (<prgn>katie</prgn>) using the
1603 <var>version</var> of the changelog entry.
1605 This information is conveyed via the <tt>Closes</tt> field
1606 in the <tt>.changes</tt> file (see <ref id="f-Closes">).
1610 The maintainer name and email address used in the changelog
1611 should be the details of the person uploading <em>this</em>
1612 version. They are <em>not</em> necessarily those of the
1613 usual package maintainer. The information here will be
1614 copied to the <tt>Changed-By</tt> field in the
1615 <tt>.changes</tt> file (see <ref id="f-Changed-By">),
1616 and then later used to send an acknowledgement when the
1617 upload has been installed.
1621 The <var>date</var> must be in RFC822 format<footnote>
1622 This is generated by <tt>date -R</tt>.
1623 </footnote>; it must include the time zone specified
1624 numerically, with the time zone name or abbreviation
1625 optionally present as a comment in parentheses.
1629 The first "title" line with the package name must start
1630 at the left hand margin. The "trailer" line with the
1631 maintainer and date details must be preceded by exactly
1632 one space. The maintainer details and the date must be
1633 separated by exactly two spaces.
1637 The entire changelog must be encoded in UTF-8.
1641 For more information on placement of the changelog files
1642 within binary packages, please see <ref id="changelogs">.
1646 <sect id="dpkgcopyright">
1647 <heading>Copyright: <file>debian/copyright</file></heading>
1649 Every package must be accompanied by a verbatim copy of its
1650 copyright information and distribution license in the file
1651 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/copyright</file>
1652 (see <ref id="copyrightfile"> for further details). Also see
1653 <ref id="pkgcopyright"> for further considerations related
1654 to copyrights for packages.
1658 <heading>Error trapping in makefiles</heading>
1661 When <prgn>make</prgn> invokes a command in a makefile
1662 (including your package's upstream makefiles and
1663 <file>debian/rules</file>), it does so using <prgn>sh</prgn>. This
1664 means that <prgn>sh</prgn>'s usual bad error handling
1665 properties apply: if you include a miniature script as one
1666 of the commands in your makefile you'll find that if you
1667 don't do anything about it then errors are not detected
1668 and <prgn>make</prgn> will blithely continue after
1673 Every time you put more than one shell command (this
1674 includes using a loop) in a makefile command you
1675 must make sure that errors are trapped. For
1676 simple compound commands, such as changing directory and
1677 then running a program, using <tt>&&</tt> rather
1678 than semicolon as a command separator is sufficient. For
1679 more complex commands including most loops and
1680 conditionals you should include a separate <tt>set -e</tt>
1681 command at the start of every makefile command that's
1682 actually one of these miniature shell scripts.
1686 <sect id="timestamps">
1687 <heading>Time Stamps</heading>
1689 Maintainers should preserve the modification times of the
1690 upstream source files in a package, as far as is reasonably
1692 The rationale is that there is some information conveyed
1693 by knowing the age of the file, for example, you could
1694 recognize that some documentation is very old by looking
1695 at the modification time, so it would be nice if the
1696 modification time of the upstream source would be
1702 <sect id="restrictions">
1703 <heading>Restrictions on objects in source packages</heading>
1706 The source package may not contain any hard links<footnote>
1708 This is not currently detected when building source
1709 packages, but only when extracting
1713 Hard links may be permitted at some point in the
1714 future, but would require a fair amount of
1717 </footnote>, device special files, sockets or setuid or
1718 setgid files.<footnote>
1719 Setgid directories are allowed.
1724 <sect id="debianrules">
1725 <heading>Main building script: <file>debian/rules</file></heading>
1728 This file must be an executable makefile, and contains the
1729 package-specific recipes for compiling the package and
1730 building binary package(s) from the source.
1734 It must start with the line <tt>#!/usr/bin/make -f</tt>,
1735 so that it can be invoked by saying its name rather than
1736 invoking <prgn>make</prgn> explicitly. That is, invoking
1737 either of <tt>make -f debian/rules <em>args...</em></tt>
1738 or <tt>./debian/rules <em>args...</em></tt> must result in
1743 Since an interactive <file>debian/rules</file> script makes it
1744 impossible to auto-compile that package and also makes it
1745 hard for other people to reproduce the same binary
1746 package, all <em>required targets</em> must be
1747 non-interactive. At a minimum, required targets are the
1748 ones called by <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn>, namely,
1749 <em>clean</em>, <em>binary</em>, <em>binary-arch</em>,
1750 <em>binary-indep</em>, and <em>build</em>. It also follows
1751 that any target that these targets depend on must also be
1756 The targets are as follows (required unless stated otherwise):
1758 <tag><tt>build</tt></tag>
1761 The <tt>build</tt> target should perform all the
1762 configuration and compilation of the package.
1763 If a package has an interactive pre-build
1764 configuration routine, the Debianized source package
1765 must either be built after this has taken place (so
1766 that the binary package can be built without rerunning
1767 the configuration) or the configuration routine
1768 modified to become non-interactive. (The latter is
1769 preferable if there are architecture-specific features
1770 detected by the configuration routine.)
1774 For some packages, notably ones where the same
1775 source tree is compiled in different ways to produce
1776 two binary packages, the <tt>build</tt> target
1777 does not make much sense. For these packages it is
1778 good enough to provide two (or more) targets
1779 (<tt>build-a</tt> and <tt>build-b</tt> or whatever)
1780 for each of the ways of building the package, and a
1781 <tt>build</tt> target that does nothing. The
1782 <tt>binary</tt> target will have to build the
1783 package in each of the possible ways and make the
1784 binary package out of each.
1788 The <tt>build</tt> target must not do anything
1789 that might require root privilege.
1793 The <tt>build</tt> target may need to run the
1794 <tt>clean</tt> target first - see below.
1798 When a package has a configuration and build routine
1799 which takes a long time, or when the makefiles are
1800 poorly designed, or when <tt>build</tt> needs to
1801 run <tt>clean</tt> first, it is a good idea to
1802 <tt>touch build</tt> when the build process is
1803 complete. This will ensure that if <tt>debian/rules
1804 build</tt> is run again it will not rebuild the whole
1806 Another common way to do this is for <tt>build</tt>
1807 to depend on <prgn>build-stamp</prgn> and to do
1808 nothing else, and for the <prgn>build-stamp</prgn>
1809 target to do the building and to <tt>touch
1810 build-stamp</tt> on completion. This is
1811 especially useful if the build routine creates a
1812 file or directory called <tt>build</tt>; in such a
1813 case, <tt>build</tt> will need to be listed as
1814 a phony target (i.e., as a dependency of the
1815 <tt>.PHONY</tt> target). See the documentation of
1816 <prgn>make</prgn> for more information on phony
1822 <tag><tt>build-arch</tt> (optional),
1823 <tt>build-indep</tt> (optional)
1827 A package may also provide both of the targets
1828 <tt>build-arch</tt> and <tt>build-indep</tt>.
1829 The <tt>build-arch</tt> target, if provided, should
1830 perform all the configuration and compilation required
1831 for producing all architecture-dependant binary packages
1832 (those packages for which the body of the
1833 <tt>Architecture</tt> field in <tt>debian/control</tt>
1834 is not <tt>all</tt>).
1835 Similarly, the <tt>build-indep</tt> target, if
1836 provided, should perform all the configuration and
1837 compilation required for producing all
1838 architecture-independent binary packages
1839 (those packages for which the body of the
1840 <tt>Architecture</tt> field in <tt>debian/control</tt>
1842 The <tt>build</tt> target should depend on those of the
1843 targets <tt>build-arch</tt> and <tt>build-indep</tt> that
1844 are provided in the rules file.
1848 If one or both of the targets <tt>build-arch</tt> and
1849 <tt>build-indep</tt> are not provided, then invoking
1850 <file>debian/rules</file> with one of the not-provided
1851 targets as arguments should produce a exit status code
1852 of 2. Usually this is provided automatically by make
1853 if the target is missing.
1857 The <tt>build-arch</tt> and <tt>build-indep</tt> targets
1858 must not do anything that might require root privilege.
1862 <tag><tt>binary</tt>, <tt>binary-arch</tt>,
1863 <tt>binary-indep</tt>
1867 The <tt>binary</tt> target must be all that is
1868 necessary for the user to build the binary package(s)
1869 produced from this source package. It is
1870 split into two parts: <prgn>binary-arch</prgn> builds
1871 the binary packages which are specific to a particular
1872 architecture, and <tt>binary-indep</tt> builds
1873 those which are not.
1876 <tt>binary</tt> may be (and commonly is) a target with
1877 no commands which simply depends on
1878 <tt>binary-arch</tt> and <tt>binary-indep</tt>.
1881 Both <tt>binary-*</tt> targets should depend on the
1882 <tt>build</tt> target, or on the appropriate
1883 <tt>build-arch</tt> or <tt>build-indep</tt> target, if
1884 provided, so that the package is built if it has not
1885 been already. It should then create the relevant
1886 binary package(s), using <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> to
1887 make their control files and <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> to
1888 build them and place them in the parent of the top
1893 Both the <tt>binary-arch</tt> and
1894 <tt>binary-indep</tt> targets <em>must</em> exist.
1895 If one of them has nothing to do (which will always be
1896 the case if the source generates only a single binary
1897 package, whether architecture-dependent or not), it
1898 must still exist and must always succeed.
1902 The <tt>binary</tt> targets must be invoked as
1904 The <prgn>fakeroot</prgn> package often allows one
1905 to build a package correctly even without being
1911 <tag><tt>clean</tt></tag>
1914 This must undo any effects that the <tt>build</tt>
1915 and <tt>binary</tt> targets may have had, except
1916 that it should leave alone any output files created in
1917 the parent directory by a run of a <tt>binary</tt>
1922 If a <tt>build</tt> file is touched at the end of
1923 the <tt>build</tt> target, as suggested above, it
1924 should be removed as the first action that
1925 <tt>clean</tt> performs, so that running
1926 <tt>build</tt> again after an interrupted
1927 <tt>clean</tt> doesn't think that everything is
1932 The <tt>clean</tt> target may need to be
1933 invoked as root if <tt>binary</tt> has been
1934 invoked since the last <tt>clean</tt>, or if
1935 <tt>build</tt> has been invoked as root (since
1936 <tt>build</tt> may create directories, for
1941 <tag><tt>get-orig-source</tt> (optional)</tag>
1944 This target fetches the most recent version of the
1945 original source package from a canonical archive site
1946 (via FTP or WWW, for example), does any necessary
1947 rearrangement to turn it into the original source
1948 tar file format described below, and leaves it in the
1953 This target may be invoked in any directory, and
1954 should take care to clean up any temporary files it
1959 This target is optional, but providing it if
1960 possible is a good idea.
1964 <tag><tt>patch</tt> (optional)</tag>
1967 This target performs whatever additional actions are
1968 required to make the source ready for editing (unpacking
1969 additional upstream archives, applying patches, etc.).
1970 It is recommended to be implemented for any package where
1971 <tt>dpkg-source -x</tt> does not result in source ready
1972 for additional modification. See
1973 <ref id="readmesource">.
1979 The <tt>build</tt>, <tt>binary</tt> and
1980 <tt>clean</tt> targets must be invoked with the current
1981 directory being the package's top-level directory.
1986 Additional targets may exist in <file>debian/rules</file>,
1987 either as published or undocumented interfaces or for the
1988 package's internal use.
1992 The architectures we build on and build for are determined
1993 by <prgn>make</prgn> variables using the utility
1994 <qref id="pkg-dpkg-architecture"><prgn>dpkg-architecture</prgn></qref>.
1995 You can determine the
1996 Debian architecture and the GNU style architecture
1997 specification string for the build machine (the machine type
1998 we are building on) as well as for the host machine (the
1999 machine type we are building for). Here is a list of
2000 supported <prgn>make</prgn> variables:
2001 <list compact="compact">
2003 <tt>DEB_*_ARCH</tt> (the Debian architecture)
2006 <tt>DEB_*_ARCH_CPU</tt> (the Debian CPU name)
2009 <tt>DEB_*_ARCH_OS</tt> (the Debian System name)
2012 <tt>DEB_*_GNU_TYPE</tt> (the GNU style architecture
2013 specification string)
2016 <tt>DEB_*_GNU_CPU</tt> (the CPU part of
2017 <tt>DEB_*_GNU_TYPE</tt>)
2020 <tt>DEB_*_GNU_SYSTEM</tt> (the System part of
2021 <tt>DEB_*_GNU_TYPE</tt>)
2023 where <tt>*</tt> is either <tt>BUILD</tt> for specification of
2024 the build machine or <tt>HOST</tt> for specification of the
2029 Backward compatibility can be provided in the rules file
2030 by setting the needed variables to suitable default
2031 values; please refer to the documentation of
2032 <prgn>dpkg-architecture</prgn> for details.
2036 It is important to understand that the <tt>DEB_*_ARCH</tt>
2037 string only determines which Debian architecture we are
2038 building on or for. It should not be used to get the CPU
2039 or system information; the <tt>DEB_*_ARCH_CPU</tt> and
2040 <tt>DEB_*_ARCH_OS</tt> variables should be used for that.
2041 GNU style variables should generally only be used with upstream
2045 <sect1 id="debianrules-options">
2046 <heading><file>debian/rules</file> and
2047 <tt>DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS</tt></heading>
2050 Supporting the standardized environment variable
2051 <tt>DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS</tt> is recommended. This variable can
2052 contain several flags to change how a package is compiled and
2053 built. Each flag must be in the form <var>flag</var> or
2054 <var>flag</var>=<var>options</var>. If multiple flags are
2055 given, they must be separated by whitespace.<footnote>
2056 Some packages support any delimiter, but whitespace is the
2057 easiest to parse inside a makefile and avoids ambiguity with
2058 flag values that contain commas.
2060 <var>flag</var> must start with a lowercase letter
2061 (<tt>a-z</tt>) and consist only of lowercase letters,
2062 numbers (<tt>0-9</tt>), and the characters
2063 <tt>-</tt> and <tt>_</tt> (hyphen and underscore).
2064 <var>options</var> must not contain whitespace. The same
2065 tag should not be given multiple times with conflicting
2066 values. Package maintainers may assume that
2067 <tt>DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS</tt> will not contain conflicting tags.
2071 The meaning of the following tags has been standardized:
2075 This tag says to not run any build-time test suite
2076 provided by the package.
2080 The presence of this tag means that the package should
2081 be compiled with a minimum of optimization. For C
2082 programs, it is best to add <tt>-O0</tt> to
2083 <tt>CFLAGS</tt> (although this is usually the default).
2084 Some programs might fail to build or run at this level
2085 of optimization; it may be necessary to use
2086 <tt>-O1</tt>, for example.
2090 This tag means that the debugging symbols should not be
2091 stripped from the binary during installation, so that
2092 debugging information may be included in the package.
2094 <tag>parallel=n</tag>
2096 This tag means that the package should be built using up
2097 to <tt>n</tt> parallel processes if the package build
2098 system supports this.<footnote>
2099 Packages built with <tt>make</tt> can often implement
2100 this by passing the <tt>-j</tt><var>n</var> option to
2103 If the package build system does not support parallel
2104 builds, this string must be ignored. If the package
2105 build system only supports a lower level of concurrency
2106 than <var>n</var>, the package should be built using as
2107 many parallel processes as the package build system
2108 supports. It is up to the package maintainer to decide
2109 whether the package build times are long enough and the
2110 package build system is robust enough to make supporting
2111 parallel builds worthwhile.
2117 Unknown flags must be ignored by <file>debian/rules</file>.
2121 The following makefile snippet is an example of how one may
2122 implement the build options; you will probably have to
2123 massage this example in order to make it work for your
2125 <example compact="compact">
2128 INSTALL_FILE = $(INSTALL) -p -o root -g root -m 644
2129 INSTALL_PROGRAM = $(INSTALL) -p -o root -g root -m 755
2130 INSTALL_SCRIPT = $(INSTALL) -p -o root -g root -m 755
2131 INSTALL_DIR = $(INSTALL) -p -d -o root -g root -m 755
2133 ifneq (,$(filter noopt,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS)))
2138 ifeq (,$(filter nostrip,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS)))
2139 INSTALL_PROGRAM += -s
2141 ifneq (,$(filter parallel=%,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS)))
2142 NUMJOBS = $(patsubst parallel=%,%,$(filter parallel=%,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS)))
2143 MAKEFLAGS += -j$(NUMJOBS)
2148 ifeq (,$(filter nocheck,$(DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS)))
2149 # Code to run the package test suite.
2156 <!-- FIXME: section pkg-srcsubstvars is the same as substvars -->
2157 <sect id="substvars">
2158 <heading>Variable substitutions: <file>debian/substvars</file></heading>
2161 When <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn>,
2162 <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> and <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn>
2163 generate control files they perform variable substitutions
2164 on their output just before writing it. Variable
2165 substitutions have the form <tt>${<var>variable</var>}</tt>.
2166 The optional file <file>debian/substvars</file> contains
2167 variable substitutions to be used; variables can also be set
2168 directly from <file>debian/rules</file> using the <tt>-V</tt>
2169 option to the source packaging commands, and certain
2170 predefined variables are also available.
2174 The <file>debian/substvars</file> file is usually generated and
2175 modified dynamically by <file>debian/rules</file> targets, in
2176 which case it must be removed by the <tt>clean</tt> target.
2180 See <manref name="deb-substvars" section="5"> for full
2181 details about source variable substitutions, including the
2182 format of <file>debian/substvars</file>.</p>
2185 <sect id="debianwatch">
2186 <heading>Optional upstream source location: <file>debian/watch</file></heading>
2189 This is an optional, recommended control file for the
2190 <tt>uscan</tt> utility which defines how to automatically
2191 scan ftp or http sites for newly available updates of the
2192 package. This is used by <url id="
2193 http://dehs.alioth.debian.org/"> and other Debian QA tools
2194 to help with quality control and maintenance of the
2195 distribution as a whole.
2200 <sect id="debianfiles">
2201 <heading>Generated files list: <file>debian/files</file></heading>
2204 This file is not a permanent part of the source tree; it
2205 is used while building packages to record which files are
2206 being generated. <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> uses it
2207 when it generates a <file>.changes</file> file.
2211 It should not exist in a shipped source package, and so it
2212 (and any backup files or temporary files such as
2213 <file>files.new</file><footnote>
2214 <file>files.new</file> is used as a temporary file by
2215 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> and
2216 <prgn>dpkg-distaddfile</prgn> - they write a new
2217 version of <tt>files</tt> here before renaming it,
2218 to avoid leaving a corrupted copy if an error
2220 </footnote>) should be removed by the
2221 <tt>clean</tt> target. It may also be wise to
2222 ensure a fresh start by emptying or removing it at the
2223 start of the <tt>binary</tt> target.
2227 When <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> is run for a binary
2228 package, it adds an entry to <file>debian/files</file> for the
2229 <file>.deb</file> file that will be created when <tt>dpkg-deb
2230 --build</tt> is run for that binary package. So for most
2231 packages all that needs to be done with this file is to
2232 delete it in the <tt>clean</tt> target.
2236 If a package upload includes files besides the source
2237 package and any binary packages whose control files were
2238 made with <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> then they should be
2239 placed in the parent of the package's top-level directory
2240 and <prgn>dpkg-distaddfile</prgn> should be called to add
2241 the file to the list in <file>debian/files</file>.</p>
2244 <sect id="embeddedfiles">
2245 <heading>Convenience copies of code</heading>
2248 Some software packages include in their distribution convenience
2249 copies of code from other software packages, generally so that
2250 users compiling from source don't have to download multiple
2251 packages. Debian packages should not make use of these
2252 convenience copies unless the included package is explicitly
2253 intended to be used in this way.<footnote>
2254 For example, parts of the GNU build system work like this.
2256 If the included code is already in the Debian archive in the
2257 form of a library, the Debian packaging should ensure that
2258 binary packages reference the libraries already in Debian and
2259 the convenience copy is not used. If the included code is not
2260 already in Debian, it should be packaged separately as a
2261 prerequisite if possible.
2263 Having multiple copies of the same code in Debian is
2264 inefficient, often creates either static linking or shared
2265 library conflicts, and, most importantly, increases the
2266 difficulty of handling security vulnerabilities in the
2272 <sect id="readmesource">
2273 <heading>Source package handling:
2274 <file>debian/README.source</file></heading>
2277 If running <prgn>dpkg-source -x</prgn> on a source package
2278 doesn't produce the source of the package, ready for editing,
2279 and allow one to make changes and run
2280 <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn> to produce a modified package
2281 without taking any additional steps, creating a
2282 <file>debian/README.source</file> documentation file is
2283 recommended. This file should explain how to do all of the
2286 <item>Generate the fully patched source, in a form ready for
2287 editing, that would be built to create Debian
2288 packages. Doing this with a <tt>patch</tt> target in
2289 <file>debian/rules</file> is recommended; see
2290 <ref id="debianrules">.</item>
2291 <item>Modify the source and save those modifications so that
2292 they will be applied when building the package.</item>
2293 <item>Remove source modifications that are currently being
2294 applied when building the package.</item>
2295 <item>Optionally, document what steps are necessary to
2296 upgrade the Debian source package to a new upstream version,
2297 if applicable.</item>
2299 This explanation should include specific commands and mention
2300 any additional required Debian packages. It should not assume
2301 familiarity with any specific Debian packaging system or patch
2306 This explanation may refer to a documentation file installed by
2307 one of the package's build dependencies provided that the
2308 referenced documentation clearly explains these tasks and is not
2309 a general reference manual.
2313 <file>debian/README.source</file> may also include any other
2314 information that would be helpful to someone modifying the
2315 source package. Even if the package doesn't fit the above
2316 description, maintainers are encouraged to document in a
2317 <file>debian/README.source</file> file any source package with a
2318 particularly complex or unintuitive source layout or build
2319 system (for example, a package that builds the same source
2320 multiple times to generate different binary packages).
2326 <chapt id="controlfields">
2327 <heading>Control files and their fields</heading>
2330 The package management system manipulates data represented in
2331 a common format, known as <em>control data</em>, stored in
2332 <em>control files</em>.
2333 Control files are used for source packages, binary packages and
2334 the <file>.changes</file> files which control the installation
2335 of uploaded files<footnote>
2336 <prgn>dpkg</prgn>'s internal databases are in a similar
2341 <sect id="controlsyntax">
2342 <heading>Syntax of control files</heading>
2345 A control file consists of one or more paragraphs of
2347 The paragraphs are also sometimes referred to as stanzas.
2349 The paragraphs are separated by blank lines. Some control
2350 files allow only one paragraph; others allow several, in
2351 which case each paragraph usually refers to a different
2352 package. (For example, in source packages, the first
2353 paragraph refers to the source package, and later paragraphs
2354 refer to binary packages generated from the source.)
2358 Each paragraph consists of a series of data fields; each
2359 field consists of the field name, followed by a colon and
2360 then the data/value associated with that field. It ends at
2361 the end of the (logical) line. Horizontal whitespace
2362 (spaces and tabs) may occur immediately before or after the
2363 value and is ignored there; it is conventional to put a
2364 single space after the colon. For example, a field might
2366 <example compact="compact">
2369 the field name is <tt>Package</tt> and the field value
2374 Many fields' values may span several lines; in this case
2375 each continuation line must start with a space or a tab.
2376 Any trailing spaces or tabs at the end of individual
2377 lines of a field value are ignored.
2381 In fields where it is specified that lines may not wrap,
2382 only a single line of data is allowed and whitespace is not
2383 significant in a field body. Whitespace must not appear
2384 inside names (of packages, architectures, files or anything
2385 else) or version numbers, or between the characters of
2386 multi-character version relationships.
2390 Field names are not case-sensitive, but it is usual to
2391 capitalize the field names using mixed case as shown below.
2392 Field values are case-sensitive unless the description of the
2393 field says otherwise.
2397 Blank lines, or lines consisting only of spaces and tabs,
2398 are not allowed within field values or between fields - that
2399 would mean a new paragraph.
2403 All control files must be encoded in UTF-8.
2407 <sect id="sourcecontrolfiles">
2408 <heading>Source package control files -- <file>debian/control</file></heading>
2411 The <file>debian/control</file> file contains the most vital
2412 (and version-independent) information about the source package
2413 and about the binary packages it creates.
2417 The first paragraph of the control file contains information about
2418 the source package in general. The subsequent sets each describe a
2419 binary package that the source tree builds.
2423 The fields in the general paragraph (the first one, for the source
2426 <list compact="compact">
2427 <item><qref id="f-Source"><tt>Source</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2428 <item><qref id="f-Maintainer"><tt>Maintainer</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2429 <item><qref id="f-Uploaders"><tt>Uploaders</tt></qref></item>
2430 <item><qref id="f-Section"><tt>Section</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2431 <item><qref id="f-Priority"><tt>Priority</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2432 <item><qref id="sourcebinarydeps"><tt>Build-Depends</tt> et al</qref></item>
2433 <item><qref id="f-Standards-Version"><tt>Standards-Version</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2434 <item><qref id="f-Homepage"><tt>Homepage</tt></qref></item>
2439 The fields in the binary package paragraphs are:
2441 <list compact="compact">
2442 <item><qref id="f-Package"><tt>Package</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2443 <item><qref id="f-Architecture"><tt>Architecture</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2444 <item><qref id="f-Section"><tt>Section</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2445 <item><qref id="f-Priority"><tt>Priority</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2446 <item><qref id="f-Essential"><tt>Essential</tt></qref></item>
2447 <item><qref id="binarydeps"><tt>Depends</tt> et al</qref></item>
2448 <item><qref id="f-Description"><tt>Description</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2449 <item><qref id="f-Homepage"><tt>Homepage</tt></qref></item>
2454 The syntax and semantics of the fields are described below.
2460 These fields are used by <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> to
2461 generate control files for binary packages (see below), by
2462 <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> to generate the
2463 <tt>.changes</tt> file to accompany the upload, and by
2464 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> when it creates the
2465 <file>.dsc</file> source control file as part of a source
2466 archive. Many fields are permitted to span multiple lines in
2467 <file>debian/control</file> but not in any other control
2468 file. These tools are responsible for removing the line
2469 breaks from such fields when using fields from
2470 <file>debian/control</file> to generate other control files.
2474 The fields here may contain variable references - their
2475 values will be substituted by <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn>,
2476 <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> or <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn>
2477 when they generate output control files.
2478 See <ref id="substvars"> for details.
2482 In addition to the control file syntax described <qref
2483 id="controlsyntax">above</qref>, this file may also contain
2484 comment lines starting with <tt>#</tt> without any preceding
2485 whitespace. All such lines are ignored, even in the middle of
2486 continuation lines for a multiline field, and do not end a
2492 <sect id="binarycontrolfiles">
2493 <heading>Binary package control files -- <file>DEBIAN/control</file></heading>
2496 The <file>DEBIAN/control</file> file contains the most vital
2497 (and version-dependent) information about a binary package.
2501 The fields in this file are:
2503 <list compact="compact">
2504 <item><qref id="f-Package"><tt>Package</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2505 <item><qref id="f-Source"><tt>Source</tt></qref></item>
2506 <item><qref id="f-Version"><tt>Version</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2507 <item><qref id="f-Section"><tt>Section</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2508 <item><qref id="f-Priority"><tt>Priority</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2509 <item><qref id="f-Architecture"><tt>Architecture</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2510 <item><qref id="f-Essential"><tt>Essential</tt></qref></item>
2511 <item><qref id="binarydeps"><tt>Depends</tt> et al</qref></item>
2512 <item><qref id="f-Installed-Size"><tt>Installed-Size</tt></qref></item>
2513 <item><qref id="f-Maintainer"><tt>Maintainer</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2514 <item><qref id="f-Description"><tt>Description</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2515 <item><qref id="f-Homepage"><tt>Homepage</tt></qref></item>
2520 <sect id="debiansourcecontrolfiles">
2521 <heading>Debian source control files -- <tt>.dsc</tt></heading>
2524 This file contains a series of fields, identified and
2525 separated just like the fields in the control file of
2526 a binary package. The fields are listed below; their
2527 syntax is described above, in <ref id="pkg-controlfields">.
2529 <list compact="compact">
2530 <item><qref id="f-Format"><tt>Format</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2531 <item><qref id="f-Source"><tt>Source</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2532 <item><qref id="f-Version"><tt>Version</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2533 <item><qref id="f-Maintainer"><tt>Maintainer</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2534 <item><qref id="f-Uploaders"><tt>Uploaders</tt></qref></item>
2535 <item><qref id="f-Binary"><tt>Binary</tt></qref></item>
2536 <item><qref id="f-Architecture"><tt>Architecture</tt></qref></item>
2537 <item><qref id="sourcebinarydeps"><tt>Build-Depends</tt> et al</qref></item>
2538 <item><qref id="f-Standards-Version"><tt>Standards-Version</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2539 <item><qref id="f-Files"><tt>Files</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2540 <item><qref id="f-Homepage"><tt>Homepage</tt></qref></item>
2545 The source package control file is generated by
2546 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> when it builds the source
2547 archive, from other files in the source package,
2548 described above. When unpacking, it is checked against
2549 the files and directories in the other parts of the
2555 <sect id="debianchangesfiles">
2556 <heading>Debian changes files -- <file>.changes</file></heading>
2559 The .changes files are used by the Debian archive maintenance
2560 software to process updates to packages. They contain one
2561 paragraph which contains information from the
2562 <tt>debian/control</tt> file and other data about the
2563 source package gathered via <tt>debian/changelog</tt>
2564 and <tt>debian/rules</tt>.
2568 The fields in this file are:
2570 <list compact="compact">
2571 <item><qref id="f-Format"><tt>Format</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2572 <item><qref id="f-Date"><tt>Date</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2573 <item><qref id="f-Source"><tt>Source</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2574 <item><qref id="f-Binary"><tt>Binary</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2575 <item><qref id="f-Architecture"><tt>Architecture</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2576 <item><qref id="f-Version"><tt>Version</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2577 <item><qref id="f-Distribution"><tt>Distribution</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2578 <item><qref id="f-Urgency"><tt>Urgency</tt></qref> (recommended)</item>
2579 <item><qref id="f-Maintainer"><tt>Maintainer</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2580 <item><qref id="f-Changed-By"><tt>Changed-By</tt></qref></item>
2581 <item><qref id="f-Description"><tt>Description</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2582 <item><qref id="f-Closes"><tt>Closes</tt></qref></item>
2583 <item><qref id="f-Changes"><tt>Changes</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2584 <item><qref id="f-Files"><tt>Files</tt></qref> (mandatory)</item>
2589 <sect id="controlfieldslist">
2590 <heading>List of fields</heading>
2592 <sect1 id="f-Source">
2593 <heading><tt>Source</tt></heading>
2596 This field identifies the source package name.
2600 In <file>debian/control</file> or a <file>.dsc</file> file,
2601 this field must contain only the name of the source package.
2605 In a binary package control file or a <file>.changes</file>
2606 file, the source package name may be followed by a version
2607 number in parentheses<footnote>
2608 It is customary to leave a space after the package name
2609 if a version number is specified.
2611 This version number may be omitted (and is, by
2612 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn>) if it has the same value as
2613 the <tt>Version</tt> field of the binary package in
2614 question. The field itself may be omitted from a binary
2615 package control file when the source package has the same
2616 name and version as the binary package.
2620 Package names (both source and binary,
2621 see <ref id="f-Package">) must consist only of lower case
2622 letters (<tt>a-z</tt>), digits (<tt>0-9</tt>), plus
2623 (<tt>+</tt>) and minus (<tt>-</tt>) signs, and periods
2624 (<tt>.</tt>). They must be at least two characters long and
2625 must start with an alphanumeric character.
2629 <sect1 id="f-Maintainer">
2630 <heading><tt>Maintainer</tt></heading>
2633 The package maintainer's name and email address. The name
2634 should come first, then the email address inside angle
2635 brackets <tt><></tt> (in RFC822 format).
2639 If the maintainer's name contains a full stop then the
2640 whole field will not work directly as an email address due
2641 to a misfeature in the syntax specified in RFC822; a
2642 program using this field as an address must check for this
2643 and correct the problem if necessary (for example by
2644 putting the name in round brackets and moving it to the
2645 end, and bringing the email address forward).
2649 <sect1 id="f-Uploaders">
2650 <heading><tt>Uploaders</tt></heading>
2653 List of the names and email addresses of co-maintainers of
2654 the package, if any. If the package has other maintainers
2655 beside the one named in the
2656 <qref id="f-Maintainer">Maintainer field</qref>, their
2657 names and email addresses should be listed here. The
2658 format is the same as that of the Maintainer tag, and
2659 multiple entries should be comma separated. Currently,
2660 this field is restricted to a single line of data. This
2661 is an optional field.
2664 Any parser that interprets the Uploaders field in
2665 <file>debian/control</file> must permit it to span multiple
2666 lines. Line breaks in an Uploaders field that spans multiple
2667 lines are not significant and the semantics of the field are
2668 the same as if the line breaks had not been present.
2672 <sect1 id="f-Changed-By">
2673 <heading><tt>Changed-By</tt></heading>
2676 The name and email address of the person who changed the
2677 said package. Usually the name of the maintainer.
2678 All the rules for the Maintainer field apply here, too.
2682 <sect1 id="f-Section">
2683 <heading><tt>Section</tt></heading>
2686 This field specifies an application area into which the package
2687 has been classified. See <ref id="subsections">.
2691 When it appears in the <file>debian/control</file> file,
2692 it gives the value for the subfield of the same name in
2693 the <tt>Files</tt> field of the <file>.changes</file> file.
2694 It also gives the default for the same field in the binary
2699 <sect1 id="f-Priority">
2700 <heading><tt>Priority</tt></heading>
2703 This field represents how important it is that the user
2704 have the package installed. See <ref id="priorities">.
2708 When it appears in the <file>debian/control</file> file,
2709 it gives the value for the subfield of the same name in
2710 the <tt>Files</tt> field of the <file>.changes</file> file.
2711 It also gives the default for the same field in the binary
2716 <sect1 id="f-Package">
2717 <heading><tt>Package</tt></heading>
2720 The name of the binary package.
2724 Binary package names must follow the same syntax and
2725 restrictions as source package names. See <ref id="f-Source">
2730 <sect1 id="f-Architecture">
2731 <heading><tt>Architecture</tt></heading>
2734 Depending on context and the control file used, the
2735 <tt>Architecture</tt> field can include the following sets of
2738 <item>A unique single word identifying a Debian machine
2739 architecture as described in <ref id="arch-spec">.
2740 <item><tt>all</tt>, which indicates an
2741 architecture-independent package.
2742 <item><tt>any</tt>, which indicates a package available
2743 for building on any architecture.
2744 <item><tt>source</tt>, which indicates a source package.
2749 In the main <file>debian/control</file> file in the source
2750 package, this field may contain the special value
2751 <tt>any</tt>, the special value <tt>all</tt>, or a list of
2752 architectures separated by spaces. If <tt>any</tt> or
2753 <tt>all</tt> appear, they must be the entire contents of the
2754 field. Most packages will use either <tt>any</tt> or
2755 <tt>all</tt>. Specifying a specific list of architectures is
2756 for the minority of cases where a program is not portable or
2757 is not useful on some architectures, and where possible the
2758 program should be made portable instead.
2762 In the source package control file <file>.dsc</file>, this
2763 field may contain either the special value <tt>any</tt> or a
2764 list of architectures separated by spaces. If a list is given,
2765 it may include (or consist solely of) the special value
2766 <tt>all</tt>. In other words, in <file>.dsc</file> files
2767 unlike the <file>debian/control</file>, <tt>all</tt> may occur
2768 in combination with specific architectures. The
2769 <tt>Architecture</tt> field in the source package control file
2770 <file>.dsc</file> is generally constructed from the
2771 <tt>Architecture</tt> fields in the
2772 <file>debian/control</file> in the source package.
2776 Specifying <tt>any</tt> indicates that the source package
2777 isn't dependent on any particular architecture and should
2778 compile fine on any one. The produced binary package(s)
2779 will either be specific to whatever the current build
2780 architecture is or will be architecture-independent.
2784 Specifying only <tt>all</tt> indicates that the source package
2785 will only build architecture-independent packages. If this is
2786 the case, <tt>all</tt> must be used rather than <tt>any</tt>;
2787 <tt>any</tt> implies that the source package will build at
2788 least one architecture-dependent package.
2792 Specifying a list of architectures indicates that the source
2793 will build an architecture-dependent package, and will only
2794 work correctly on the listed architectures. If the source
2795 package also builds at least one architecture-independent
2796 package, <tt>all</tt> will also be included in the list.
2800 In a <file>.changes</file> file, the <tt>Architecture</tt>
2801 field lists the architecture(s) of the package(s)
2802 currently being uploaded. This will be a list; if the
2803 source for the package is also being uploaded, the special
2804 entry <tt>source</tt> is also present. <tt>all</tt> will be
2805 present if any architecture-independent packages are being
2806 uploaded. <tt>any</tt> may never occur in the
2807 <tt>Architecture</tt> field in the <file>.changes</file>
2812 See <ref id="debianrules"> for information on how to get
2813 the architecture for the build process.
2817 <sect1 id="f-Essential">
2818 <heading><tt>Essential</tt></heading>
2821 This is a boolean field which may occur only in the
2822 control file of a binary package or in a per-package fields
2823 paragraph of a main source control data file.
2827 If set to <tt>yes</tt> then the package management system
2828 will refuse to remove the package (upgrading and replacing
2829 it is still possible). The other possible value is <tt>no</tt>,
2830 which is the same as not having the field at all.
2835 <heading>Package interrelationship fields:
2836 <tt>Depends</tt>, <tt>Pre-Depends</tt>,
2837 <tt>Recommends</tt>, <tt>Suggests</tt>,
2838 <tt>Breaks</tt>, <tt>Conflicts</tt>,
2839 <tt>Provides</tt>, <tt>Replaces</tt>, <tt>Enhances</tt>
2843 These fields describe the package's relationships with
2844 other packages. Their syntax and semantics are described
2845 in <ref id="relationships">.</p>
2848 <sect1 id="f-Standards-Version">
2849 <heading><tt>Standards-Version</tt></heading>
2852 The most recent version of the standards (the policy
2853 manual and associated texts) with which the package
2858 The version number has four components: major and minor
2859 version number and major and minor patch level. When the
2860 standards change in a way that requires every package to
2861 change the major number will be changed. Significant
2862 changes that will require work in many packages will be
2863 signaled by a change to the minor number. The major patch
2864 level will be changed for any change to the meaning of the
2865 standards, however small; the minor patch level will be
2866 changed when only cosmetic, typographical or other edits
2867 are made which neither change the meaning of the document
2868 nor affect the contents of packages.
2872 Thus only the first three components of the policy version
2873 are significant in the <em>Standards-Version</em> control
2874 field, and so either these three components or all four
2875 components may be specified.<footnote>
2876 In the past, people specified the full version number
2877 in the Standards-Version field, for example "2.3.0.0".
2878 Since minor patch-level changes don't introduce new
2879 policy, it was thought it would be better to relax
2880 policy and only require the first 3 components to be
2881 specified, in this example "2.3.0". All four
2882 components may still be used if someone wishes to do so.
2888 <sect1 id="f-Version">
2889 <heading><tt>Version</tt></heading>
2892 The version number of a package. The format is:
2893 [<var>epoch</var><tt>:</tt>]<var>upstream_version</var>[<tt>-</tt><var>debian_revision</var>]
2897 The three components here are:
2899 <tag><var>epoch</var></tag>
2902 This is a single (generally small) unsigned integer. It
2903 may be omitted, in which case zero is assumed. If it is
2904 omitted then the <var>upstream_version</var> may not
2909 It is provided to allow mistakes in the version numbers
2910 of older versions of a package, and also a package's
2911 previous version numbering schemes, to be left behind.
2915 <tag><var>upstream_version</var></tag>
2918 This is the main part of the version number. It is
2919 usually the version number of the original ("upstream")
2920 package from which the <file>.deb</file> file has been made,
2921 if this is applicable. Usually this will be in the same
2922 format as that specified by the upstream author(s);
2923 however, it may need to be reformatted to fit into the
2924 package management system's format and comparison
2929 The comparison behavior of the package management system
2930 with respect to the <var>upstream_version</var> is
2931 described below. The <var>upstream_version</var>
2932 portion of the version number is mandatory.
2936 The <var>upstream_version</var> may contain only
2937 alphanumerics<footnote>
2938 Alphanumerics are <tt>A-Za-z0-9</tt> only.
2940 and the characters <tt>.</tt> <tt>+</tt> <tt>-</tt>
2941 <tt>:</tt> <tt>~</tt> (full stop, plus, hyphen, colon,
2942 tilde) and should start with a digit. If there is no
2943 <var>debian_revision</var> then hyphens are not allowed;
2944 if there is no <var>epoch</var> then colons are not
2949 <tag><var>debian_revision</var></tag>
2952 This part of the version number specifies the version of
2953 the Debian package based on the upstream version. It
2954 may contain only alphanumerics and the characters
2955 <tt>+</tt> <tt>.</tt> <tt>~</tt> (plus, full stop,
2956 tilde) and is compared in the same way as the
2957 <var>upstream_version</var> is.
2961 It is optional; if it isn't present then the
2962 <var>upstream_version</var> may not contain a hyphen.
2963 This format represents the case where a piece of
2964 software was written specifically to be turned into a
2965 Debian package, and so there is only one "debianisation"
2966 of it and therefore no revision indication is required.
2970 It is conventional to restart the
2971 <var>debian_revision</var> at <tt>1</tt> each time the
2972 <var>upstream_version</var> is increased.
2976 The package management system will break the version
2977 number apart at the last hyphen in the string (if there
2978 is one) to determine the <var>upstream_version</var> and
2979 <var>debian_revision</var>. The absence of a
2980 <var>debian_revision</var> is equivalent to a
2981 <var>debian_revision</var> of <tt>0</tt>.
2988 When comparing two version numbers, first the <var>epoch</var>
2989 of each are compared, then the <var>upstream_version</var> if
2990 <var>epoch</var> is equal, and then <var>debian_revision</var>
2991 if <var>upstream_version</var> is also equal.
2992 <var>epoch</var> is compared numerically. The
2993 <var>upstream_version</var> and <var>debian_revision</var>
2994 parts are compared by the package management system using the
2995 following algorithm:
2999 The strings are compared from left to right.
3003 First the initial part of each string consisting entirely of
3004 non-digit characters is determined. These two parts (one of
3005 which may be empty) are compared lexically. If a difference
3006 is found it is returned. The lexical comparison is a
3007 comparison of ASCII values modified so that all the letters
3008 sort earlier than all the non-letters and so that a tilde
3009 sorts before anything, even the end of a part. For example,
3010 the following parts are in sorted order from earliest to
3011 latest: <tt>~~</tt>, <tt>~~a</tt>, <tt>~</tt>, the empty part,
3012 <tt>a</tt>.<footnote>
3013 One common use of <tt>~</tt> is for upstream pre-releases.
3014 For example, <tt>1.0~beta1~svn1245</tt> sorts earlier than
3015 <tt>1.0~beta1</tt>, which sorts earlier than <tt>1.0</tt>.
3020 Then the initial part of the remainder of each string which
3021 consists entirely of digit characters is determined. The
3022 numerical values of these two parts are compared, and any
3023 difference found is returned as the result of the comparison.
3024 For these purposes an empty string (which can only occur at
3025 the end of one or both version strings being compared) counts
3030 These two steps (comparing and removing initial non-digit
3031 strings and initial digit strings) are repeated until a
3032 difference is found or both strings are exhausted.
3036 Note that the purpose of epochs is to allow us to leave behind
3037 mistakes in version numbering, and to cope with situations
3038 where the version numbering scheme changes. It is
3039 <em>not</em> intended to cope with version numbers containing
3040 strings of letters which the package management system cannot
3041 interpret (such as <tt>ALPHA</tt> or <tt>pre-</tt>), or with
3042 silly orderings (the author of this manual has heard of a
3043 package whose versions went <tt>1.1</tt>, <tt>1.2</tt>,
3044 <tt>1.3</tt>, <tt>1</tt>, <tt>2.1</tt>, <tt>2.2</tt>,
3045 <tt>2</tt> and so forth).
3049 <sect1 id="f-Description">
3050 <heading><tt>Description</tt></heading>
3053 In a source or binary control file, the <tt>Description</tt>
3054 field contains a description of the binary package, consisting
3055 of two parts, the synopsis or the short description, and the
3056 long description. The field's format is as follows:
3061 Description: <single line synopsis>
3062 <extended description over several lines>
3067 The lines in the extended description can have these formats:
3073 Those starting with a single space are part of a paragraph.
3074 Successive lines of this form will be word-wrapped when
3075 displayed. The leading space will usually be stripped off.
3079 Those starting with two or more spaces. These will be
3080 displayed verbatim. If the display cannot be panned
3081 horizontally, the displaying program will line wrap them "hard"
3082 (i.e., without taking account of word breaks). If it can they
3083 will be allowed to trail off to the right. None, one or two
3084 initial spaces may be deleted, but the number of spaces
3085 deleted from each line will be the same (so that you can have
3086 indenting work correctly, for example).
3090 Those containing a single space followed by a single full stop
3091 character. These are rendered as blank lines. This is the
3092 <em>only</em> way to get a blank line<footnote>
3093 Completely empty lines will not be rendered as blank lines.
3094 Instead, they will cause the parser to think you're starting
3095 a whole new record in the control file, and will therefore
3096 likely abort with an error.
3101 Those containing a space, a full stop and some more characters.
3102 These are for future expansion. Do not use them.
3108 Do not use tab characters. Their effect is not predictable.
3112 See <ref id="descriptions"> for further information on this.
3116 In a <file>.changes</file> file, the <tt>Description</tt>
3117 field contains a summary of the descriptions for the packages
3118 being uploaded. For this case, the first line of the field
3119 value (the part on the same line as <tt>Description:</tt>) is
3120 always empty. The content of the field is expressed as
3121 continuation lines, one line per package. Each line is
3122 indented by one space and contains the name of a binary
3123 package, a space, a hyphen (<tt>-</tt>), a space, and the
3124 short description line from that package.
3128 <sect1 id="f-Distribution">
3129 <heading><tt>Distribution</tt></heading>
3132 In a <file>.changes</file> file or parsed changelog output
3133 this contains the (space-separated) name(s) of the
3134 distribution(s) where this version of the package should
3135 be installed. Valid distributions are determined by the
3136 archive maintainers.<footnote>
3137 Example distribution names in the Debian archive used in
3138 <file>.changes</file> files are:
3139 <taglist compact="compact">
3140 <tag><em>unstable</em></tag>
3142 This distribution value refers to the
3143 <em>developmental</em> part of the Debian distribution
3144 tree. Most new packages, new upstream versions of
3145 packages and bug fixes go into the <em>unstable</em>
3149 <tag><em>experimental</em></tag>
3151 The packages with this distribution value are deemed
3152 by their maintainers to be high risk. Oftentimes they
3153 represent early beta or developmental packages from
3154 various sources that the maintainers want people to
3155 try, but are not ready to be a part of the other parts
3156 of the Debian distribution tree.
3161 Others are used for updating stable releases or for
3162 security uploads. More information is available in the
3163 Debian Developer's Reference, section "The Debian
3167 The Debian archive software only supports listing a single
3168 distribution. Migration of packages to other distributions is
3169 handled outside of the upload process.
3174 <heading><tt>Date</tt></heading>
3177 This field includes the date the package was built or last edited.
3181 The value of this field is usually extracted from the
3182 <file>debian/changelog</file> file - see
3183 <ref id="dpkgchangelog">).
3187 <sect1 id="f-Format">
3188 <heading><tt>Format</tt></heading>
3191 This field specifies a format revision for the file.
3192 The most current format described in the Policy Manual
3193 is version <strong>1.5</strong>. The syntax of the
3194 format value is the same as that of a package version
3195 number except that no epoch or Debian revision is allowed
3196 - see <ref id="f-Version">.
3200 <sect1 id="f-Urgency">
3201 <heading><tt>Urgency</tt></heading>
3204 This is a description of how important it is to upgrade to
3205 this version from previous ones. It consists of a single
3206 keyword taking one of the values <tt>low</tt>,
3207 <tt>medium</tt>, <tt>high</tt>, <tt>emergency</tt>, or
3208 <tt>critical</tt><footnote>
3209 Other urgency values are supported with configuration
3210 changes in the archive software but are not used in Debian.
3211 The urgency affects how quickly a package will be considered
3212 for inclusion into the <tt>testing</tt> distribution and
3213 gives an indication of the importance of any fixes included
3214 in the upload. <tt>Emergency</tt> and <tt>critical</tt> are
3215 treated as synonymous.
3216 </footnote> (not case-sensitive) followed by an optional
3217 commentary (separated by a space) which is usually in
3218 parentheses. For example:
3221 Urgency: low (HIGH for users of diversions)
3227 The value of this field is usually extracted from the
3228 <file>debian/changelog</file> file - see
3229 <ref id="dpkgchangelog">.
3233 <sect1 id="f-Changes">
3234 <heading><tt>Changes</tt></heading>
3237 This field contains the human-readable changes data, describing
3238 the differences between the last version and the current one.
3242 The first line of the field value (the part on the same line
3243 as <tt>Changes:</tt>) is always empty. The content of the
3244 field is expressed as continuation lines, with each line
3245 indented by at least one space. Blank lines must be
3246 represented by a line consisting only of a space and a full
3251 The value of this field is usually extracted from the
3252 <file>debian/changelog</file> file - see
3253 <ref id="dpkgchangelog">).
3257 Each version's change information should be preceded by a
3258 "title" line giving at least the version, distribution(s)
3259 and urgency, in a human-readable way.
3263 If data from several versions is being returned the entry
3264 for the most recent version should be returned first, and
3265 entries should be separated by the representation of a
3266 blank line (the "title" line may also be followed by the
3267 representation of a blank line).
3271 <sect1 id="f-Binary">
3272 <heading><tt>Binary</tt></heading>
3275 This field is a list of binary packages. Its syntax and
3276 meaning varies depending on the control file in which it
3281 When it appears in the <file>.dsc</file> file, it lists binary
3282 packages which a source package can produce, separated by
3284 A space after each comma is conventional.
3285 </footnote>. It may span multiple lines. The source package
3286 does not necessarily produce all of these binary packages for
3287 every architecture. The source control file doesn't contain
3288 details of which architectures are appropriate for which of
3289 the binary packages.
3293 When it appears in a <file>.changes</file> file, it lists the
3294 names of the binary packages being uploaded, separated by
3295 whitespace (not commas). It may span multiple lines.
3299 <sect1 id="f-Installed-Size">
3300 <heading><tt>Installed-Size</tt></heading>
3303 This field appears in the control files of binary packages,
3304 and in the <file>Packages</file> files. It gives an estimate
3305 of the total amount of disk space required to install the
3306 named package. Actual installed size may vary based on block
3307 size, file system properties, or actions taken by package
3312 The disk space is given as the integer value of the estimated
3313 installed size in bytes, divided by 1024 and rounded up.
3317 <sect1 id="f-Files">
3318 <heading><tt>Files</tt></heading>
3321 This field contains a list of files with information about
3322 each one. The exact information and syntax varies with
3327 In all cases, Files is a multiline field. The first line of
3328 the field value (the part on the same line as <tt>Files:</tt>)
3329 is always empty. The content of the field is expressed as
3330 continuation lines, one line per file. Each line must be
3331 indented by one space and contain a number of sub-fields,
3332 separated by spaces, as described below.
3336 In the <file>.dsc</file> file, each line contains the MD5
3337 checksum, size and filename of the tar file and (if
3338 applicable) diff file which make up the remainder of the
3339 source package<footnote>
3340 That is, the parts which are not the <tt>.dsc</tt>.
3341 </footnote>. For example:
3344 c6f698f19f2a2aa07dbb9bbda90a2754 571925 example_1.2.orig.tar.gz
3345 938512f08422f3509ff36f125f5873ba 6220 example_1.2-1.diff.gz
3347 The exact forms of the filenames are described
3348 in <ref id="pkg-sourcearchives">.
3352 In the <file>.changes</file> file this contains one line per
3353 file being uploaded. Each line contains the MD5 checksum,
3354 size, section and priority and the filename. For example:
3357 4c31ab7bfc40d3cf49d7811987390357 1428 text extra example_1.2-1.dsc
3358 c6f698f19f2a2aa07dbb9bbda90a2754 571925 text extra example_1.2.orig.tar.gz
3359 938512f08422f3509ff36f125f5873ba 6220 text extra example_1.2-1.diff.gz
3360 7c98fe853b3bbb47a00e5cd129b6cb56 703542 text extra example_1.2-1_i386.deb
3362 The <qref id="f-Section">section</qref>
3363 and <qref id="f-Priority">priority</qref> are the values of
3364 the corresponding fields in the main source control file. If
3365 no section or priority is specified then <tt>-</tt> should be
3366 used, though section and priority values must be specified for
3367 new packages to be installed properly.
3371 The special value <tt>byhand</tt> for the section in a
3372 <tt>.changes</tt> file indicates that the file in question
3373 is not an ordinary package file and must by installed by
3374 hand by the distribution maintainers. If the section is
3375 <tt>byhand</tt> the priority should be <tt>-</tt>.
3379 If a new Debian revision of a package is being shipped and
3380 no new original source archive is being distributed the
3381 <tt>.dsc</tt> must still contain the <tt>Files</tt> field
3382 entry for the original source archive
3383 <file><var>package</var>_<var>upstream-version</var>.orig.tar.gz</file>,
3384 but the <file>.changes</file> file should leave it out. In
3385 this case the original source archive on the distribution
3386 site must match exactly, byte-for-byte, the original
3387 source archive which was used to generate the
3388 <file>.dsc</file> file and diff which are being uploaded.</p>
3391 <sect1 id="f-Closes">
3392 <heading><tt>Closes</tt></heading>
3395 A space-separated list of bug report numbers that the upload
3396 governed by the .changes file closes.
3400 <sect1 id="f-Homepage">
3401 <heading><tt>Homepage</tt></heading>
3404 The URL of the web site for this package, preferably (when
3405 applicable) the site from which the original source can be
3406 obtained and any additional upstream documentation or
3407 information may be found. The content of this field is a
3408 simple URL without any surrounding characters such as
3416 <heading>User-defined fields</heading>
3419 Additional user-defined fields may be added to the
3420 source package control file. Such fields will be
3421 ignored, and not copied to (for example) binary or
3422 source package control files or upload control files.
3426 If you wish to add additional unsupported fields to
3427 these output files you should use the mechanism
3432 Fields in the main source control information file with
3433 names starting <tt>X</tt>, followed by one or more of
3434 the letters <tt>BCS</tt> and a hyphen <tt>-</tt>, will
3435 be copied to the output files. Only the part of the
3436 field name after the hyphen will be used in the output
3437 file. Where the letter <tt>B</tt> is used the field
3438 will appear in binary package control files, where the
3439 letter <tt>S</tt> is used in source package control
3440 files and where <tt>C</tt> is used in upload control
3441 (<tt>.changes</tt>) files.
3445 For example, if the main source information control file
3448 XBS-Comment: I stand between the candle and the star.
3450 then the binary and source package control files will contain the
3453 Comment: I stand between the candle and the star.
3462 <chapt id="maintainerscripts">
3463 <heading>Package maintainer scripts and installation procedure</heading>
3466 <heading>Introduction to package maintainer scripts</heading>
3469 It is possible to supply scripts as part of a package which
3470 the package management system will run for you when your
3471 package is installed, upgraded or removed.
3475 These scripts are the files <prgn>preinst</prgn>,
3476 <prgn>postinst</prgn>, <prgn>prerm</prgn> and
3477 <prgn>postrm</prgn> in the control area of the package.
3478 They must be proper executable files; if they are scripts
3479 (which is recommended), they must start with the usual
3480 <tt>#!</tt> convention. They should be readable and
3481 executable by anyone, and must not be world-writable.
3485 The package management system looks at the exit status from
3486 these scripts. It is important that they exit with a
3487 non-zero status if there is an error, so that the package
3488 management system can stop its processing. For shell
3489 scripts this means that you <em>almost always</em> need to
3490 use <tt>set -e</tt> (this is usually true when writing shell
3491 scripts, in fact). It is also important, of course, that
3492 they exit with a zero status if everything went well.
3496 Additionally, packages interacting with users using
3497 <tt>debconf</tt> in the <prgn>postinst</prgn> script should
3498 install a <prgn>config</prgn> script in the control area,
3499 see <ref id="maintscriptprompt"> for details.
3503 When a package is upgraded a combination of the scripts from
3504 the old and new packages is called during the upgrade
3505 procedure. If your scripts are going to be at all
3506 complicated you need to be aware of this, and may need to
3507 check the arguments to your scripts.
3511 Broadly speaking the <prgn>preinst</prgn> is called before
3512 (a particular version of) a package is installed, and the
3513 <prgn>postinst</prgn> afterwards; the <prgn>prerm</prgn>
3514 before (a version of) a package is removed and the
3515 <prgn>postrm</prgn> afterwards.
3519 Programs called from maintainer scripts should not normally
3520 have a path prepended to them. Before installation is
3521 started, the package management system checks to see if the
3522 programs <prgn>ldconfig</prgn>,
3523 <prgn>start-stop-daemon</prgn>, <prgn>install-info</prgn>,
3524 and <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> can be found via the
3525 <tt>PATH</tt> environment variable. Those programs, and any
3526 other program that one would expect to be in the
3527 <tt>PATH</tt>, should thus be invoked without an absolute
3528 pathname. Maintainer scripts should also not reset the
3529 <tt>PATH</tt>, though they might choose to modify it by
3530 prepending or appending package-specific directories. These
3531 considerations really apply to all shell scripts.</p>
3534 <sect id="idempotency">
3535 <heading>Maintainer scripts idempotency</heading>
3538 It is necessary for the error recovery procedures that the
3539 scripts be idempotent. This means that if it is run
3540 successfully, and then it is called again, it doesn't bomb
3541 out or cause any harm, but just ensures that everything is
3542 the way it ought to be. If the first call failed, or
3543 aborted half way through for some reason, the second call
3544 should merely do the things that were left undone the first
3545 time, if any, and exit with a success status if everything
3547 This is so that if an error occurs, the user interrupts
3548 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> or some other unforeseen circumstance
3549 happens you don't leave the user with a badly-broken
3550 package when <prgn>dpkg</prgn> attempts to repeat the
3556 <sect id="controllingterminal">
3557 <heading>Controlling terminal for maintainer scripts</heading>
3560 The maintainer scripts are guaranteed to run with a
3561 controlling terminal and can interact with the user.
3562 Because these scripts may be executed with standard output
3563 redirected into a pipe for logging purposes, Perl scripts
3564 should set unbuffered output by setting <tt>$|=1</tt> so
3565 that the output is printed immediately rather than being
3569 <sect id="exitstatus">
3570 <heading>Exit status</heading>
3573 Each script must return a zero exit status for
3574 success, or a nonzero one for failure, since the package
3575 management system looks for the exit status of these scripts
3576 and determines what action to take next based on that datum.
3580 <sect id="mscriptsinstact"><heading>Summary of ways maintainer
3585 <list compact="compact">
3587 <var>new-preinst</var> <tt>install</tt>
3590 <var>new-preinst</var> <tt>install</tt> <var>old-version</var>
3593 <var>new-preinst</var> <tt>upgrade</tt> <var>old-version</var>
3596 <var>old-preinst</var> <tt>abort-upgrade</tt>
3597 <var>new-version</var>
3602 <list compact="compact">
3604 <var>postinst</var> <tt>configure</tt>
3605 <var>most-recently-configured-version</var>
3608 <var>old-postinst</var> <tt>abort-upgrade</tt>
3609 <var>new-version</var>
3612 <var>conflictor's-postinst</var> <tt>abort-remove</tt>
3613 <tt>in-favour</tt> <var>package</var>
3614 <var>new-version</var>
3617 <var>postinst</var> <tt>abort-remove</tt>
3620 <var>deconfigured's-postinst</var>
3621 <tt>abort-deconfigure</tt> <tt>in-favour</tt>
3622 <var>failed-install-package</var> <var>version</var>
3623 [<tt>removing</tt> <var>conflicting-package</var>
3629 <list compact="compact">
3631 <var>prerm</var> <tt>remove</tt>
3634 <var>old-prerm</var> <tt>upgrade</tt>
3635 <var>new-version</var>
3638 <var>new-prerm</var> <tt>failed-upgrade</tt>
3639 <var>old-version</var>
3642 <var>conflictor's-prerm</var> <tt>remove</tt>
3643 <tt>in-favour</tt> <var>package</var>
3644 <var>new-version</var>
3647 <var>deconfigured's-prerm</var> <tt>deconfigure</tt>
3648 <tt>in-favour</tt> <var>package-being-installed</var>
3649 <var>version</var> [<tt>removing</tt>
3650 <var>conflicting-package</var>
3656 <list compact="compact">
3658 <var>postrm</var> <tt>remove</tt>
3661 <var>postrm</var> <tt>purge</tt>
3664 <var>old-postrm</var> <tt>upgrade</tt>
3665 <var>new-version</var>
3668 <var>new-postrm</var> <tt>failed-upgrade</tt>
3669 <var>old-version</var>
3672 <var>new-postrm</var> <tt>abort-install</tt>
3675 <var>new-postrm</var> <tt>abort-install</tt>
3676 <var>old-version</var>
3679 <var>new-postrm</var> <tt>abort-upgrade</tt>
3680 <var>old-version</var>
3683 <var>disappearer's-postrm</var> <tt>disappear</tt>
3684 <var>overwriter</var>
3685 <var>overwriter-version</var>
3691 <sect id="unpackphase">
3692 <heading>Details of unpack phase of installation or upgrade</heading>
3695 The procedure on installation/upgrade/overwrite/disappear
3696 (i.e., when running <tt>dpkg --unpack</tt>, or the unpack
3697 stage of <tt>dpkg --install</tt>) is as follows. In each
3698 case, if a major error occurs (unless listed below) the
3699 actions are, in general, run backwards - this means that the
3700 maintainer scripts are run with different arguments in
3701 reverse order. These are the "error unwind" calls listed
3708 If a version of the package is already installed, call
3709 <example compact="compact">
3710 <var>old-prerm</var> upgrade <var>new-version</var>
3714 If the script runs but exits with a non-zero
3715 exit status, <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will attempt:
3716 <example compact="compact">
3717 <var>new-prerm</var> failed-upgrade <var>old-version</var>
3719 If this works, the upgrade continues. If this
3720 does not work, the error unwind:
3721 <example compact="compact">
3722 <var>old-postinst</var> abort-upgrade <var>new-version</var>
3724 If this works, then the old-version is
3725 "Installed", if not, the old version is in a
3726 "Half-Configured" state.
3732 If a "conflicting" package is being removed at the same time,
3733 or if any package will be broken (due to <tt>Breaks</tt>):
3736 If <tt>--auto-deconfigure</tt> is
3737 specified, call, for each package to be deconfigured
3738 due to <tt>Breaks</tt>:
3739 <example compact="compact">
3740 <var>deconfigured's-prerm</var> deconfigure \
3741 in-favour <var>package-being-installed</var> <var>version</var>
3744 <example compact="compact">
3745 <var>deconfigured's-postinst</var> abort-deconfigure \
3746 in-favour <var>package-being-installed-but-failed</var> <var>version</var>
3748 The deconfigured packages are marked as
3749 requiring configuration, so that if
3750 <tt>--install</tt> is used they will be
3751 configured again if possible.
3754 If any packages depended on a conflicting
3755 package being removed and <tt>--auto-deconfigure</tt> is
3756 specified, call, for each such package:
3757 <example compact="compact">
3758 <var>deconfigured's-prerm</var> deconfigure \
3759 in-favour <var>package-being-installed</var> <var>version</var> \
3760 removing <var>conflicting-package</var> <var>version</var>
3763 <example compact="compact">
3764 <var>deconfigured's-postinst</var> abort-deconfigure \
3765 in-favour <var>package-being-installed-but-failed</var> <var>version</var> \
3766 removing <var>conflicting-package</var> <var>version</var>
3768 The deconfigured packages are marked as
3769 requiring configuration, so that if
3770 <tt>--install</tt> is used they will be
3771 configured again if possible.
3774 To prepare for removal of each conflicting package, call:
3775 <example compact="compact">
3776 <var>conflictor's-prerm</var> remove \
3777 in-favour <var>package</var> <var>new-version</var>
3780 <example compact="compact">
3781 <var>conflictor's-postinst</var> abort-remove \
3782 in-favour <var>package</var> <var>new-version</var>
3791 If the package is being upgraded, call:
3792 <example compact="compact">
3793 <var>new-preinst</var> upgrade <var>old-version</var>
3795 If this fails, we call:
3797 <var>new-postrm</var> abort-upgrade <var>old-version</var>
3804 <var>old-postinst</var> abort-upgrade <var>new-version</var>
3806 is called. If this works, then the old version
3807 is in an "Installed" state, or else it is left
3808 in an "Unpacked" state.
3813 If it fails, then the old version is left
3814 in an "Half-Installed" state.
3821 Otherwise, if the package had some configuration
3822 files from a previous version installed (i.e., it
3823 is in the "configuration files only" state):
3824 <example compact="compact">
3825 <var>new-preinst</var> install <var>old-version</var>
3829 <var>new-postrm</var> abort-install <var>old-version</var>
3831 If this fails, the package is left in a
3832 "Half-Installed" state, which requires a
3833 reinstall. If it works, the packages is left in
3834 a "Config-Files" state.
3837 Otherwise (i.e., the package was completely purged):
3838 <example compact="compact">
3839 <var>new-preinst</var> install
3842 <example compact="compact">
3843 <var>new-postrm</var> abort-install
3845 If the error-unwind fails, the package is in a
3846 "Half-Installed" phase, and requires a
3847 reinstall. If the error unwind works, the
3848 package is in a not installed state.
3855 The new package's files are unpacked, overwriting any
3856 that may be on the system already, for example any
3857 from the old version of the same package or from
3858 another package. Backups of the old files are kept
3859 temporarily, and if anything goes wrong the package
3860 management system will attempt to put them back as
3861 part of the error unwind.
3865 It is an error for a package to contain files which
3866 are on the system in another package, unless
3867 <tt>Replaces</tt> is used (see <ref id="replaces">).
3869 The following paragraph is not currently the case:
3870 Currently the <tt>- - force-overwrite</tt> flag is
3871 enabled, downgrading it to a warning, but this may not
3877 It is a more serious error for a package to contain a
3878 plain file or other kind of non-directory where another
3879 package has a directory (again, unless
3880 <tt>Replaces</tt> is used). This error can be
3881 overridden if desired using
3882 <tt>--force-overwrite-dir</tt>, but this is not
3887 Packages which overwrite each other's files produce
3888 behavior which, though deterministic, is hard for the
3889 system administrator to understand. It can easily
3890 lead to "missing" programs if, for example, a package
3891 is installed which overwrites a file from another
3892 package, and is then removed again.<footnote>
3893 Part of the problem is due to what is arguably a
3894 bug in <prgn>dpkg</prgn>.
3899 A directory will never be replaced by a symbolic link
3900 to a directory or vice versa; instead, the existing
3901 state (symlink or not) will be left alone and
3902 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will follow the symlink if there is
3911 If the package is being upgraded, call
3912 <example compact="compact">
3913 <var>old-postrm</var> upgrade <var>new-version</var>
3917 If this fails, <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will attempt:
3918 <example compact="compact">
3919 <var>new-postrm</var> failed-upgrade <var>old-version</var>
3921 If this works, installation continues. If not,
3923 <example compact="compact">
3924 <var>old-preinst</var> abort-upgrade <var>new-version</var>
3926 If this fails, the old version is left in a
3927 "Half-Installed" state. If it works, dpkg now
3929 <example compact="compact">
3930 <var>new-postrm</var> abort-upgrade <var>old-version</var>
3932 If this fails, the old version is left in a
3933 "Half-Installed" state. If it works, dpkg now
3935 <example compact="compact">
3936 <var>old-postinst</var> abort-upgrade <var>new-version</var>
3938 If this fails, the old version is in an
3945 This is the point of no return - if
3946 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> gets this far, it won't back off
3947 past this point if an error occurs. This will
3948 leave the package in a fairly bad state, which
3949 will require a successful re-installation to clear
3950 up, but it's when <prgn>dpkg</prgn> starts doing
3951 things that are irreversible.
3956 Any files which were in the old version of the package
3957 but not in the new are removed.
3961 The new file list replaces the old.
3965 The new maintainer scripts replace the old.
3969 Any packages all of whose files have been overwritten
3970 during the installation, and which aren't required for
3971 dependencies, are considered to have been removed.
3972 For each such package
3975 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> calls:
3976 <example compact="compact">
3977 <var>disappearer's-postrm</var> disappear \
3978 <var>overwriter</var> <var>overwriter-version</var>
3982 The package's maintainer scripts are removed.
3985 It is noted in the status database as being in a
3986 sane state, namely not installed (any conffiles
3987 it may have are ignored, rather than being
3988 removed by <prgn>dpkg</prgn>). Note that
3989 disappearing packages do not have their prerm
3990 called, because <prgn>dpkg</prgn> doesn't know
3991 in advance that the package is going to
3998 Any files in the package we're unpacking that are also
3999 listed in the file lists of other packages are removed
4000 from those lists. (This will lobotomize the file list
4001 of the "conflicting" package if there is one.)
4005 The backup files made during installation, above, are
4011 The new package's status is now sane, and recorded as
4016 Here is another point of no return - if the
4017 conflicting package's removal fails we do not unwind
4018 the rest of the installation; the conflicting package
4019 is left in a half-removed limbo.
4024 If there was a conflicting package we go and do the
4025 removal actions (described below), starting with the
4026 removal of the conflicting package's files (any that
4027 are also in the package being installed have already
4028 been removed from the conflicting package's file list,
4029 and so do not get removed now).
4035 <sect id="configdetails"><heading>Details of configuration</heading>
4038 When we configure a package (this happens with <tt>dpkg
4039 --install</tt> and <tt>dpkg --configure</tt>), we first
4040 update any <tt>conffile</tt>s and then call:
4041 <example compact="compact">
4042 <var>postinst</var> configure <var>most-recently-configured-version</var>
4047 No attempt is made to unwind after errors during
4048 configuration. If the configuration fails, the package is in
4049 a "Failed Config" state, and an error message is generated.
4053 If there is no most recently configured version
4054 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will pass a null argument.
4057 Historical note: Truly ancient (pre-1997) versions of
4058 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> passed <tt><unknown></tt>
4059 (including the angle brackets) in this case. Even older
4060 ones did not pass a second argument at all, under any
4061 circumstance. Note that upgrades using such an old dpkg
4062 version are unlikely to work for other reasons, even if
4063 this old argument behavior is handled by your postinst script.
4069 <sect id="removedetails"><heading>Details of removal and/or
4070 configuration purging</heading>
4076 <example compact="compact">
4077 <var>prerm</var> remove
4081 If prerm fails during replacement due to conflict
4083 <var>conflictor's-postinst</var> abort-remove \
4084 in-favour <var>package</var> <var>new-version</var>
4088 <var>postinst</var> abort-remove
4092 If this fails, the package is in a "Half-Configured"
4093 state, or else it remains "Installed".
4097 The package's files are removed (except <tt>conffile</tt>s).
4100 <example compact="compact">
4101 <var>postrm</var> remove
4105 If it fails, there's no error unwind, and the package is in
4106 an "Half-Installed" state.
4111 All the maintainer scripts except the <prgn>postrm</prgn>
4116 If we aren't purging the package we stop here. Note
4117 that packages which have no <prgn>postrm</prgn> and no
4118 <tt>conffile</tt>s are automatically purged when
4119 removed, as there is no difference except for the
4120 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> status.
4124 The <tt>conffile</tt>s and any backup files
4125 (<tt>~</tt>-files, <tt>#*#</tt> files,
4126 <tt>%</tt>-files, <tt>.dpkg-{old,new,tmp}</tt>, etc.)
4131 <example compact="compact">
4132 <var>postrm</var> purge
4136 If this fails, the package remains in a "Config-Files"
4141 The package's file list is removed.
4150 <chapt id="relationships">
4151 <heading>Declaring relationships between packages</heading>
4153 <sect id="depsyntax">
4154 <heading>Syntax of relationship fields</heading>
4157 These fields all have a uniform syntax. They are a list of
4158 package names separated by commas.
4162 In the <tt>Depends</tt>, <tt>Recommends</tt>,
4163 <tt>Suggests</tt>, <tt>Pre-Depends</tt>,
4164 <tt>Build-Depends</tt> and <tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt>
4165 control file fields of the package, which declare
4166 dependencies on other packages, the package names listed may
4167 also include lists of alternative package names, separated
4168 by vertical bar (pipe) symbols <tt>|</tt>. In such a case,
4169 if any one of the alternative packages is installed, that
4170 part of the dependency is considered to be satisfied.
4174 All of the fields except for <tt>Provides</tt> may restrict
4175 their applicability to particular versions of each named
4176 package. This is done in parentheses after each individual
4177 package name; the parentheses should contain a relation from
4178 the list below followed by a version number, in the format
4179 described in <ref id="f-Version">.
4183 The relations allowed are <tt><<</tt>, <tt><=</tt>,
4184 <tt>=</tt>, <tt>>=</tt> and <tt>>></tt> for
4185 strictly earlier, earlier or equal, exactly equal, later or
4186 equal and strictly later, respectively. The deprecated
4187 forms <tt><</tt> and <tt>></tt> were used to mean
4188 earlier/later or equal, rather than strictly earlier/later,
4189 so they should not appear in new packages (though
4190 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> still supports them).
4194 Whitespace may appear at any point in the version
4195 specification subject to the rules in <ref
4196 id="controlsyntax">, and must appear where it's necessary to
4197 disambiguate; it is not otherwise significant. All of the
4198 relationship fields may span multiple lines. For
4199 consistency and in case of future changes to
4200 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> it is recommended that a single space be
4201 used after a version relationship and before a version
4202 number; it is also conventional to put a single space after
4203 each comma, on either side of each vertical bar, and before
4204 each open parenthesis. When wrapping a relationship field, it
4205 is conventional to do so after a comma and before the space
4206 following that comma.
4210 For example, a list of dependencies might appear as:
4211 <example compact="compact">
4214 Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.1), exim | mail-transport-agent
4219 All fields that specify build-time relationships
4220 (<tt>Build-Depends</tt>, <tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt>,
4221 <tt>Build-Conflicts</tt> and <tt>Build-Conflicts-Indep</tt>)
4222 may be restricted to a certain set of architectures. This
4223 is indicated in brackets after each individual package name and
4224 the optional version specification. The brackets enclose a
4225 list of Debian architecture names separated by whitespace.
4226 Exclamation marks may be prepended to each of the names.
4227 (It is not permitted for some names to be prepended with
4228 exclamation marks while others aren't.) If the current Debian
4229 host architecture is not in this list and there are no
4230 exclamation marks in the list, or it is in the list with a
4231 prepended exclamation mark, the package name and the
4232 associated version specification are ignored completely for
4233 the purposes of defining the relationships.
4238 <example compact="compact">
4240 Build-Depends-Indep: texinfo
4241 Build-Depends: kernel-headers-2.2.10 [!hurd-i386],
4242 hurd-dev [hurd-i386], gnumach-dev [hurd-i386]
4244 requires <tt>kernel-headers-2.2.10</tt> on all architectures
4245 other than hurd-i386 and requires <tt>hurd-dev</tt> and
4246 <tt>gnumach-dev</tt> only on hurd-i386.
4250 If the architecture-restricted dependency is part of a set of
4251 alternatives using <tt>|</tt>, that alternative is ignored
4252 completely on architectures that do not match the restriction.
4254 <example compact="compact">
4255 Build-Depends: foo [!i386] | bar [!amd64]
4257 is equivalent to <tt>bar</tt> on the i386 architecture, to
4258 <tt>foo</tt> on the amd64 architecture, and to <tt>foo |
4259 bar</tt> on all other architectures.
4263 Note that the binary package relationship fields such as
4264 <tt>Depends</tt> appear in one of the binary package
4265 sections of the control file, whereas the build-time
4266 relationships such as <tt>Build-Depends</tt> appear in the
4267 source package section of the control file (which is the
4272 <sect id="binarydeps">
4273 <heading>Binary Dependencies - <tt>Depends</tt>,
4274 <tt>Recommends</tt>, <tt>Suggests</tt>, <tt>Enhances</tt>,
4275 <tt>Pre-Depends</tt>
4279 Packages can declare in their control file that they have
4280 certain relationships to other packages - for example, that
4281 they may not be installed at the same time as certain other
4282 packages, and/or that they depend on the presence of others.
4286 This is done using the <tt>Depends</tt>, <tt>Pre-Depends</tt>,
4287 <tt>Recommends</tt>, <tt>Suggests</tt>, <tt>Enhances</tt>,
4288 <tt>Breaks</tt> and <tt>Conflicts</tt> control file fields.
4289 <tt>Breaks</tt> is described in <ref id="breaks">, and
4290 <tt>Conflicts</tt> is described in <ref id="conflicts">. The
4291 rest are described below.
4295 These seven fields are used to declare a dependency
4296 relationship by one package on another. Except for
4297 <tt>Enhances</tt> and <tt>Breaks</tt>, they appear in the
4298 depending (binary) package's control file.
4299 (<tt>Enhances</tt> appears in the recommending package's
4300 control file, and <tt>Breaks</tt> appears in the version of
4301 depended-on package which causes the named package to
4306 A <tt>Depends</tt> field takes effect <em>only</em> when a
4307 package is to be configured. It does not prevent a package
4308 being on the system in an unconfigured state while its
4309 dependencies are unsatisfied, and it is possible to replace
4310 a package whose dependencies are satisfied and which is
4311 properly installed with a different version whose
4312 dependencies are not and cannot be satisfied; when this is
4313 done the depending package will be left unconfigured (since
4314 attempts to configure it will give errors) and will not
4315 function properly. If it is necessary, a
4316 <tt>Pre-Depends</tt> field can be used, which has a partial
4317 effect even when a package is being unpacked, as explained
4318 in detail below. (The other three dependency fields,
4319 <tt>Recommends</tt>, <tt>Suggests</tt> and
4320 <tt>Enhances</tt>, are only used by the various front-ends
4321 to <prgn>dpkg</prgn> such as <prgn>apt-get</prgn>,
4322 <prgn>aptitude</prgn>, and <prgn>dselect</prgn>.)
4326 For this reason packages in an installation run are usually
4327 all unpacked first and all configured later; this gives
4328 later versions of packages with dependencies on later
4329 versions of other packages the opportunity to have their
4330 dependencies satisfied.
4334 In case of circular dependencies, since installation or
4335 removal order honoring the dependency order can't be
4336 established, dependency loops are broken at some point
4337 (based on rules below), and some packages may not be able to
4338 rely on their dependencies being present when being
4339 installed or removed, depending on which side of the break
4340 of the circular dependency loop they happen to be on. If one
4341 of the packages in the loop has no postinst script, then the
4342 cycle will be broken at that package, so as to ensure that
4343 all postinst scripts run with the dependencies properly
4344 configured if this is possible. Otherwise the breaking point
4349 The <tt>Depends</tt> field thus allows package maintainers
4350 to impose an order in which packages should be configured.
4354 The meaning of the five dependency fields is as follows:
4356 <tag><tt>Depends</tt></tag>
4359 This declares an absolute dependency. A package will
4360 not be configured unless all of the packages listed in
4361 its <tt>Depends</tt> field have been correctly
4366 The <tt>Depends</tt> field should be used if the
4367 depended-on package is required for the depending
4368 package to provide a significant amount of
4373 The <tt>Depends</tt> field should also be used if the
4374 <prgn>postinst</prgn>, <prgn>prerm</prgn> or
4375 <prgn>postrm</prgn> scripts require the package to be
4376 present in order to run. Note, however, that the
4377 <prgn>postrm</prgn> cannot rely on any non-essential
4378 packages to be present during the <tt>purge</tt>
4382 <tag><tt>Recommends</tt></tag>
4385 This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency.
4389 The <tt>Recommends</tt> field should list packages
4390 that would be found together with this one in all but
4391 unusual installations.
4395 <tag><tt>Suggests</tt></tag>
4397 This is used to declare that one package may be more
4398 useful with one or more others. Using this field
4399 tells the packaging system and the user that the
4400 listed packages are related to this one and can
4401 perhaps enhance its usefulness, but that installing
4402 this one without them is perfectly reasonable.
4405 <tag><tt>Enhances</tt></tag>
4407 This field is similar to Suggests but works in the
4408 opposite direction. It is used to declare that a
4409 package can enhance the functionality of another
4413 <tag><tt>Pre-Depends</tt></tag>
4416 This field is like <tt>Depends</tt>, except that it
4417 also forces <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to complete installation
4418 of the packages named before even starting the
4419 installation of the package which declares the
4420 pre-dependency, as follows:
4424 When a package declaring a pre-dependency is about to
4425 be <em>unpacked</em> the pre-dependency can be
4426 satisfied if the depended-on package is either fully
4427 configured, <em>or even if</em> the depended-on
4428 package(s) are only unpacked or in the "Half-Configured"
4429 state, provided that they have been configured
4430 correctly at some point in the past (and not removed
4431 or partially removed since). In this case, both the
4432 previously-configured and currently unpacked or
4433 "Half-Configured" versions must satisfy any version
4434 clause in the <tt>Pre-Depends</tt> field.
4438 When the package declaring a pre-dependency is about
4439 to be <em>configured</em>, the pre-dependency will be
4440 treated as a normal <tt>Depends</tt>, that is, it will
4441 be considered satisfied only if the depended-on
4442 package has been correctly configured.
4446 <tt>Pre-Depends</tt> should be used sparingly,
4447 preferably only by packages whose premature upgrade or
4448 installation would hamper the ability of the system to
4449 continue with any upgrade that might be in progress.
4453 <tt>Pre-Depends</tt> are also required if the
4454 <prgn>preinst</prgn> script depends on the named
4455 package. It is best to avoid this situation if
4463 When selecting which level of dependency to use you should
4464 consider how important the depended-on package is to the
4465 functionality of the one declaring the dependency. Some
4466 packages are composed of components of varying degrees of
4467 importance. Such a package should list using
4468 <tt>Depends</tt> the package(s) which are required by the
4469 more important components. The other components'
4470 requirements may be mentioned as Suggestions or
4471 Recommendations, as appropriate to the components' relative
4477 <heading>Packages which break other packages - <tt>Breaks</tt></heading>
4480 When one binary package declares that it breaks another,
4481 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will refuse to allow the package which
4482 declares <tt>Breaks</tt> be installed unless the broken
4483 package is deconfigured first, and it will refuse to
4484 allow the broken package to be reconfigured.
4488 A package will not be regarded as causing breakage merely
4489 because its configuration files are still installed; it must
4490 be at least "Half-Installed".
4494 A special exception is made for packages which declare that
4495 they break their own package name or a virtual package which
4496 they provide (see below): this does not count as a real
4501 Normally a <tt>Breaks</tt> entry will have an "earlier than"
4502 version clause; such a <tt>Breaks</tt> is introduced in the
4503 version of an (implicit or explicit) dependency which
4504 violates an assumption or reveals a bug in earlier versions
4505 of the broken package. This use of <tt>Breaks</tt> will
4506 inform higher-level package management tools that broken
4507 package must be upgraded before the new one.
4511 If the breaking package also overwrites some files from the
4512 older package, it should use <tt>Replaces</tt> (not
4513 <tt>Conflicts</tt>) to ensure this goes smoothly.
4517 <sect id="conflicts">
4518 <heading>Conflicting binary packages - <tt>Conflicts</tt></heading>
4521 When one binary package declares a conflict with another
4522 using a <tt>Conflicts</tt> field, <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will
4523 refuse to allow them to be installed on the system at the
4528 If one package is to be installed, the other must be removed
4529 first - if the package being installed is marked as
4530 replacing (see <ref id="replaces">) the one on the system,
4531 or the one on the system is marked as deselected, or both
4532 packages are marked <tt>Essential</tt>, then
4533 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will automatically remove the package
4534 which is causing the conflict, otherwise it will halt the
4535 installation of the new package with an error. This
4536 mechanism is specifically designed to produce an error when
4537 the installed package is <tt>Essential</tt>, but the new
4542 A package will not cause a conflict merely because its
4543 configuration files are still installed; it must be at least
4548 A special exception is made for packages which declare a
4549 conflict with their own package name, or with a virtual
4550 package which they provide (see below): this does not
4551 prevent their installation, and allows a package to conflict
4552 with others providing a replacement for it. You use this
4553 feature when you want the package in question to be the only
4554 package providing some feature.
4558 A <tt>Conflicts</tt> entry should almost never have an
4559 "earlier than" version clause. This would prevent
4560 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> from upgrading or installing the package
4561 which declared such a conflict until the upgrade or removal
4562 of the conflicted-with package had been completed. Instead,
4563 <tt>Breaks</tt> may be used.
4567 <sect id="virtual"><heading>Virtual packages - <tt>Provides</tt>
4571 As well as the names of actual ("concrete") packages, the
4572 package relationship fields <tt>Depends</tt>,
4573 <tt>Recommends</tt>, <tt>Suggests</tt>, <tt>Enhances</tt>,
4574 <tt>Pre-Depends</tt>, <tt>Breaks</tt>, <tt>Conflicts</tt>,
4575 <tt>Build-Depends</tt>, <tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt>,
4576 <tt>Build-Conflicts</tt> and <tt>Build-Conflicts-Indep</tt>
4577 may mention "virtual packages".
4581 A <em>virtual package</em> is one which appears in the
4582 <tt>Provides</tt> control file field of another package.
4583 The effect is as if the package(s) which provide a
4584 particular virtual package name had been listed by name
4585 everywhere the virtual package name appears. (See also <ref
4590 If there are both concrete and virtual packages of the same
4591 name, then the dependency may be satisfied (or the conflict
4592 caused) by either the concrete package with the name in
4593 question or any other concrete package which provides the
4594 virtual package with the name in question. This is so that,
4595 for example, supposing we have
4596 <example compact="compact">
4599 </example> and someone else releases an enhanced version of
4600 the <tt>bar</tt> package they can say:
4601 <example compact="compact">
4605 and the <tt>bar-plus</tt> package will now also satisfy the
4606 dependency for the <tt>foo</tt> package.
4610 If a relationship field has a version number attached
4611 then only real packages will be considered to see whether
4612 the relationship is satisfied (or the prohibition violated,
4613 for a conflict or breakage) - it is assumed that a real
4614 package which provides the virtual package is not of the
4615 "right" version. So, a <tt>Provides</tt> field may not
4616 contain version numbers, and the version number of the
4617 concrete package which provides a particular virtual package
4618 will not be looked at when considering a dependency on or
4619 conflict with the virtual package name.
4623 It is likely that the ability will be added in a future
4624 release of <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to specify a version number for
4625 each virtual package it provides. This feature is not yet
4626 present, however, and is expected to be used only
4631 If you want to specify which of a set of real packages
4632 should be the default to satisfy a particular dependency on
4633 a virtual package, you should list the real package as an
4634 alternative before the virtual one.
4639 <sect id="replaces"><heading>Overwriting files and replacing
4640 packages - <tt>Replaces</tt></heading>
4643 Packages can declare in their control file that they should
4644 overwrite files in certain other packages, or completely
4645 replace other packages. The <tt>Replaces</tt> control file
4646 field has these two distinct purposes.
4649 <sect1><heading>Overwriting files in other packages</heading>
4652 Firstly, as mentioned before, it is usually an error for a
4653 package to contain files which are on the system in
4658 However, if the overwriting package declares that it
4659 <tt>Replaces</tt> the one containing the file being
4660 overwritten, then <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will replace the file
4661 from the old package with that from the new. The file
4662 will no longer be listed as "owned" by the old package.
4666 If a package is completely replaced in this way, so that
4667 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> does not know of any files it still
4668 contains, it is considered to have "disappeared". It will
4669 be marked as not wanted on the system (selected for
4670 removal) and not installed. Any <tt>conffile</tt>s
4671 details noted for the package will be ignored, as they
4672 will have been taken over by the overwriting package. The
4673 package's <prgn>postrm</prgn> script will be run with a
4674 special argument to allow the package to do any final
4675 cleanup required. See <ref id="mscriptsinstact">.
4678 Replaces is a one way relationship -- you have to
4679 install the replacing package after the replaced
4686 For this usage of <tt>Replaces</tt>, virtual packages (see
4687 <ref id="virtual">) are not considered when looking at a
4688 <tt>Replaces</tt> field - the packages declared as being
4689 replaced must be mentioned by their real names.
4693 Furthermore, this usage of <tt>Replaces</tt> only takes
4694 effect when both packages are at least partially on the
4695 system at once, so that it can only happen if they do not
4696 conflict or if the conflict has been overridden.
4701 <sect1><heading>Replacing whole packages, forcing their
4705 Secondly, <tt>Replaces</tt> allows the packaging system to
4706 resolve which package should be removed when there is a
4707 conflict - see <ref id="conflicts">. This usage only
4708 takes effect when the two packages <em>do</em> conflict,
4709 so that the two usages of this field do not interfere with
4714 In this situation, the package declared as being replaced
4715 can be a virtual package, so for example, all mail
4716 transport agents (MTAs) would have the following fields in
4717 their control files:
4718 <example compact="compact">
4719 Provides: mail-transport-agent
4720 Conflicts: mail-transport-agent
4721 Replaces: mail-transport-agent
4723 ensuring that only one MTA can be installed at any one
4728 <sect id="sourcebinarydeps">
4729 <heading>Relationships between source and binary packages -
4730 <tt>Build-Depends</tt>, <tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt>,
4731 <tt>Build-Conflicts</tt>, <tt>Build-Conflicts-Indep</tt>
4735 Source packages that require certain binary packages to be
4736 installed or absent at the time of building the package
4737 can declare relationships to those binary packages.
4741 This is done using the <tt>Build-Depends</tt>,
4742 <tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt>, <tt>Build-Conflicts</tt> and
4743 <tt>Build-Conflicts-Indep</tt> control file fields.
4747 Build-dependencies on "build-essential" binary packages can be
4748 omitted. Please see <ref id="pkg-relations"> for more information.
4752 The dependencies and conflicts they define must be satisfied
4753 (as defined earlier for binary packages) in order to invoke
4754 the targets in <tt>debian/rules</tt>, as follows:<footnote>
4756 If you make "build-arch" or "binary-arch", you need
4757 Build-Depends. If you make "build-indep" or
4758 "binary-indep", you need Build-Depends and
4759 Build-Depends-Indep. If you make "build" or "binary",
4763 There is no Build-Depends-Arch; this role is essentially
4764 met with Build-Depends. Anyone building the
4765 <tt>build-indep</tt> and binary-indep<tt></tt> targets
4766 is basically assumed to be building the whole package
4767 anyway and so installs all build dependencies. The
4768 autobuilders use <tt>dpkg-buildpackage -B</tt>, which
4769 calls <tt>build</tt> (not <tt>build-arch</tt>, since it
4770 does not yet know how to check for its existence) and
4771 <tt>binary-arch</tt>.
4774 The purpose of the original split, I recall, was so that
4775 the autobuilders wouldn't need to install extra packages
4776 needed only for the binary-indep targets. But without a
4777 build-arch/build-indep split, this didn't work, since
4778 most of the work is done in the build target, not in the
4784 <tag><tt>Build-Depends</tt>, <tt>Build-Conflicts</tt></tag>
4786 The <tt>Build-Depends</tt> and
4787 <tt>Build-Conflicts</tt> fields must be satisfied when
4788 any of the following targets is invoked:
4789 <tt>build</tt>, <tt>clean</tt>, <tt>binary</tt>,
4790 <tt>binary-arch</tt>, <tt>build-arch</tt>,
4791 <tt>build-indep</tt> and <tt>binary-indep</tt>.
4793 <tag><tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt>,
4794 <tt>Build-Conflicts-Indep</tt></tag>
4796 The <tt>Build-Depends-Indep</tt> and
4797 <tt>Build-Conflicts-Indep</tt> fields must be
4798 satisfied when any of the following targets is
4799 invoked: <tt>build</tt>, <tt>build-indep</tt>,
4800 <tt>binary</tt> and <tt>binary-indep</tt>.
4810 <chapt id="sharedlibs"><heading>Shared libraries</heading>
4813 Packages containing shared libraries must be constructed with
4814 a little care to make sure that the shared library is always
4815 available. This is especially important for packages whose
4816 shared libraries are vitally important, such as the C library
4817 (currently <tt>libc6</tt>).
4821 Packages involving shared libraries should be split up into
4822 several binary packages. This section mostly deals with how
4823 this separation is to be accomplished; rules for files within
4824 the shared library packages are in <ref id="libraries"> instead.
4827 <sect id="sharedlibs-runtime">
4828 <heading>Run-time shared libraries</heading>
4831 The run-time shared library needs to be placed in a package
4832 whose name changes whenever the shared object version
4835 Since it is common place to install several versions of a
4836 package that just provides shared libraries, it is a
4837 good idea that the library package should not
4838 contain any extraneous non-versioned files, unless they
4839 happen to be in versioned directories.</p>
4841 The most common mechanism is to place it in a package
4843 <package><var>libraryname</var><var>soversion</var></package>,
4844 where <file><var>soversion</var></file> is the version number
4845 in the soname of the shared library<footnote>
4846 The soname is the shared object name: it's the thing
4847 that has to match exactly between building an executable
4848 and running it for the dynamic linker to be able run the
4849 program. For example, if the soname of the library is
4850 <file>libfoo.so.6</file>, the library package would be
4851 called <file>libfoo6</file>.
4853 Alternatively, if it would be confusing to directly append
4854 <var>soversion</var> to <var>libraryname</var> (e.g. because
4855 <var>libraryname</var> itself ends in a number), you may use
4856 <package><var>libraryname</var>-<var>soversion</var></package> and
4857 <package><var>libraryname</var>-<var>soversion</var>-dev</package>
4862 If you have several shared libraries built from the same
4863 source tree you may lump them all together into a single
4864 shared library package, provided that you change all of
4865 their sonames at once (so that you don't get filename
4866 clashes if you try to install different versions of the
4867 combined shared libraries package).
4871 The package should install the shared libraries under
4872 their normal names. For example, the <package>libgdbm3</package>
4873 package should install <file>libgdbm.so.3.0.0</file> as
4874 <file>/usr/lib/libgdbm.so.3.0.0</file>. The files should not be
4875 renamed or re-linked by any <prgn>prerm</prgn> or
4876 <prgn>postrm</prgn> scripts; <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will take care
4877 of renaming things safely without affecting running programs,
4878 and attempts to interfere with this are likely to lead to
4883 Shared libraries should not be installed executable, since
4884 the dynamic linker does not require this and trying to
4885 execute a shared library usually results in a core dump.
4889 The run-time library package should include the symbolic link that
4890 <prgn>ldconfig</prgn> would create for the shared libraries.
4891 For example, the <package>libgdbm3</package> package should include
4892 a symbolic link from <file>/usr/lib/libgdbm.so.3</file> to
4893 <file>libgdbm.so.3.0.0</file>. This is needed so that the dynamic
4894 linker (for example <prgn>ld.so</prgn> or
4895 <prgn>ld-linux.so.*</prgn>) can find the library between the
4896 time that <prgn>dpkg</prgn> installs it and the time that
4897 <prgn>ldconfig</prgn> is run in the <prgn>postinst</prgn>
4899 The package management system requires the library to be
4900 placed before the symbolic link pointing to it in the
4901 <file>.deb</file> file. This is so that when
4902 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> comes to install the symlink
4903 (overwriting the previous symlink pointing at an older
4904 version of the library), the new shared library is already
4905 in place. In the past, this was achieved by creating the
4906 library in the temporary packaging directory before
4907 creating the symlink. Unfortunately, this was not always
4908 effective, since the building of the tar file in the
4909 <file>.deb</file> depended on the behavior of the underlying
4910 file system. Some file systems (such as reiserfs) reorder
4911 the files so that the order of creation is forgotten.
4912 Since version 1.7.0, <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
4913 reorders the files itself as necessary when building a
4914 package. Thus it is no longer important to concern
4915 oneself with the order of file creation.
4919 <sect1 id="ldconfig">
4920 <heading><tt>ldconfig</tt></heading>
4923 Any package installing shared libraries in one of the default
4924 library directories of the dynamic linker (which are currently
4925 <file>/usr/lib</file> and <file>/lib</file>) or a directory that is
4926 listed in <file>/etc/ld.so.conf</file><footnote>
4928 <list compact="compact">
4929 <item>/usr/local/lib</item>
4930 <item>/usr/lib/libc5-compat</item>
4931 <item>/lib/libc5-compat</item>
4934 must use <prgn>ldconfig</prgn> to update the shared library
4939 The package maintainer scripts must only call
4940 <prgn>ldconfig</prgn> under these circumstances:
4941 <list compact="compact">
4942 <item>When the <prgn>postinst</prgn> script is run with a
4943 first argument of <tt>configure</tt>, the script must call
4944 <prgn>ldconfig</prgn>, and may optionally invoke
4945 <prgn>ldconfig</prgn> at other times.
4947 <item>When the <prgn>postrm</prgn> script is run with a
4948 first argument of <tt>remove</tt>, the script should call
4949 <prgn>ldconfig</prgn>.
4954 During install or upgrade, the preinst is called before
4955 the new files are installed, so calling "ldconfig" is
4956 pointless. The preinst of an existing package can also be
4957 called if an upgrade fails. However, this happens during
4958 the critical time when a shared libs may exist on-disk
4959 under a temporary name. Thus, it is dangerous and
4960 forbidden by current policy to call "ldconfig" at this
4965 When a package is installed or upgraded, "postinst
4966 configure" runs after the new files are safely on-disk.
4967 Since it is perfectly safe to invoke ldconfig
4968 unconditionally in a postinst, it is OK for a package to
4969 simply put ldconfig in its postinst without checking the
4970 argument. The postinst can also be called to recover from
4971 a failed upgrade. This happens before any new files are
4972 unpacked, so there is no reason to call "ldconfig" at this
4977 For a package that is being removed, prerm is
4978 called with all the files intact, so calling ldconfig is
4979 useless. The other calls to "prerm" happen in the case of
4980 upgrade at a time when all the files of the old package
4981 are on-disk, so again calling "ldconfig" is pointless.
4985 postrm, on the other hand, is called with the "remove"
4986 argument just after the files are removed, so this is
4987 the proper time to call "ldconfig" to notify the system
4988 of the fact that the shared libraries from the package
4989 are removed. The postrm can be called at several other
4990 times. At the time of "postrm purge", "postrm
4991 abort-install", or "postrm abort-upgrade", calling
4992 "ldconfig" is useless because the shared lib files are
4993 not on-disk. However, when "postrm" is invoked with
4994 arguments "upgrade", "failed-upgrade", or "disappear", a
4995 shared lib may exist on-disk under a temporary filename.
5003 <sect id="sharedlibs-support-files">
5004 <heading>Shared library support files</heading>
5007 If your package contains files whose names do not change with
5008 each change in the library shared object version, you must not
5009 put them in the shared library package. Otherwise, several
5010 versions of the shared library cannot be installed at the same
5011 time without filename clashes, making upgrades and transitions
5012 unnecessarily difficult.
5016 It is recommended that supporting files and run-time support
5017 programs that do not need to be invoked manually by users, but
5018 are nevertheless required for the package to function, be placed
5019 (if they are binary) in a subdirectory of <file>/usr/lib</file>,
5020 preferably under <file>/usr/lib/</file><var>package-name</var>.
5021 If the program or file is architecture independent, the
5022 recommendation is for it to be placed in a subdirectory of
5023 <file>/usr/share</file> instead, preferably under
5024 <file>/usr/share/</file><var>package-name</var>. Following the
5025 <var>package-name</var> naming convention ensures that the file
5026 names change when the shared object version changes.
5030 Run-time support programs that use the shared library but are
5031 not required for the library to function or files used by the
5032 shared library that can be used by any version of the shared
5033 library package should instead be put in a separate package.
5034 This package might typically be named
5035 <package><var>libraryname</var>-tools</package>; note the
5036 absence of the <var>soversion</var> in the package name.
5040 Files and support programs only useful when compiling software
5041 against the library should be included in the development
5042 package for the library.<footnote>
5043 For example, a <file><var>package-name</var>-config</file>
5044 script or <package>pkg-config</package> configuration files.
5049 <sect id="sharedlibs-static">
5050 <heading>Static libraries</heading>
5053 The static library (<file><var>libraryname.a</var></file>)
5054 is usually provided in addition to the shared version.
5055 It is placed into the development package (see below).
5059 In some cases, it is acceptable for a library to be
5060 available in static form only; these cases include:
5062 <item>libraries for languages whose shared library support
5063 is immature or unstable</item>
5064 <item>libraries whose interfaces are in flux or under
5065 development (commonly the case when the library's
5066 major version number is zero, or where the ABI breaks
5067 across patchlevels)</item>
5068 <item>libraries which are explicitly intended to be
5069 available only in static form by their upstream
5074 <sect id="sharedlibs-dev">
5075 <heading>Development files</heading>
5078 The development files associated to a shared library need to be
5079 placed in a package called
5080 <package><var>libraryname</var><var>soversion</var>-dev</package>,
5081 or if you prefer only to support one development version at a
5082 time, <package><var>libraryname</var>-dev</package>.
5086 In case several development versions of a library exist, you may
5087 need to use <prgn>dpkg</prgn>'s Conflicts mechanism (see
5088 <ref id="conflicts">) to ensure that the user only installs one
5089 development version at a time (as different development versions are
5090 likely to have the same header files in them, which would cause a
5091 filename clash if both were installed).
5095 The development package should contain a symlink for the associated
5096 shared library without a version number. For example, the
5097 <package>libgdbm-dev</package> package should include a symlink
5098 from <file>/usr/lib/libgdbm.so</file> to
5099 <file>libgdbm.so.3.0.0</file>. This symlink is needed by the linker
5100 (<prgn>ld</prgn>) when compiling packages, as it will only look for
5101 <file>libgdbm.so</file> when compiling dynamically.
5105 <sect id="sharedlibs-intradeps">
5106 <heading>Dependencies between the packages of the same library</heading>
5109 Typically the development version should have an exact
5110 version dependency on the runtime library, to make sure that
5111 compilation and linking happens correctly. The
5112 <tt>${binary:Version}</tt> substitution variable can be
5113 useful for this purpose.
5115 Previously, <tt>${Source-Version}</tt> was used, but its name
5116 was confusing and it has been deprecated since dpkg 1.13.19.
5121 <sect id="sharedlibs-shlibdeps">
5122 <heading>Dependencies between the library and other packages -
5123 the <tt>shlibs</tt> system</heading>
5126 If a package contains a binary or library which links to a
5127 shared library, we must ensure that when the package is
5128 installed on the system, all of the libraries needed are
5129 also installed. This requirement led to the creation of the
5130 <tt>shlibs</tt> system, which is very simple in its design:
5131 any package which <em>provides</em> a shared library also
5132 provides information on the package dependencies required to
5133 ensure the presence of this library, and any package which
5134 <em>uses</em> a shared library uses this information to
5135 determine the dependencies it requires. The files which
5136 contain the mapping from shared libraries to the necessary
5137 dependency information are called <file>shlibs</file> files.
5141 Thus, when a package is built which contains any shared
5142 libraries, it must provide a <file>shlibs</file> file for other
5143 packages to use, and when a package is built which contains
5144 any shared libraries or compiled binaries, it must run
5145 <qref id="pkg-dpkg-shlibdeps"><prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn></qref>
5146 on these to determine the libraries used and hence the
5147 dependencies needed by this package.<footnote>
5149 In the past, the shared libraries linked to were
5150 determined by calling <prgn>ldd</prgn>, but now
5151 <prgn>objdump</prgn> is used to do this. The only
5152 change this makes to package building is that
5153 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> must also be run on shared
5154 libraries, whereas in the past this was unnecessary.
5155 The rest of this footnote explains the advantage that
5160 We say that a binary <tt>foo</tt> <em>directly</em> uses
5161 a library <tt>libbar</tt> if it is explicitly linked
5162 with that library (that is, it uses the flag
5163 <tt>-lbar</tt> during the linking stage). Other
5164 libraries that are needed by <tt>libbar</tt> are linked
5165 <em>indirectly</em> to <tt>foo</tt>, and the dynamic
5166 linker will load them automatically when it loads
5167 <tt>libbar</tt>. A package should depend on
5168 the libraries it directly uses, and the dependencies for
5169 those libraries should automatically pull in the other
5174 Unfortunately, the <prgn>ldd</prgn> program shows both
5175 the directly and indirectly used libraries, meaning that
5176 the dependencies determined included both direct and
5177 indirect dependencies. The use of <prgn>objdump</prgn>
5178 avoids this problem by determining only the directly
5183 A good example of where this helps is the following. We
5184 could update <tt>libimlib</tt> with a new version that
5185 supports a new graphics format called dgf (but retaining
5186 the same major version number). If we used the old
5187 <prgn>ldd</prgn> method, every package that uses
5188 <tt>libimlib</tt> would need to be recompiled so it
5189 would also depend on <tt>libdgf</tt> or it wouldn't run
5190 due to missing symbols. However with the new system,
5191 packages using <tt>libimlib</tt> can rely on
5192 <tt>libimlib</tt> itself having the dependency on
5193 <tt>libdgf</tt> and so they would not need rebuilding.
5199 In the following sections, we will first describe where the
5200 various <tt>shlibs</tt> files are to be found, then how to
5201 use <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn>, and finally the <tt>shlibs</tt>
5202 file format and how to create them if your package contains a
5207 <heading>The <tt>shlibs</tt> files present on the system</heading>
5210 There are several places where <tt>shlibs</tt> files are
5211 found. The following list gives them in the order in which
5213 <qref id="pkg-dpkg-shlibdeps"><prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn></qref>.
5214 (The first one which gives the required information is used.)
5220 <p><file>debian/shlibs.local</file></p>
5223 This lists overrides for this package. Its use is
5224 described below (see <ref id="shlibslocal">).
5229 <p><file>/etc/dpkg/shlibs.override</file></p>
5232 This lists global overrides. This list is normally
5233 empty. It is maintained by the local system
5239 <p><file>DEBIAN/shlibs</file> files in the "build directory"</p>
5242 When packages are being built, any
5243 <file>debian/shlibs</file> files are copied into the
5244 control file area of the temporary build directory and
5245 given the name <file>shlibs</file>. These files give
5246 details of any shared libraries included in the
5248 An example may help here. Let us say that the
5249 source package <tt>foo</tt> generates two binary
5250 packages, <tt>libfoo2</tt> and
5251 <tt>foo-runtime</tt>. When building the binary
5252 packages, the two packages are created in the
5253 directories <file>debian/libfoo2</file> and
5254 <file>debian/foo-runtime</file> respectively.
5255 (<file>debian/tmp</file> could be used instead of one
5256 of these.) Since <tt>libfoo2</tt> provides the
5257 <tt>libfoo</tt> shared library, it will require a
5258 <tt>shlibs</tt> file, which will be installed in
5259 <file>debian/libfoo2/DEBIAN/shlibs</file>, eventually
5261 <file>/var/lib/dpkg/info/libfoo2.shlibs</file>. Then
5262 when <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> is run on the
5264 <file>debian/foo-runtime/usr/bin/foo-prog</file>, it
5266 <file>debian/libfoo2/DEBIAN/shlibs</file> file to
5267 determine whether <tt>foo-prog</tt>'s library
5268 dependencies are satisfied by any of the libraries
5269 provided by <tt>libfoo2</tt>. For this reason,
5270 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> must only be run once
5271 all of the individual binary packages'
5272 <tt>shlibs</tt> files have been installed into the
5279 <p><file>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.shlibs</file></p>
5282 These are the <file>shlibs</file> files corresponding to
5283 all of the packages installed on the system, and are
5284 maintained by the relevant package maintainers.
5289 <p><file>/etc/dpkg/shlibs.default</file></p>
5292 This file lists any shared libraries whose packages
5293 have failed to provide correct <file>shlibs</file> files.
5294 It was used when the <file>shlibs</file> setup was first
5295 introduced, but it is now normally empty. It is
5296 maintained by the <tt>dpkg</tt> maintainer.
5304 <heading>How to use <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> and the
5305 <file>shlibs</file> files</heading>
5309 <qref id="pkg-dpkg-shlibdeps"><prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn></qref>
5310 into your <file>debian/rules</file> file. If your package
5311 contains only compiled binaries and libraries (but no scripts),
5312 you can use a command such as:
5313 <example compact="compact">
5314 dpkg-shlibdeps debian/tmp/usr/bin/* debian/tmp/usr/sbin/* \
5315 debian/tmp/usr/lib/*
5317 Otherwise, you will need to explicitly list the compiled
5318 binaries and libraries.<footnote>
5319 If you are using <tt>debhelper</tt>, the
5320 <prgn>dh_shlibdeps</prgn> program will do this work for
5321 you. It will also correctly handle multi-binary
5327 This command puts the dependency information into the
5328 <file>debian/substvars</file> file, which is then used by
5329 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn>. You will need to place a
5330 <tt>${shlibs:Depends}</tt> variable in the <tt>Depends</tt>
5331 field in the control file for this to work.
5335 If <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> doesn't complain, you're
5336 done. If it does complain you might need to create your own
5337 <file>debian/shlibs.local</file> file, as explained below (see
5338 <ref id="shlibslocal">).
5342 If you have multiple binary packages, you will need to call
5343 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> on each one which contains
5344 compiled libraries or binaries. In such a case, you will
5345 need to use the <tt>-T</tt> option to the <tt>dpkg</tt>
5346 utilities to specify a different <file>substvars</file> file.
5350 If you are creating a udeb for use in the Debian Installer,
5351 you will need to specify that <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn>
5352 should use the dependency line of type <tt>udeb</tt> by
5353 adding the <tt>-tudeb</tt> option<footnote>
5354 <prgn>dh_shlibdeps</prgn> from the <tt>debhelper</tt> suite
5355 will automatically add this option if it knows it is
5357 </footnote>. If there is no dependency line of type <tt>udeb</tt>
5358 in the <file>shlibs</file> file, <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> will
5359 fall back to the regular dependency line.
5363 For more details on dpkg-shlibdeps, please see
5364 <ref id="pkg-dpkg-shlibdeps"> and
5365 <manref name="dpkg-shlibdeps" section="1">.
5370 <heading>The <file>shlibs</file> File Format</heading>
5373 Each <file>shlibs</file> file has the same format. Lines
5374 beginning with <tt>#</tt> are considered to be comments and
5375 are ignored. Each line is of the form:
5376 <example compact="compact">
5377 [<var>type</var>: ]<var>library-name</var> <var>soname-version</var> <var>dependencies ...</var>
5382 We will explain this by reference to the example of the
5383 <tt>zlib1g</tt> package, which (at the time of writing)
5384 installs the shared library <file>/usr/lib/libz.so.1.1.3</file>.
5388 <var>type</var> is an optional element that indicates the type
5389 of package for which the line is valid. The only type currently
5390 in use is <tt>udeb</tt>. The colon and space after the type are
5395 <var>library-name</var> is the name of the shared library,
5396 in this case <tt>libz</tt>. (This must match the name part
5397 of the soname, see below.)
5401 <var>soname-version</var> is the version part of the soname of
5402 the library. The soname is the thing that must exactly match
5403 for the library to be recognized by the dynamic linker, and is
5405 <tt><var>name</var>.so.<var>major-version</var></tt>, in our
5406 example, <tt>libz.so.1</tt>.<footnote>
5407 This can be determined using the command
5408 <example compact="compact">
5409 objdump -p /usr/lib/libz.so.1.1.3 | grep SONAME
5412 The version part is the part which comes after
5413 <tt>.so.</tt>, so in our case, it is <tt>1</tt>.
5417 <var>dependencies</var> has the same syntax as a dependency
5418 field in a binary package control file. It should give
5419 details of which packages are required to satisfy a binary
5420 built against the version of the library contained in the
5421 package. See <ref id="depsyntax"> for details.
5425 In our example, if the first version of the <tt>zlib1g</tt>
5426 package which contained a minor number of at least
5427 <tt>1.3</tt> was <var>1:1.1.3-1</var>, then the
5428 <tt>shlibs</tt> entry for this library could say:
5429 <example compact="compact">
5430 libz 1 zlib1g (>= 1:1.1.3)
5432 The version-specific dependency is to avoid warnings from
5433 the dynamic linker about using older shared libraries with
5438 As zlib1g also provides a udeb containing the shared library,
5439 there would also be a second line:
5440 <example compact="compact">
5441 udeb: libz 1 zlib1g-udeb (>= 1:1.1.3)
5447 <heading>Providing a <file>shlibs</file> file</heading>
5450 If your package provides a shared library, you need to create
5451 a <file>shlibs</file> file following the format described above.
5452 It is usual to call this file <file>debian/shlibs</file> (but if
5453 you have multiple binary packages, you might want to call it
5454 <file>debian/shlibs.<var>package</var></file> instead). Then
5455 let <file>debian/rules</file> install it in the control area:
5456 <example compact="compact">
5457 install -m644 debian/shlibs debian/tmp/DEBIAN
5459 or, in the case of a multi-binary package:
5460 <example compact="compact">
5461 install -m644 debian/shlibs.<var>package</var> debian/<var>package</var>/DEBIAN/shlibs
5463 An alternative way of doing this is to create the
5464 <file>shlibs</file> file in the control area directly from
5465 <file>debian/rules</file> without using a <file>debian/shlibs</file>
5466 file at all,<footnote>
5467 This is what <prgn>dh_makeshlibs</prgn> in the
5468 <tt>debhelper</tt> suite does. If your package also has a udeb
5469 that provides a shared library, <prgn>dh_makeshlibs</prgn> can
5470 automatically generate the <tt>udeb:</tt> lines if you specify
5471 the name of the udeb with the <tt>--add-udeb</tt> option.
5473 since the <file>debian/shlibs</file> file itself is ignored by
5474 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn>.
5478 As <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> reads the
5479 <file>DEBIAN/shlibs</file> files in all of the binary packages
5480 being built from this source package, all of the
5481 <file>DEBIAN/shlibs</file> files should be installed before
5482 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> is called on any of the binary
5487 <sect1 id="shlibslocal">
5488 <heading>Writing the <file>debian/shlibs.local</file> file</heading>
5491 This file is intended only as a <em>temporary</em> fix if
5492 your binaries or libraries depend on a library whose package
5493 does not yet provide a correct <file>shlibs</file> file.
5497 We will assume that you are trying to package a binary
5498 <tt>foo</tt>. When you try running
5499 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> you get the following error
5500 message (<tt>-O</tt> displays the dependency information on
5501 <tt>stdout</tt> instead of writing it to
5502 <tt>debian/substvars</tt>, and the lines have been wrapped
5503 for ease of reading):
5504 <example compact="compact">
5505 $ dpkg-shlibdeps -O debian/tmp/usr/bin/foo
5506 dpkg-shlibdeps: warning: unable to find dependency
5507 information for shared library libbar (soname 1,
5508 path /usr/lib/libbar.so.1, dependency field Depends)
5509 shlibs:Depends=libc6 (>= 2.2.2-2)
5511 You can then run <prgn>ldd</prgn> on the binary to find the
5512 full location of the library concerned:
5513 <example compact="compact">
5515 libbar.so.1 => /usr/lib/libbar.so.1 (0x4001e000)
5516 libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40032000)
5517 /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
5519 So the <prgn>foo</prgn> binary depends on the
5520 <prgn>libbar</prgn> shared library, but no package seems to
5521 provide a <file>*.shlibs</file> file handling
5522 <file>libbar.so.1</file> in <file>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</file>. Let's
5523 determine the package responsible:
5524 <example compact="compact">
5525 $ dpkg -S /usr/lib/libbar.so.1
5526 bar1: /usr/lib/libbar.so.1
5527 $ dpkg -s bar1 | grep Version
5530 This tells us that the <tt>bar1</tt> package, version 1.0-1,
5531 is the one we are using. Now we can file a bug against the
5532 <tt>bar1</tt> package and create our own
5533 <file>debian/shlibs.local</file> to locally fix the problem.
5534 Including the following line into your
5535 <file>debian/shlibs.local</file> file:
5536 <example compact="compact">
5537 libbar 1 bar1 (>= 1.0-1)
5539 should allow the package build to work.
5543 As soon as the maintainer of <tt>bar1</tt> provides a
5544 correct <file>shlibs</file> file, you should remove this line
5545 from your <file>debian/shlibs.local</file> file. (You should
5546 probably also then have a versioned <tt>Build-Depends</tt>
5547 on <tt>bar1</tt> to help ensure that others do not have the
5548 same problem building your package.)
5557 <chapt id="opersys"><heading>The Operating System</heading>
5560 <heading>File system hierarchy</heading>
5564 <heading>File System Structure</heading>
5567 The location of all installed files and directories must
5568 comply with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS),
5569 version 2.3, with the exceptions noted below, and except
5570 where doing so would violate other terms of Debian
5571 Policy. The following exceptions to the FHS apply:
5576 The optional rules related to user specific
5577 configuration files for applications are stored in
5578 the user's home directory are relaxed. It is
5579 recommended that such files start with the
5580 '<tt>.</tt>' character (a "dot file"), and if an
5581 application needs to create more than one dot file
5582 then the preferred placement is in a subdirectory
5583 with a name starting with a '.' character, (a "dot
5584 directory"). In this case it is recommended the
5585 configuration files not start with the '.'
5591 The requirement for amd64 to use <file>/lib64</file>
5592 for 64 bit binaries is removed.
5597 The requirement for object files, internal binaries, and
5598 libraries, including <file>libc.so.*</file>, to be located
5599 directly under <file>/lib{,32}</file> and
5600 <file>/usr/lib{,32}</file> is amended, permitting files
5601 to instead be installed to
5602 <file>/lib/<var>triplet</var></file> and
5603 <file>/usr/lib/<var>triplet</var></file>, where
5604 <tt><var>triplet</var></tt> is the value returned by
5605 <tt>dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_GNU_TYPE</tt> for the
5606 architecture of the package. Packages may <em>not</em>
5607 install files to any <var>triplet</var> path other
5608 than the one matching the architecture of that package;
5609 for instance, an <tt>Architecture: amd64</tt> package
5610 containing 32-bit x86 libraries may not install these
5611 libraries to <file>/usr/lib/i486-linux-gnu</file>.
5613 This is necessary in order to reserve the directories for
5614 use in cross-installation of library packages from other
5615 architectures, as part of the planned deployment of
5620 Applications may also use a single subdirectory under
5621 <file>/usr/lib/<var>triplet</var></file>.
5624 The execution time linker/loader, ld*, must still be made
5625 available in the existing location under /lib or /lib64
5626 since this is part of the ELF ABI for the architecture.
5631 The requirement that
5632 <file>/usr/local/share/man</file> be "synonymous"
5633 with <file>/usr/local/man</file> is relaxed to a
5638 The requirement that windowmanagers with a single
5639 configuration file call it <file>system.*wmrc</file>
5640 is removed, as is the restriction that the window
5641 manager subdirectory be named identically to the
5642 window manager name itself.
5647 The requirement that boot manager configuration
5648 files live in <file>/etc</file>, or at least are
5649 symlinked there, is relaxed to a recommendation.
5654 The following directories in the root filesystem are
5655 additionally allowed: <file>/sys</file> and
5656 <file>/selinux</file>. <footnote>These directories
5657 are used as mount points to mount virtual filesystems
5658 to get access to kernel information.</footnote>
5665 The version of this document referred here can be
5666 found in the <tt>debian-policy</tt> package or on <url
5667 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/fhs/"
5668 name="FHS (Debian copy)"> alongside this manual (or, if
5669 you have the <package>debian-policy</package> installed,
5671 id="file:///usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/" name="FHS
5672 (local copy)">). The
5673 latest version, which may be a more recent version, may
5675 <url id="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/" name="FHS (upstream)">.
5676 Specific questions about following the standard may be
5677 asked on the <tt>debian-devel</tt> mailing list, or
5678 referred to the FHS mailing list (see the
5679 <url id="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/" name="FHS web site"> for
5685 <heading>Site-specific programs</heading>
5688 As mandated by the FHS, packages must not place any
5689 files in <file>/usr/local</file>, either by putting them in
5690 the file system archive to be unpacked by <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
5691 or by manipulating them in their maintainer scripts.
5695 However, the package may create empty directories below
5696 <file>/usr/local</file> so that the system administrator knows
5697 where to place site-specific files. These are not
5698 directories <em>in</em> <file>/usr/local</file>, but are
5699 children of directories in <file>/usr/local</file>. These
5700 directories (<file>/usr/local/*/dir/</file>)
5701 should be removed on package removal if they are
5706 Note that this applies only to
5707 directories <em>below</em> <file>/usr/local</file>,
5708 not <em>in</em> <file>/usr/local</file>. Packages must
5709 not create sub-directories in the
5710 directory <file>/usr/local</file> itself, except those
5711 listed in FHS, section 4.5. However, you may create
5712 directories below them as you wish. You must not remove
5713 any of the directories listed in 4.5, even if you created
5718 Since <file>/usr/local</file> can be mounted read-only from a
5719 remote server, these directories must be created and
5720 removed by the <prgn>postinst</prgn> and <prgn>prerm</prgn>
5721 maintainer scripts and not be included in the
5722 <file>.deb</file> archive. These scripts must not fail if
5723 either of these operations fail.
5727 For example, the <tt>emacsen-common</tt> package could
5728 contain something like
5729 <example compact="compact">
5730 if [ ! -e /usr/local/share/emacs ]
5732 if mkdir /usr/local/share/emacs 2>/dev/null
5734 chown root:staff /usr/local/share/emacs
5735 chmod 2775 /usr/local/share/emacs
5739 in its <prgn>postinst</prgn> script, and
5740 <example compact="compact">
5741 rmdir /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp 2>/dev/null || true
5742 rmdir /usr/local/share/emacs 2>/dev/null || true
5744 in the <prgn>prerm</prgn> script. (Note that this form is
5745 used to ensure that if the script is interrupted, the
5746 directory <file>/usr/local/share/emacs</file> will still be
5751 If you do create a directory in <file>/usr/local</file> for
5752 local additions to a package, you should ensure that
5753 settings in <file>/usr/local</file> take precedence over the
5754 equivalents in <file>/usr</file>.
5758 However, because <file>/usr/local</file> and its contents are
5759 for exclusive use of the local administrator, a package
5760 must not rely on the presence or absence of files or
5761 directories in <file>/usr/local</file> for normal operation.
5765 The <file>/usr/local</file> directory itself and all the
5766 subdirectories created by the package should (by default) have
5767 permissions 2775 (group-writable and set-group-id) and be
5768 owned by <tt>root:staff</tt>.
5773 <heading>The system-wide mail directory</heading>
5775 The system-wide mail directory
5776 is <file>/var/mail</file>. This directory is part of the
5777 base system and should not be owned by any particular mail
5778 agents. The use of the old
5779 location <file>/var/spool/mail</file> is deprecated, even
5780 though the spool may still be physically located there.
5786 <heading>Users and groups</heading>
5789 <heading>Introduction</heading>
5791 The Debian system can be configured to use either plain or
5796 Some user ids (UIDs) and group ids (GIDs) are reserved
5797 globally for use by certain packages. Because some
5798 packages need to include files which are owned by these
5799 users or groups, or need the ids compiled into binaries,
5800 these ids must be used on any Debian system only for the
5801 purpose for which they are allocated. This is a serious
5802 restriction, and we should avoid getting in the way of
5803 local administration policies. In particular, many sites
5804 allocate users and/or local system groups starting at 100.
5808 Apart from this we should have dynamically allocated ids,
5809 which should by default be arranged in some sensible
5810 order, but the behavior should be configurable.
5814 Packages other than <tt>base-passwd</tt> must not modify
5815 <file>/etc/passwd</file>, <file>/etc/shadow</file>,
5816 <file>/etc/group</file> or <file>/etc/gshadow</file>.
5821 <heading>UID and GID classes</heading>
5823 The UID and GID numbers are divided into classes as
5829 Globally allocated by the Debian project, the same
5830 on every Debian system. These ids will appear in
5831 the <file>passwd</file> and <file>group</file> files of all
5832 Debian systems, new ids in this range being added
5833 automatically as the <tt>base-passwd</tt> package is
5838 Packages which need a single statically allocated
5839 uid or gid should use one of these; their
5840 maintainers should ask the <tt>base-passwd</tt>
5848 Dynamically allocated system users and groups.
5849 Packages which need a user or group, but can have
5850 this user or group allocated dynamically and
5851 differently on each system, should use <tt>adduser
5852 --system</tt> to create the group and/or user.
5853 <prgn>adduser</prgn> will check for the existence of
5854 the user or group, and if necessary choose an unused
5855 id based on the ranges specified in
5856 <file>adduser.conf</file>.
5860 <tag>1000-59999:</tag>
5863 Dynamically allocated user accounts. By default
5864 <prgn>adduser</prgn> will choose UIDs and GIDs for
5865 user accounts in this range, though
5866 <file>adduser.conf</file> may be used to modify this
5871 <tag>60000-64999:</tag>
5874 Globally allocated by the Debian project, but only
5875 created on demand. The ids are allocated centrally
5876 and statically, but the actual accounts are only
5877 created on users' systems on demand.
5881 These ids are for packages which are obscure or
5882 which require many statically-allocated ids. These
5883 packages should check for and create the accounts in
5884 <file>/etc/passwd</file> or <file>/etc/group</file> (using
5885 <prgn>adduser</prgn> if it has this facility) if
5886 necessary. Packages which are likely to require
5887 further allocations should have a "hole" left after
5888 them in the allocation, to give them room to
5893 <tag>65000-65533:</tag>
5901 User <tt>nobody</tt>. The corresponding gid refers
5902 to the group <tt>nogroup</tt>.
5909 <tt>(uid_t)(-1) == (gid_t)(-1)</tt> <em>must
5910 not</em> be used, because it is the error return
5919 <sect id="sysvinit">
5920 <heading>System run levels and <file>init.d</file> scripts</heading>
5922 <sect1 id="/etc/init.d">
5923 <heading>Introduction</heading>
5926 The <file>/etc/init.d</file> directory contains the scripts
5927 executed by <prgn>init</prgn> at boot time and when the
5928 init state (or "runlevel") is changed (see <manref
5929 name="init" section="8">).
5933 There are at least two different, yet functionally
5934 equivalent, ways of handling these scripts. For the sake
5935 of simplicity, this document describes only the symbolic
5936 link method. However, it must not be assumed by maintainer
5937 scripts that this method is being used, and any automated
5938 manipulation of the various runlevel behaviors by
5939 maintainer scripts must be performed using
5940 <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> as described below and not by
5941 manually installing or removing symlinks. For information
5942 on the implementation details of the other method,
5943 implemented in the <tt>file-rc</tt> package, please refer
5944 to the documentation of that package.
5948 These scripts are referenced by symbolic links in the
5949 <file>/etc/rc<var>n</var>.d</file> directories. When changing
5950 runlevels, <prgn>init</prgn> looks in the directory
5951 <file>/etc/rc<var>n</var>.d</file> for the scripts it should
5952 execute, where <tt><var>n</var></tt> is the runlevel that
5953 is being changed to, or <tt>S</tt> for the boot-up
5958 The names of the links all have the form
5959 <file>S<var>mm</var><var>script</var></file> or
5960 <file>K<var>mm</var><var>script</var></file> where
5961 <var>mm</var> is a two-digit number and <var>script</var>
5962 is the name of the script (this should be the same as the
5963 name of the actual script in <file>/etc/init.d</file>).
5967 When <prgn>init</prgn> changes runlevel first the targets
5968 of the links whose names start with a <tt>K</tt> are
5969 executed, each with the single argument <tt>stop</tt>,
5970 followed by the scripts prefixed with an <tt>S</tt>, each
5971 with the single argument <tt>start</tt>. (The links are
5972 those in the <file>/etc/rc<var>n</var>.d</file> directory
5973 corresponding to the new runlevel.) The <tt>K</tt> links
5974 are responsible for killing services and the <tt>S</tt>
5975 link for starting services upon entering the runlevel.
5979 For example, if we are changing from runlevel 2 to
5980 runlevel 3, init will first execute all of the <tt>K</tt>
5981 prefixed scripts it finds in <file>/etc/rc3.d</file>, and then
5982 all of the <tt>S</tt> prefixed scripts in that directory.
5983 The links starting with <tt>K</tt> will cause the
5984 referred-to file to be executed with an argument of
5985 <tt>stop</tt>, and the <tt>S</tt> links with an argument
5990 The two-digit number <var>mm</var> is used to determine
5991 the order in which to run the scripts: low-numbered links
5992 have their scripts run first. For example, the
5993 <tt>K20</tt> scripts will be executed before the
5994 <tt>K30</tt> scripts. This is used when a certain service
5995 must be started before another. For example, the name
5996 server <prgn>bind</prgn> might need to be started before
5997 the news server <prgn>inn</prgn> so that <prgn>inn</prgn>
5998 can set up its access lists. In this case, the script
5999 that starts <prgn>bind</prgn> would have a lower number
6000 than the script that starts <prgn>inn</prgn> so that it
6002 <example compact="compact">
6009 The two runlevels 0 (halt) and 6 (reboot) are slightly
6010 different. In these runlevels, the links with an
6011 <tt>S</tt> prefix are still called after those with a
6012 <tt>K</tt> prefix, but they too are called with the single
6013 argument <tt>stop</tt>.
6017 <sect1 id="writing-init">
6018 <heading>Writing the scripts</heading>
6021 Packages that include daemons for system services should
6022 place scripts in <file>/etc/init.d</file> to start or stop
6023 services at boot time or during a change of runlevel.
6024 These scripts should be named
6025 <file>/etc/init.d/<var>package</var></file>, and they should
6026 accept one argument, saying what to do:
6029 <tag><tt>start</tt></tag>
6030 <item>start the service,</item>
6032 <tag><tt>stop</tt></tag>
6033 <item>stop the service,</item>
6035 <tag><tt>restart</tt></tag>
6036 <item>stop and restart the service if it's already running,
6037 otherwise start the service</item>
6039 <tag><tt>reload</tt></tag>
6040 <item><p>cause the configuration of the service to be
6041 reloaded without actually stopping and restarting
6044 <tag><tt>force-reload</tt></tag>
6045 <item>cause the configuration to be reloaded if the
6046 service supports this, otherwise restart the
6050 The <tt>start</tt>, <tt>stop</tt>, <tt>restart</tt>, and
6051 <tt>force-reload</tt> options should be supported by all
6052 scripts in <file>/etc/init.d</file>, the <tt>reload</tt>
6057 The <file>init.d</file> scripts must ensure that they will
6058 behave sensibly (i.e., returning success and not starting
6059 multiple copies of a service) if invoked with <tt>start</tt>
6060 when the service is already running, or with <tt>stop</tt>
6061 when it isn't, and that they don't kill unfortunately-named
6062 user processes. The best way to achieve this is usually to
6063 use <prgn>start-stop-daemon</prgn> with the <tt>--oknodo</tt>
6068 Be careful of using <tt>set -e</tt> in <file>init.d</file>
6069 scripts. Writing correct <file>init.d</file> scripts requires
6070 accepting various error exit statuses when daemons are already
6071 running or already stopped without aborting
6072 the <file>init.d</file> script, and common <file>init.d</file>
6073 function libraries are not safe to call with <tt>set -e</tt>
6075 <tt>/lib/lsb/init-functions</tt>, which assists in writing
6076 LSB-compliant init scripts, may fail if <tt>set -e</tt> is
6077 in effect and echoing status messages to the console fails,
6079 </footnote>. For <tt>init.d</tt> scripts, it's often easier
6080 to not use <tt>set -e</tt> and instead check the result of
6081 each command separately.
6085 If a service reloads its configuration automatically (as
6086 in the case of <prgn>cron</prgn>, for example), the
6087 <tt>reload</tt> option of the <file>init.d</file> script
6088 should behave as if the configuration has been reloaded
6093 The <file>/etc/init.d</file> scripts must be treated as
6094 configuration files, either (if they are present in the
6095 package, that is, in the .deb file) by marking them as
6096 <tt>conffile</tt>s, or, (if they do not exist in the .deb)
6097 by managing them correctly in the maintainer scripts (see
6098 <ref id="config-files">). This is important since we want
6099 to give the local system administrator the chance to adapt
6100 the scripts to the local system, e.g., to disable a
6101 service without de-installing the package, or to specify
6102 some special command line options when starting a service,
6103 while making sure their changes aren't lost during the next
6108 These scripts should not fail obscurely when the
6109 configuration files remain but the package has been
6110 removed, as configuration files remain on the system after
6111 the package has been removed. Only when <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
6112 is executed with the <tt>--purge</tt> option will
6113 configuration files be removed. In particular, as the
6114 <file>/etc/init.d/<var>package</var></file> script itself is
6115 usually a <tt>conffile</tt>, it will remain on the system
6116 if the package is removed but not purged. Therefore, you
6117 should include a <tt>test</tt> statement at the top of the
6119 <example compact="compact">
6120 test -f <var>program-executed-later-in-script</var> || exit 0
6125 Often there are some variables in the <file>init.d</file>
6126 scripts whose values control the behavior of the scripts,
6127 and which a system administrator is likely to want to
6128 change. As the scripts themselves are frequently
6129 <tt>conffile</tt>s, modifying them requires that the
6130 administrator merge in their changes each time the package
6131 is upgraded and the <tt>conffile</tt> changes. To ease
6132 the burden on the system administrator, such configurable
6133 values should not be placed directly in the script.
6134 Instead, they should be placed in a file in
6135 <file>/etc/default</file>, which typically will have the same
6136 base name as the <file>init.d</file> script. This extra file
6137 should be sourced by the script when the script runs. It
6138 must contain only variable settings and comments in SUSv3
6139 <prgn>sh</prgn> format. It may either be a
6140 <tt>conffile</tt> or a configuration file maintained by
6141 the package maintainer scripts. See <ref id="config-files">
6146 To ensure that vital configurable values are always
6147 available, the <file>init.d</file> script should set default
6148 values for each of the shell variables it uses, either
6149 before sourcing the <file>/etc/default/</file> file or
6150 afterwards using something like the <tt>:
6151 ${VAR:=default}</tt> syntax. Also, the <file>init.d</file>
6152 script must behave sensibly and not fail if the
6153 <file>/etc/default</file> file is deleted.
6157 <file>/var/run</file> and <file>/var/lock</file> may be mounted
6158 as temporary filesystems<footnote>
6159 For example, using the <tt>RAMRUN</tt> and <tt>RAMLOCK</tt>
6160 options in <file>/etc/default/rcS</file>.
6161 </footnote>, so the <file>init.d</file> scripts must handle this
6162 correctly. This will typically amount to creating any required
6163 subdirectories dynamically when the <file>init.d</file> script
6164 is run, rather than including them in the package and relying on
6165 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to create them.
6170 <heading>Interfacing with the initscript system</heading>
6173 Maintainers should use the abstraction layer provided by
6174 the <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> and <prgn>invoke-rc.d</prgn>
6175 programs to deal with initscripts in their packages'
6176 scripts such as <prgn>postinst</prgn>, <prgn>prerm</prgn>
6177 and <prgn>postrm</prgn>.
6181 Directly managing the /etc/rc?.d links and directly
6182 invoking the <file>/etc/init.d/</file> initscripts should
6183 be done only by packages providing the initscript
6184 subsystem (such as <prgn>sysv-rc</prgn> and
6185 <prgn>file-rc</prgn>).
6189 <heading>Managing the links</heading>
6192 The program <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> is provided for
6193 package maintainers to arrange for the proper creation and
6194 removal of <file>/etc/rc<var>n</var>.d</file> symbolic links,
6195 or their functional equivalent if another method is being
6196 used. This may be used by maintainers in their packages'
6197 <prgn>postinst</prgn> and <prgn>postrm</prgn> scripts.
6201 You must not include any <file>/etc/rc<var>n</var>.d</file>
6202 symbolic links in the actual archive or manually create or
6203 remove the symbolic links in maintainer scripts; you must
6204 use the <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> program instead. (The
6205 former will fail if an alternative method of maintaining
6206 runlevel information is being used.) You must not include
6207 the <file>/etc/rc<var>n</var>.d</file> directories themselves
6208 in the archive either. (Only the <tt>sysvinit</tt>
6213 By default <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> will start services in
6214 each of the multi-user state runlevels (2, 3, 4, and 5)
6215 and stop them in the halt runlevel (0), the single-user
6216 runlevel (1) and the reboot runlevel (6). The system
6217 administrator will have the opportunity to customize
6218 runlevels by simply adding, moving, or removing the
6219 symbolic links in <file>/etc/rc<var>n</var>.d</file> if
6220 symbolic links are being used, or by modifying
6221 <file>/etc/runlevel.conf</file> if the <tt>file-rc</tt> method
6226 To get the default behavior for your package, put in your
6227 <prgn>postinst</prgn> script
6228 <example compact="compact">
6229 update-rc.d <var>package</var> defaults
6231 and in your <prgn>postrm</prgn>
6232 <example compact="compact">
6233 if [ "$1" = purge ]; then
6234 update-rc.d <var>package</var> remove
6236 </example>. Note that if your package changes runlevels
6237 or priority, you may have to remove and recreate the links,
6238 since otherwise the old links may persist. Refer to the
6239 documentation of <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn>.
6243 This will use a default sequence number of 20. If it does
6244 not matter when or in which order the <file>init.d</file>
6245 script is run, use this default. If it does, then you
6246 should talk to the maintainer of the <prgn>sysvinit</prgn>
6247 package or post to <tt>debian-devel</tt>, and they will
6248 help you choose a number.
6252 For more information about using <tt>update-rc.d</tt>,
6253 please consult its man page <manref name="update-rc.d"
6259 <heading>Running initscripts</heading>
6261 The program <prgn>invoke-rc.d</prgn> is provided to make
6262 it easier for package maintainers to properly invoke an
6263 initscript, obeying runlevel and other locally-defined
6264 constraints that might limit a package's right to start,
6265 stop and otherwise manage services. This program may be
6266 used by maintainers in their packages' scripts.
6270 The package maintainer scripts must use
6271 <prgn>invoke-rc.d</prgn> to invoke the
6272 <file>/etc/init.d/*</file> initscripts, instead of
6273 calling them directly.
6277 By default, <prgn>invoke-rc.d</prgn> will pass any
6278 action requests (start, stop, reload, restart...) to the
6279 <file>/etc/init.d</file> script, filtering out requests
6280 to start or restart a service out of its intended
6285 Most packages will simply need to change:
6286 <example compact="compact">/etc/init.d/<package>
6287 <action></example> in their <prgn>postinst</prgn>
6288 and <prgn>prerm</prgn> scripts to:
6289 <example compact="compact">
6290 if which invoke-rc.d >/dev/null 2>&1; then
6291 invoke-rc.d <var>package</var> <action>
6293 /etc/init.d/<var>package</var> <action>
6299 A package should register its initscript services using
6300 <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> before it tries to invoke them
6301 using <prgn>invoke-rc.d</prgn>. Invocation of
6302 unregistered services may fail.
6306 For more information about using
6307 <prgn>invoke-rc.d</prgn>, please consult its man page
6308 <manref name="invoke-rc.d" section="8">.
6314 <heading>Boot-time initialization</heading>
6317 There used to be another directory, <file>/etc/rc.boot</file>,
6318 which contained scripts which were run once per machine
6319 boot. This has been deprecated in favour of links from
6320 <file>/etc/rcS.d</file> to files in <file>/etc/init.d</file> as
6321 described in <ref id="/etc/init.d">. Packages must not
6322 place files in <file>/etc/rc.boot</file>.
6327 <heading>Example</heading>
6330 An example on which you can base your
6331 <file>/etc/init.d</file> scripts is found in
6332 <file>/etc/init.d/skeleton</file>.
6339 <heading>Console messages from <file>init.d</file> scripts</heading>
6342 This section describes the formats to be used for messages
6343 written to standard output by the <file>/etc/init.d</file>
6344 scripts. The intent is to improve the consistency of
6345 Debian's startup and shutdown look and feel. For this
6346 reason, please look very carefully at the details. We want
6347 the messages to have the same format in terms of wording,
6348 spaces, punctuation and case of letters.
6352 Here is a list of overall rules that should be used for
6353 messages generated by <file>/etc/init.d</file> scripts.
6359 The message should fit in one line (fewer than 80
6360 characters), start with a capital letter and end with
6361 a period (<tt>.</tt>) and line feed (<tt>"\n"</tt>).
6365 If the script is performing some time consuming task in
6366 the background (not merely starting or stopping a
6367 program, for instance), an ellipsis (three dots:
6368 <tt>...</tt>) should be output to the screen, with no
6369 leading or tailing whitespace or line feeds.
6373 The messages should appear as if the computer is telling
6374 the user what it is doing (politely :-), but should not
6375 mention "it" directly. For example, instead of:
6376 <example compact="compact">
6377 I'm starting network daemons: nfsd mountd.
6379 the message should say
6380 <example compact="compact">
6381 Starting network daemons: nfsd mountd.
6388 <tt>init.d</tt> script should use the following standard
6389 message formats for the situations enumerated below.
6395 <p>When daemons are started</p>
6398 If the script starts one or more daemons, the output
6399 should look like this (a single line, no leading
6401 <example compact="compact">
6402 Starting <var>description</var>: <var>daemon-1</var> ... <var>daemon-n</var>.
6404 The <var>description</var> should describe the
6405 subsystem the daemon or set of daemons are part of,
6406 while <var>daemon-1</var> up to <var>daemon-n</var>
6407 denote each daemon's name (typically the file name of
6412 For example, the output of <file>/etc/init.d/lpd</file>
6414 <example compact="compact">
6415 Starting printer spooler: lpd.
6420 This can be achieved by saying
6421 <example compact="compact">
6422 echo -n "Starting printer spooler: lpd"
6423 start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --exec /usr/sbin/lpd
6426 in the script. If there are more than one daemon to
6427 start, the output should look like this:
6428 <example compact="compact">
6429 echo -n "Starting remote file system services:"
6430 echo -n " nfsd"; start-stop-daemon --start --quiet nfsd
6431 echo -n " mountd"; start-stop-daemon --start --quiet mountd
6432 echo -n " ugidd"; start-stop-daemon --start --quiet ugidd
6435 This makes it possible for the user to see what is
6436 happening and when the final daemon has been started.
6437 Care should be taken in the placement of white spaces:
6438 in the example above the system administrators can
6439 easily comment out a line if they don't want to start
6440 a specific daemon, while the displayed message still
6446 <p>When a system parameter is being set</p>
6449 If you have to set up different system parameters
6450 during the system boot, you should use this format:
6451 <example compact="compact">
6452 Setting <var>parameter</var> to "<var>value</var>".
6457 You can use a statement such as the following to get
6459 <example compact="compact">
6460 echo "Setting DNS domainname to \"$domainname\"."
6465 Note that the same symbol (<tt>"</tt>) <!-- " --> is used
6466 for the left and right quotation marks. A grave accent
6467 (<tt>`</tt>) is not a quote character; neither is an
6468 apostrophe (<tt>'</tt>).
6473 <p>When a daemon is stopped or restarted</p>
6476 When you stop or restart a daemon, you should issue a
6477 message identical to the startup message, except that
6478 <tt>Starting</tt> is replaced with <tt>Stopping</tt>
6479 or <tt>Restarting</tt> respectively.
6483 For example, stopping the printer daemon will look like
6485 <example compact="compact">
6486 Stopping printer spooler: lpd.
6492 <p>When something is executed</p>
6495 There are several examples where you have to run a
6496 program at system startup or shutdown to perform a
6497 specific task, for example, setting the system's clock
6498 using <prgn>netdate</prgn> or killing all processes
6499 when the system shuts down. Your message should look
6501 <example compact="compact">
6502 Doing something very useful...done.
6504 You should print the <tt>done.</tt> immediately after
6505 the job has been completed, so that the user is
6506 informed why they have to wait. You can get this
6508 <example compact="compact">
6509 echo -n "Doing something very useful..."
6518 <p>When the configuration is reloaded</p>
6521 When a daemon is forced to reload its configuration
6522 files you should use the following format:
6523 <example compact="compact">
6524 Reloading <var>description</var> configuration...done.
6526 where <var>description</var> is the same as in the
6527 daemon starting message.
6535 <heading>Cron jobs</heading>
6538 Packages must not modify the configuration file
6539 <file>/etc/crontab</file>, and they must not modify the files in
6540 <file>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</file>.</p>
6543 If a package wants to install a job that has to be executed
6544 via cron, it should place a file with the name of the
6545 package in one or more of the following directories:
6546 <example compact="compact">
6552 As these directory names imply, the files within them are
6553 executed on an hourly, daily, weekly, or monthly basis,
6554 respectively. The exact times are listed in
6555 <file>/etc/crontab</file>.</p>
6558 All files installed in any of these directories must be
6559 scripts (e.g., shell scripts or Perl scripts) so that they
6560 can easily be modified by the local system administrator.
6561 In addition, they must be treated as configuration files.
6565 If a certain job has to be executed at some other frequency or
6566 at a specific time, the package should install a file
6567 <file>/etc/cron.d/<var>package</var></file>. This file uses the
6568 same syntax as <file>/etc/crontab</file> and is processed by
6569 <prgn>cron</prgn> automatically. The file must also be
6570 treated as a configuration file. (Note that entries in the
6571 <file>/etc/cron.d</file> directory are not handled by
6572 <prgn>anacron</prgn>. Thus, you should only use this
6573 directory for jobs which may be skipped if the system is not
6576 Unlike <file>crontab</file> files described in the IEEE Std
6577 1003.1-2008 (POSIX.1) available from
6578 <url id="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/"
6579 name="The Open Group">, the files in
6580 <file>/etc/cron.d</file> and the file
6581 <file>/etc/crontab</file> have seven fields; namely:
6583 <item>Minute [0,59]</item>
6584 <item>Hour [0,23]</item>
6585 <item>Day of the month [1,31]</item>
6586 <item>Month of the year [1,12]</item>
6587 <item>Day of the week ([0,6] with 0=Sunday)</item>
6588 <item>Username</item>
6589 <item>Command to be run</item>
6591 Ranges of numbers are allowed. Ranges are two numbers
6592 separated with a hyphen. The specified range is inclusive.
6593 Lists are allowed. A list is a set of numbers (or ranges)
6594 separated by commas. Step values can be used in conjunction
6599 The scripts or <tt>crontab</tt> entries in these directories should
6600 check if all necessary programs are installed before they
6601 try to execute them. Otherwise, problems will arise when a
6602 package was removed but not purged since configuration files
6603 are kept on the system in this situation.
6607 Any <tt>cron</tt> daemon must provide
6608 <file>/usr/bin/crontab</file> and support normal
6609 <tt>crontab</tt> entries as specified in POSIX. The daemon
6610 must also support names for days and months, ranges, and
6611 step values. It has to support <file>/etc/crontab</file>,
6612 and correctly execute the scripts in
6613 <file>/etc/cron.d</file>. The daemon must also correctly
6615 <file>/etc/cron.{hourly,daily,weekly,monthly}</file>.
6620 <heading>Menus</heading>
6623 The Debian <tt>menu</tt> package provides a standard
6624 interface between packages providing applications and
6625 <em>menu programs</em> (either X window managers or
6626 text-based menu programs such as <prgn>pdmenu</prgn>).
6630 All packages that provide applications that need not be
6631 passed any special command line arguments for normal
6632 operation should register a menu entry for those
6633 applications, so that users of the <tt>menu</tt> package
6634 will automatically get menu entries in their window
6635 managers, as well in shells like <tt>pdmenu</tt>.
6639 Menu entries should follow the current menu policy.
6643 The menu policy can be found in the <tt>menu-policy</tt>
6644 files in the <tt>debian-policy</tt> package.
6645 It is also available from the Debian web mirrors at
6646 <tt><url name="/doc/packaging-manuals/menu-policy/"
6647 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu-policy/"></tt>.
6651 Please also refer to the <em>Debian Menu System</em>
6652 documentation that comes with the <package>menu</package>
6653 package for information about how to register your
6659 <heading>Multimedia handlers</heading>
6662 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, RFCs 2045-2049)
6663 is a mechanism for encoding files and data streams and
6664 providing meta-information about them, in particular their
6665 type (e.g. audio or video) and format (e.g. PNG, HTML,
6670 Registration of MIME type handlers allows programs like mail
6671 user agents and web browsers to invoke these handlers to
6672 view, edit or display MIME types they don't support directly.
6676 Packages which provide the ability to view/show/play,
6677 compose, edit or print MIME types should register themselves
6678 as such following the current MIME support policy.
6682 The MIME support policy can be found in the <tt>mime-policy</tt>
6683 files in the <tt>debian-policy</tt> package.
6684 It is also available from the Debian web mirrors at
6685 <tt><url name="/doc/packaging-manuals/mime-policy/"
6686 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/mime-policy/"></tt>.
6692 <heading>Keyboard configuration</heading>
6695 To achieve a consistent keyboard configuration so that all
6696 applications interpret a keyboard event the same way, all
6697 programs in the Debian distribution must be configured to
6698 comply with the following guidelines.
6702 The following keys must have the specified interpretations:
6705 <tag><tt><--</tt></tag>
6706 <item>delete the character to the left of the cursor</item>
6708 <tag><tt>Delete</tt></tag>
6709 <item>delete the character to the right of the cursor</item>
6711 <tag><tt>Control+H</tt></tag>
6712 <item>emacs: the help prefix</item>
6715 The interpretation of any keyboard events should be
6716 independent of the terminal that is used, be it a virtual
6717 console, an X terminal emulator, an rlogin/telnet session,
6722 The following list explains how the different programs
6723 should be set up to achieve this:
6729 <tt><--</tt> generates <tt>KB_BackSpace</tt> in X.
6733 <tt>Delete</tt> generates <tt>KB_Delete</tt> in X.
6737 X translations are set up to make
6738 <tt>KB_Backspace</tt> generate ASCII DEL, and to make
6739 <tt>KB_Delete</tt> generate <tt>ESC [ 3 ~</tt> (this
6740 is the vt220 escape code for the "delete character"
6741 key). This must be done by loading the X resources
6742 using <prgn>xrdb</prgn> on all local X displays, not
6743 using the application defaults, so that the
6744 translation resources used correspond to the
6745 <prgn>xmodmap</prgn> settings.
6749 The Linux console is configured to make
6750 <tt><--</tt> generate DEL, and <tt>Delete</tt>
6751 generate <tt>ESC [ 3 ~</tt>.
6755 X applications are configured so that <tt><</tt>
6756 deletes left, and <tt>Delete</tt> deletes right. Motif
6757 applications already work like this.
6761 Terminals should have <tt>stty erase ^?</tt> .
6765 The <tt>xterm</tt> terminfo entry should have <tt>ESC
6766 [ 3 ~</tt> for <tt>kdch1</tt>, just as for
6767 <tt>TERM=linux</tt> and <tt>TERM=vt220</tt>.
6771 Emacs is programmed to map <tt>KB_Backspace</tt> or
6772 the <tt>stty erase</tt> character to
6773 <tt>delete-backward-char</tt>, and <tt>KB_Delete</tt>
6774 or <tt>kdch1</tt> to <tt>delete-forward-char</tt>, and
6775 <tt>^H</tt> to <tt>help</tt> as always.
6779 Other applications use the <tt>stty erase</tt>
6780 character and <tt>kdch1</tt> for the two delete keys,
6781 with ASCII DEL being "delete previous character" and
6782 <tt>kdch1</tt> being "delete character under
6790 This will solve the problem except for the following
6797 Some terminals have a <tt><--</tt> key that cannot
6798 be made to produce anything except <tt>^H</tt>. On
6799 these terminals Emacs help will be unavailable on
6800 <tt>^H</tt> (assuming that the <tt>stty erase</tt>
6801 character takes precedence in Emacs, and has been set
6802 correctly). <tt>M-x help</tt> or <tt>F1</tt> (if
6803 available) can be used instead.
6807 Some operating systems use <tt>^H</tt> for <tt>stty
6808 erase</tt>. However, modern telnet versions and all
6809 rlogin versions propagate <tt>stty</tt> settings, and
6810 almost all UNIX versions honour <tt>stty erase</tt>.
6811 Where the <tt>stty</tt> settings are not propagated
6812 correctly, things can be made to work by using
6813 <tt>stty</tt> manually.
6817 Some systems (including previous Debian versions) use
6818 <prgn>xmodmap</prgn> to arrange for both
6819 <tt><--</tt> and <tt>Delete</tt> to generate
6820 <tt>KB_Delete</tt>. We can change the behavior of
6821 their X clients using the same X resources that we use
6822 to do it for our own clients, or configure our clients
6823 using their resources when things are the other way
6824 around. On displays configured like this
6825 <tt>Delete</tt> will not work, but <tt><--</tt>
6830 Some operating systems have different <tt>kdch1</tt>
6831 settings in their <tt>terminfo</tt> database for
6832 <tt>xterm</tt> and others. On these systems the
6833 <tt>Delete</tt> key will not work correctly when you
6834 log in from a system conforming to our policy, but
6835 <tt><--</tt> will.
6842 <heading>Environment variables</heading>
6845 A program must not depend on environment variables to get
6846 reasonable defaults. (That's because these environment
6847 variables would have to be set in a system-wide
6848 configuration file like <file>/etc/profile</file>, which is not
6849 supported by all shells.)
6853 If a program usually depends on environment variables for its
6854 configuration, the program should be changed to fall back to
6855 a reasonable default configuration if these environment
6856 variables are not present. If this cannot be done easily
6857 (e.g., if the source code of a non-free program is not
6858 available), the program must be replaced by a small
6859 "wrapper" shell script which sets the environment variables
6860 if they are not already defined, and calls the original program.
6864 Here is an example of a wrapper script for this purpose:
6866 <example compact="compact">
6868 BAR=${BAR:-/var/lib/fubar}
6870 exec /usr/lib/foo/foo "$@"
6875 Furthermore, as <file>/etc/profile</file> is a configuration
6876 file of the <prgn>base-files</prgn> package, other packages must
6877 not put any environment variables or other commands into that
6882 <sect id="doc-base">
6883 <heading>Registering Documents using doc-base</heading>
6886 The <package>doc-base</package> package implements a
6887 flexible mechanism for handling and presenting
6888 documentation. The recommended practice is for every Debian
6889 package that provides online documentation (other than just
6890 manual pages) to register these documents with
6891 <package>doc-base</package> by installing a
6892 <package>doc-base</package> control file via the
6893 <prgn/install-docs/ script at installation time and
6894 de-register the manuals again when the package is removed.
6897 Please refer to the documentation that comes with the
6898 <package>doc-base</package> package for information and
6907 <heading>Files</heading>
6910 <heading>Binaries</heading>
6913 Two different packages must not install programs with
6914 different functionality but with the same filenames. (The
6915 case of two programs having the same functionality but
6916 different implementations is handled via "alternatives" or
6917 the "Conflicts" mechanism. See <ref id="maintscripts"> and
6918 <ref id="conflicts"> respectively.) If this case happens,
6919 one of the programs must be renamed. The maintainers should
6920 report this to the <tt>debian-devel</tt> mailing list and
6921 try to find a consensus about which program will have to be
6922 renamed. If a consensus cannot be reached, <em>both</em>
6923 programs must be renamed.
6927 By default, when a package is being built, any binaries
6928 created should include debugging information, as well as
6929 being compiled with optimization. You should also turn on
6930 as many reasonable compilation warnings as possible; this
6931 makes life easier for porters, who can then look at build
6932 logs for possible problems. For the C programming language,
6933 this means the following compilation parameters should be
6935 <example compact="compact">
6937 CFLAGS = -O2 -g -Wall # sane warning options vary between programs
6939 INSTALL = install -s # (or use strip on the files in debian/tmp)
6944 Note that by default all installed binaries should be stripped,
6945 either by using the <tt>-s</tt> flag to
6946 <prgn>install</prgn>, or by calling <prgn>strip</prgn> on
6947 the binaries after they have been copied into
6948 <file>debian/tmp</file> but before the tree is made into a
6953 Although binaries in the build tree should be compiled with
6954 debugging information by default, it can often be difficult to
6955 debug programs if they are also subjected to compiler
6956 optimization. For this reason, it is recommended to support the
6957 standardized environment variable <tt>DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS</tt>
6958 (see <ref id="debianrules-options">). This variable can contain
6959 several flags to change how a package is compiled and built.
6963 It is up to the package maintainer to decide what
6964 compilation options are best for the package. Certain
6965 binaries (such as computationally-intensive programs) will
6966 function better with certain flags (<tt>-O3</tt>, for
6967 example); feel free to use them. Please use good judgment
6968 here. Don't use flags for the sake of it; only use them
6969 if there is good reason to do so. Feel free to override
6970 the upstream author's ideas about which compilation
6971 options are best: they are often inappropriate for our
6977 <sect id="libraries">
6978 <heading>Libraries</heading>
6981 If the package is <strong>architecture: any</strong>, then
6982 the shared library compilation and linking flags must have
6983 <tt>-fPIC</tt>, or the package shall not build on some of
6984 the supported architectures<footnote>
6986 If you are using GCC, <tt>-fPIC</tt> produces code with
6987 relocatable position independent code, which is required for
6988 most architectures to create a shared library, with i386 and
6989 perhaps some others where non position independent code is
6990 permitted in a shared library.
6993 Position independent code may have a performance penalty,
6994 especially on <tt>i386</tt>. However, in most cases the
6995 speed penalty must be measured against the memory wasted on
6996 the few architectures where non position independent code is
6999 </footnote>. Any exception to this rule must be discussed on
7000 the mailing list <em>debian-devel@lists.debian.org</em>, and
7001 a rough consensus obtained. The reasons for not compiling
7002 with <tt>-fPIC</tt> flag must be recorded in the file
7003 <tt>README.Debian</tt>, and care must be taken to either
7004 restrict the architecture or arrange for <tt>-fPIC</tt> to
7005 be used on architectures where it is required.<footnote>
7007 Some of the reasons why this might be required is if the
7008 library contains hand crafted assembly code that is not
7009 relocatable, the speed penalty is excessive for compute
7010 intensive libs, and similar reasons.
7015 As to the static libraries, the common case is not to have
7016 relocatable code, since there is no benefit, unless in specific
7017 cases; therefore the static version must not be compiled
7018 with the <tt>-fPIC</tt> flag. Any exception to this rule
7019 should be discussed on the mailing list
7020 <em>debian-devel@lists.debian.org</em>, and the reasons for
7021 compiling with the <tt>-fPIC</tt> flag must be recorded in
7022 the file <tt>README.Debian</tt>. <footnote>
7024 Some of the reasons for linking static libraries with
7025 the <tt>-fPIC</tt> flag are if, for example, one needs a
7026 Perl API for a library that is under rapid development,
7027 and has an unstable API, so shared libraries are
7028 pointless at this phase of the library's development. In
7029 that case, since Perl needs a library with relocatable
7030 code, it may make sense to create a static library with
7031 relocatable code. Another reason cited is if you are
7032 distilling various libraries into a common shared
7033 library, like <tt>mklibs</tt> does in the Debian
7039 In other words, if both a shared and a static library is
7040 being built, each source unit (<tt>*.c</tt>, for example,
7041 for C files) will need to be compiled twice, for the normal
7045 You must specify the gcc option <tt>-D_REENTRANT</tt>
7046 when building a library (either static or shared) to make
7047 the library compatible with LinuxThreads.
7051 Although not enforced by the build tools, shared libraries
7052 must be linked against all libraries that they use symbols from
7053 in the same way that binaries are. This ensures the correct
7054 functioning of the <qref id="sharedlibs-shlibdeps">shlibs</qref>
7055 system and guarantees that all libraries can be safely opened
7056 with <tt>dlopen()</tt>. Packagers may wish to use the gcc
7057 option <tt>-Wl,-z,defs</tt> when building a shared library.
7058 Since this option enforces symbol resolution at build time,
7059 a missing library reference will be caught early as a fatal
7064 All installed shared libraries should be stripped with
7065 <example compact="compact">
7066 strip --strip-unneeded <var>your-lib</var>
7068 (The option <tt>--strip-unneeded</tt> makes
7069 <prgn>strip</prgn> remove only the symbols which aren't
7070 needed for relocation processing.) Shared libraries can
7071 function perfectly well when stripped, since the symbols for
7072 dynamic linking are in a separate part of the ELF object
7074 You might also want to use the options
7075 <tt>--remove-section=.comment</tt> and
7076 <tt>--remove-section=.note</tt> on both shared libraries
7077 and executables, and <tt>--strip-debug</tt> on static
7083 Note that under some circumstances it may be useful to
7084 install a shared library unstripped, for example when
7085 building a separate package to support debugging.
7089 Shared object files (often <file>.so</file> files) that are not
7090 public libraries, that is, they are not meant to be linked
7091 to by third party executables (binaries of other packages),
7092 should be installed in subdirectories of the
7093 <file>/usr/lib</file> directory. Such files are exempt from the
7094 rules that govern ordinary shared libraries, except that
7095 they must not be installed executable and should be
7097 A common example are the so-called "plug-ins",
7098 internal shared objects that are dynamically loaded by
7099 programs using <manref name="dlopen" section="3">.
7104 An ever increasing number of packages are using
7105 <prgn>libtool</prgn> to do their linking. The latest GNU
7106 libtools (>= 1.3a) can take advantage of the metadata in the
7107 installed <prgn>libtool</prgn> archive files (<file>*.la</file>
7108 files). The main advantage of <prgn>libtool</prgn>'s
7109 <file>.la</file> files is that it allows <prgn>libtool</prgn> to
7110 store and subsequently access metadata with respect to the
7111 libraries it builds. <prgn>libtool</prgn> will search for
7112 those files, which contain a lot of useful information about
7113 a library (such as library dependency information for static
7114 linking). Also, they're <em>essential</em> for programs
7115 using <tt>libltdl</tt>.<footnote>
7116 Although <prgn>libtool</prgn> is fully capable of
7117 linking against shared libraries which don't have
7118 <tt>.la</tt> files, as it is a mere shell script it can
7119 add considerably to the build time of a
7120 <prgn>libtool</prgn>-using package if that shell script
7121 has to derive all this information from first principles
7122 for each library every time it is linked. With the
7123 advent of <prgn>libtool</prgn> version 1.4 (and to a
7124 lesser extent <prgn>libtool</prgn> version 1.3), the
7125 <file>.la</file> files also store information about
7126 inter-library dependencies which cannot necessarily be
7127 derived after the <file>.la</file> file is deleted.
7132 Packages that use <prgn>libtool</prgn> to create shared
7133 libraries should include the <file>.la</file> files in the
7134 <tt>-dev</tt> package, unless the package relies on
7135 <tt>libtool</tt>'s <tt>libltdl</tt> library, in which case
7136 the <tt>.la</tt> files must go in the run-time library
7141 You must make sure that you use only released versions of
7142 shared libraries to build your packages; otherwise other
7143 users will not be able to run your binaries
7144 properly. Producing source packages that depend on
7145 unreleased compilers is also usually a bad
7152 <heading>Shared libraries</heading>
7154 This section has moved to <ref id="sharedlibs">.
7160 <heading>Scripts</heading>
7163 All command scripts, including the package maintainer
7164 scripts inside the package and used by <prgn>dpkg</prgn>,
7165 should have a <tt>#!</tt> line naming the shell to be used
7170 In the case of Perl scripts this should be
7171 <tt>#!/usr/bin/perl</tt>.
7175 When scripts are installed into a directory in the system
7176 PATH, the script name should not include an extension such
7177 as <tt>.sh</tt> or <tt>.pl</tt> that denotes the scripting
7178 language currently used to implement it.
7181 Shell scripts (<prgn>sh</prgn> and <prgn>bash</prgn>) other than
7182 <file>init.d</file> scripts should almost certainly start
7183 with <tt>set -e</tt> so that errors are detected.
7184 <file>init.d</file> scripts are something of a special case, due
7185 to how frequently they need to call commands that are allowed to
7186 fail, and it may instead be easier to check the exit status of
7187 commands directly. See <ref id="writing-init"> for more
7188 information about writing <file>init.d</file> scripts.
7191 Every script should use <tt>set -e</tt> or check the exit status
7192 of <em>every</em> command.
7195 Scripts may assume that <file>/bin/sh</file> implements the
7196 SUSv3 Shell Command Language<footnote>
7197 Single UNIX Specification, version 3, which is also IEEE
7198 1003.1-2004 (POSIX), and is available on the World Wide Web
7199 from <url id="http://www.unix.org/version3/online.html"
7200 name="The Open Group"> after free
7201 registration.</footnote>
7202 plus the following additional features not mandated by
7204 These features are in widespread use in the Linux community
7205 and are implemented in all of bash, dash, and ksh, the most
7206 common shells users may wish to use as <file>/bin/sh</file>.
7209 <item><tt>echo -n</tt>, if implemented as a shell built-in,
7210 must not generate a newline.</item>
7211 <item><tt>test</tt>, if implemented as a shell built-in, must
7212 support <tt>-a</tt> and <tt>-o</tt> as binary logical
7214 <item><tt>local</tt> to create a scoped variable must be
7215 supported, including listing multiple variables in a single
7216 local command and assigning a value to a variable at the
7217 same time as localizing it. <tt>local</tt> may or
7218 may not preserve the variable value from an outer scope if
7219 no assignment is present. Uses such as:
7223 # ... use a, b, c, d ...
7226 must be supported and must set the value of <tt>c</tt> to
7230 If a shell script requires non-SUSv3 features from the shell
7231 interpreter other than those listed above, the appropriate shell
7232 must be specified in the first line of the script (e.g.,
7233 <tt>#!/bin/bash</tt>) and the package must depend on the package
7234 providing the shell (unless the shell package is marked
7235 "Essential", as in the case of <prgn>bash</prgn>).
7239 You may wish to restrict your script to SUSv3 features plus the
7240 above set when possible so that it may use <file>/bin/sh</file>
7241 as its interpreter. If your script works with <prgn>dash</prgn>
7242 (originally called <prgn>ash</prgn>), it probably complies with
7243 the above requirements, but if you are in doubt, use
7244 <file>/bin/bash</file>.
7248 Perl scripts should check for errors when making any
7249 system calls, including <tt>open</tt>, <tt>print</tt>,
7250 <tt>close</tt>, <tt>rename</tt> and <tt>system</tt>.
7254 <prgn>csh</prgn> and <prgn>tcsh</prgn> should be avoided as
7255 scripting languages. See <em>Csh Programming Considered
7256 Harmful</em>, one of the <tt>comp.unix.*</tt> FAQs, which
7257 can be found at <url id="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/unix-faq/shell/csh-whynot/">.
7258 If an upstream package comes with <prgn>csh</prgn> scripts
7259 then you must make sure that they start with
7260 <tt>#!/bin/csh</tt> and make your package depend on the
7261 <prgn>c-shell</prgn> virtual package.
7265 Any scripts which create files in world-writeable
7266 directories (e.g., in <file>/tmp</file>) must use a
7267 mechanism which will fail atomically if a file with the same
7268 name already exists.
7272 The Debian base system provides the <prgn>tempfile</prgn>
7273 and <prgn>mktemp</prgn> utilities for use by scripts for
7280 <heading>Symbolic links</heading>
7283 In general, symbolic links within a top-level directory
7284 should be relative, and symbolic links pointing from one
7285 top-level directory into another should be absolute. (A
7286 top-level directory is a sub-directory of the root
7287 directory <file>/</file>.)
7291 In addition, symbolic links should be specified as short as
7292 possible, i.e., link targets like <file>foo/../bar</file> are
7297 Note that when creating a relative link using
7298 <prgn>ln</prgn> it is not necessary for the target of the
7299 link to exist relative to the working directory you're
7300 running <prgn>ln</prgn> from, nor is it necessary to change
7301 directory to the directory where the link is to be made.
7302 Simply include the string that should appear as the target
7303 of the link (this will be a pathname relative to the
7304 directory in which the link resides) as the first argument
7309 For example, in your <prgn>Makefile</prgn> or
7310 <file>debian/rules</file>, you can do things like:
7311 <example compact="compact">
7312 ln -fs gcc $(prefix)/bin/cc
7313 ln -fs gcc debian/tmp/usr/bin/cc
7314 ln -fs ../sbin/sendmail $(prefix)/bin/runq
7315 ln -fs ../sbin/sendmail debian/tmp/usr/bin/runq
7320 A symbolic link pointing to a compressed file should always
7321 have the same file extension as the referenced file. (For
7322 example, if a file <file>foo.gz</file> is referenced by a
7323 symbolic link, the filename of the link has to end with
7324 "<file>.gz</file>" too, as in <file>bar.gz</file>.)
7329 <heading>Device files</heading>
7332 Packages must not include device files or named pipes in the
7337 If a package needs any special device files that are not
7338 included in the base system, it must call
7339 <prgn>MAKEDEV</prgn> in the <prgn>postinst</prgn> script,
7340 after notifying the user<footnote>
7341 This notification could be done via a (low-priority)
7342 debconf message, or an echo (printf) statement.
7347 Packages must not remove any device files in the
7348 <prgn>postrm</prgn> or any other script. This is left to the
7349 system administrator.
7353 Debian uses the serial devices
7354 <file>/dev/ttyS*</file>. Programs using the old
7355 <file>/dev/cu*</file> devices should be changed to use
7356 <file>/dev/ttyS*</file>.
7360 Named pipes needed by the package must be created in
7361 the <prgn>postinst</prgn> script<footnote>
7362 It's better to use <prgn>mkfifo</prgn> rather
7363 than <prgn>mknod</prgn> to create named pipes so that
7364 automated checks for packages incorrectly creating device
7365 files with <prgn>mknod</prgn> won't have false positives.
7366 </footnote> and removed in
7367 the <prgn>prerm</prgn> or <prgn>postrm</prgn> script as
7372 <sect id="config-files">
7373 <heading>Configuration files</heading>
7376 <heading>Definitions</heading>
7380 <tag>configuration file</tag>
7382 A file that affects the operation of a program, or
7383 provides site- or host-specific information, or
7384 otherwise customizes the behavior of a program.
7385 Typically, configuration files are intended to be
7386 modified by the system administrator (if needed or
7387 desired) to conform to local policy or to provide
7388 more useful site-specific behavior.
7391 <tag><tt>conffile</tt></tag>
7393 A file listed in a package's <tt>conffiles</tt>
7394 file, and is treated specially by <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
7395 (see <ref id="configdetails">).
7401 The distinction between these two is important; they are
7402 not interchangeable concepts. Almost all
7403 <tt>conffile</tt>s are configuration files, but many
7404 configuration files are not <tt>conffiles</tt>.
7408 As noted elsewhere, <file>/etc/init.d</file> scripts,
7409 <file>/etc/default</file> files, scripts installed in
7410 <file>/etc/cron.{hourly,daily,weekly,monthly}</file>, and cron
7411 configuration installed in <file>/etc/cron.d</file> must be
7412 treated as configuration files. In general, any script that
7413 embeds configuration information is de-facto a configuration
7414 file and should be treated as such.
7419 <heading>Location</heading>
7422 Any configuration files created or used by your package
7423 must reside in <file>/etc</file>. If there are several,
7424 consider creating a subdirectory of <file>/etc</file>
7425 named after your package.
7429 If your package creates or uses configuration files
7430 outside of <file>/etc</file>, and it is not feasible to modify
7431 the package to use <file>/etc</file> directly, put the files
7432 in <file>/etc</file> and create symbolic links to those files
7433 from the location that the package requires.
7438 <heading>Behavior</heading>
7441 Configuration file handling must conform to the following
7443 <list compact="compact">
7445 local changes must be preserved during a package
7449 configuration files must be preserved when the
7450 package is removed, and only deleted when the
7457 The easy way to achieve this behavior is to make the
7458 configuration file a <tt>conffile</tt>. This is
7459 appropriate only if it is possible to distribute a default
7460 version that will work for most installations, although
7461 some system administrators may choose to modify it. This
7462 implies that the default version will be part of the
7463 package distribution, and must not be modified by the
7464 maintainer scripts during installation (or at any other
7469 In order to ensure that local changes are preserved
7470 correctly, no package may contain or make hard links to
7471 conffiles.<footnote>
7472 Rationale: There are two problems with hard links.
7473 The first is that some editors break the link while
7474 editing one of the files, so that the two files may
7475 unwittingly become unlinked and different. The second
7476 is that <prgn>dpkg</prgn> might break the hard link
7477 while upgrading <tt>conffile</tt>s.
7482 The other way to do it is via the maintainer scripts. In
7483 this case, the configuration file must not be listed as a
7484 <tt>conffile</tt> and must not be part of the package
7485 distribution. If the existence of a file is required for
7486 the package to be sensibly configured it is the
7487 responsibility of the package maintainer to provide
7488 maintainer scripts which correctly create, update and
7489 maintain the file and remove it on purge. (See <ref
7490 id="maintainerscripts"> for more information.) These
7491 scripts must be idempotent (i.e., must work correctly if
7492 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> needs to re-run them due to errors
7493 during installation or removal), must cope with all the
7494 variety of ways <prgn>dpkg</prgn> can call maintainer
7495 scripts, must not overwrite or otherwise mangle the user's
7496 configuration without asking, must not ask unnecessary
7497 questions (particularly during upgrades), and must
7498 otherwise be good citizens.
7502 The scripts are not required to configure every possible
7503 option for the package, but only those necessary to get
7504 the package running on a given system. Ideally the
7505 sysadmin should not have to do any configuration other
7506 than that done (semi-)automatically by the
7507 <prgn>postinst</prgn> script.
7511 A common practice is to create a script called
7512 <file><var>package</var>-configure</file> and have the
7513 package's <prgn>postinst</prgn> call it if and only if the
7514 configuration file does not already exist. In certain
7515 cases it is useful for there to be an example or template
7516 file which the maintainer scripts use. Such files should
7517 be in <file>/usr/share/<var>package</var></file> or
7518 <file>/usr/lib/<var>package</var></file> (depending on whether
7519 they are architecture-independent or not). There should
7520 be symbolic links to them from
7521 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/examples</file> if
7522 they are examples, and should be perfectly ordinary
7523 <prgn>dpkg</prgn>-handled files (<em>not</em>
7524 configuration files).
7528 These two styles of configuration file handling must
7529 not be mixed, for that way lies madness:
7530 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will ask about overwriting the file
7531 every time the package is upgraded.
7536 <heading>Sharing configuration files</heading>
7539 Packages which specify the same file as a
7540 <tt>conffile</tt> must be tagged as <em>conflicting</em>
7541 with each other. (This is an instance of the general rule
7542 about not sharing files. Note that neither alternatives
7543 nor diversions are likely to be appropriate in this case;
7544 in particular, <prgn>dpkg</prgn> does not handle diverted
7545 <tt>conffile</tt>s well.)
7549 The maintainer scripts must not alter a <tt>conffile</tt>
7550 of <em>any</em> package, including the one the scripts
7555 If two or more packages use the same configuration file
7556 and it is reasonable for both to be installed at the same
7557 time, one of these packages must be defined as
7558 <em>owner</em> of the configuration file, i.e., it will be
7559 the package which handles that file as a configuration
7560 file. Other packages that use the configuration file must
7561 depend on the owning package if they require the
7562 configuration file to operate. If the other package will
7563 use the configuration file if present, but is capable of
7564 operating without it, no dependency need be declared.
7568 If it is desirable for two or more related packages to
7569 share a configuration file <em>and</em> for all of the
7570 related packages to be able to modify that configuration
7571 file, then the following should be done:
7572 <enumlist compact="compact">
7574 One of the related packages (the "owning" package)
7575 will manage the configuration file with maintainer
7576 scripts as described in the previous section.
7579 The owning package should also provide a program
7580 that the other packages may use to modify the
7584 The related packages must use the provided program
7585 to make any desired modifications to the
7586 configuration file. They should either depend on
7587 the core package to guarantee that the configuration
7588 modifier program is available or accept gracefully
7589 that they cannot modify the configuration file if it
7590 is not. (This is in addition to the fact that the
7591 configuration file may not even be present in the
7598 Sometimes it's appropriate to create a new package which
7599 provides the basic infrastructure for the other packages
7600 and which manages the shared configuration files. (The
7601 <tt>sgml-base</tt> package is a good example.)
7606 <heading>User configuration files ("dotfiles")</heading>
7609 The files in <file>/etc/skel</file> will automatically be
7610 copied into new user accounts by <prgn>adduser</prgn>.
7611 No other program should reference the files in
7612 <file>/etc/skel</file>.
7616 Therefore, if a program needs a dotfile to exist in
7617 advance in <file>$HOME</file> to work sensibly, that dotfile
7618 should be installed in <file>/etc/skel</file> and treated as a
7623 However, programs that require dotfiles in order to
7624 operate sensibly are a bad thing, unless they do create
7625 the dotfiles themselves automatically.
7629 Furthermore, programs should be configured by the Debian
7630 default installation to behave as closely to the upstream
7631 default behavior as possible.
7635 Therefore, if a program in a Debian package needs to be
7636 configured in some way in order to operate sensibly, that
7637 should be done using a site-wide configuration file placed
7638 in <file>/etc</file>. Only if the program doesn't support a
7639 site-wide default configuration and the package maintainer
7640 doesn't have time to add it may a default per-user file be
7641 placed in <file>/etc/skel</file>.
7645 <file>/etc/skel</file> should be as empty as we can make it.
7646 This is particularly true because there is no easy (or
7647 necessarily desirable) mechanism for ensuring that the
7648 appropriate dotfiles are copied into the accounts of
7649 existing users when a package is installed.
7655 <heading>Log files</heading>
7657 Log files should usually be named
7658 <file>/var/log/<var>package</var>.log</file>. If you have many
7659 log files, or need a separate directory for permission
7660 reasons (<file>/var/log</file> is writable only by
7661 <file>root</file>), you should usually create a directory named
7662 <file>/var/log/<var>package</var></file> and place your log
7667 Log files must be rotated occasionally so that they don't
7668 grow indefinitely; the best way to do this is to drop a log
7669 rotation configuration file into the directory
7670 <file>/etc/logrotate.d</file> and use the facilities provided by
7671 logrotate.<footnote>
7673 The traditional approach to log files has been to set up
7674 <em>ad hoc</em> log rotation schemes using simple shell
7675 scripts and cron. While this approach is highly
7676 customizable, it requires quite a lot of sysadmin work.
7677 Even though the original Debian system helped a little
7678 by automatically installing a system which can be used
7679 as a template, this was deemed not enough.
7683 The use of <prgn>logrotate</prgn>, a program developed
7684 by Red Hat, is better, as it centralizes log management.
7685 It has both a configuration file
7686 (<file>/etc/logrotate.conf</file>) and a directory where
7687 packages can drop their individual log rotation
7688 configurations (<file>/etc/logrotate.d</file>).
7691 Here is a good example for a logrotate config
7692 file (for more information see <manref name="logrotate"
7694 <example compact="compact">
7695 /var/log/foo/*.log {
7700 /etc/init.d/foo force-reload
7704 This rotates all files under <file>/var/log/foo</file>, saves 12
7705 compressed generations, and forces the daemon to reload its
7706 configuration information after the log rotation.
7710 Log files should be removed when the package is
7711 purged (but not when it is only removed). This should be
7712 done by the <prgn>postrm</prgn> script when it is called
7713 with the argument <tt>purge</tt> (see <ref
7714 id="removedetails">).
7719 <heading>Permissions and owners</heading>
7722 The rules in this section are guidelines for general use.
7723 If necessary you may deviate from the details below.
7724 However, if you do so you must make sure that what is done
7725 is secure and you should try to be as consistent as possible
7726 with the rest of the system. You should probably also
7727 discuss it on <prgn>debian-devel</prgn> first.
7731 Files should be owned by <tt>root:root</tt>, and made
7732 writable only by the owner and universally readable (and
7733 executable, if appropriate), that is mode 644 or 755.
7737 Directories should be mode 755 or (for group-writability)
7738 mode 2775. The ownership of the directory should be
7739 consistent with its mode: if a directory is mode 2775, it
7740 should be owned by the group that needs write access to
7743 When a package is upgraded, and the owner or permissions
7744 of a file included in the package has changed, dpkg
7745 arranges for the ownership and permissions to be
7746 correctly set upon installation. However, this does not
7747 extend to directories; the permissions and ownership of
7748 directories already on the system does not change on
7749 install or upgrade of packages. This makes sense, since
7750 otherwise common directories like <tt>/usr</tt> would
7751 always be in flux. To correctly change permissions of a
7752 directory the package owns, explicit action is required,
7753 usually in the <tt>postinst</tt> script. Care must be
7754 taken to handle downgrades as well, in that case.
7761 Setuid and setgid executables should be mode 4755 or 2755
7762 respectively, and owned by the appropriate user or group.
7763 They should not be made unreadable (modes like 4711 or
7764 2711 or even 4111); doing so achieves no extra security,
7765 because anyone can find the binary in the freely available
7766 Debian package; it is merely inconvenient. For the same
7767 reason you should not restrict read or execute permissions
7768 on non-set-id executables.
7772 Some setuid programs need to be restricted to particular
7773 sets of users, using file permissions. In this case they
7774 should be owned by the uid to which they are set-id, and by
7775 the group which should be allowed to execute them. They
7776 should have mode 4754; again there is no point in making
7777 them unreadable to those users who must not be allowed to
7782 It is possible to arrange that the system administrator can
7783 reconfigure the package to correspond to their local
7784 security policy by changing the permissions on a binary:
7785 they can do this by using <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn>, as
7786 described below.<footnote>
7787 Ordinary files installed by <prgn>dpkg</prgn> (as
7788 opposed to <tt>conffile</tt>s and other similar objects)
7789 normally have their permissions reset to the distributed
7790 permissions when the package is reinstalled. However,
7791 the use of <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn> overrides this
7794 Another method you should consider is to create a group for
7795 people allowed to use the program(s) and make any setuid
7796 executables executable only by that group.
7800 If you need to create a new user or group for your package
7801 there are two possibilities. Firstly, you may need to
7802 make some files in the binary package be owned by this
7803 user or group, or you may need to compile the user or
7804 group id (rather than just the name) into the binary
7805 (though this latter should be avoided if possible, as in
7806 this case you need a statically allocated id).</p>
7809 If you need a statically allocated id, you must ask for a
7810 user or group id from the <tt>base-passwd</tt> maintainer,
7811 and must not release the package until you have been
7812 allocated one. Once you have been allocated one you must
7813 either make the package depend on a version of the
7814 <tt>base-passwd</tt> package with the id present in
7815 <file>/etc/passwd</file> or <file>/etc/group</file>, or arrange for
7816 your package to create the user or group itself with the
7817 correct id (using <tt>adduser</tt>) in its
7818 <prgn>preinst</prgn> or <prgn>postinst</prgn>. (Doing it in
7819 the <prgn>postinst</prgn> is to be preferred if it is
7820 possible, otherwise a pre-dependency will be needed on the
7821 <tt>adduser</tt> package.)
7825 On the other hand, the program might be able to determine
7826 the uid or gid from the user or group name at runtime, so
7827 that a dynamically allocated id can be used. In this case
7828 you should choose an appropriate user or group name,
7829 discussing this on <prgn>debian-devel</prgn> and checking
7830 with the <package/base-passwd/ maintainer that it is unique and that
7831 they do not wish you to use a statically allocated id
7832 instead. When this has been checked you must arrange for
7833 your package to create the user or group if necessary using
7834 <prgn>adduser</prgn> in the <prgn>preinst</prgn> or
7835 <prgn>postinst</prgn> script (again, the latter is to be
7836 preferred if it is possible).
7840 Note that changing the numeric value of an id associated
7841 with a name is very difficult, and involves searching the
7842 file system for all appropriate files. You need to think
7843 carefully whether a static or dynamic id is required, since
7844 changing your mind later will cause problems.
7847 <sect1><heading>The use of <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn></heading>
7849 This section is not intended as policy, but as a
7850 description of the use of <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn>.
7854 If a system administrator wishes to have a file (or
7855 directory or other such thing) installed with owner and
7856 permissions different from those in the distributed Debian
7857 package, they can use the <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn>
7858 program to instruct <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to use the different
7859 settings every time the file is installed. Thus the
7860 package maintainer should distribute the files with their
7861 normal permissions, and leave it for the system
7862 administrator to make any desired changes. For example, a
7863 daemon which is normally required to be setuid root, but
7864 in certain situations could be used without being setuid,
7865 should be installed setuid in the <tt>.deb</tt>. Then the
7866 local system administrator can change this if they wish.
7867 If there are two standard ways of doing it, the package
7868 maintainer can use <tt>debconf</tt> to find out the
7869 preference, and call <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn> in the
7870 maintainer script if necessary to accommodate the system
7871 administrator's choice. Care must be taken during
7872 upgrades to not override an existing setting.
7876 Given the above, <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn> is
7877 essentially a tool for system administrators and would not
7878 normally be needed in the maintainer scripts. There is
7879 one type of situation, though, where calls to
7880 <prgn>dpkg-statoverride</prgn> would be needed in the
7881 maintainer scripts, and that involves packages which use
7882 dynamically allocated user or group ids. In such a
7883 situation, something like the following idiom can be very
7884 helpful in the package's <prgn>postinst</prgn>, where
7885 <tt>sysuser</tt> is a dynamically allocated id:
7887 for i in /usr/bin/foo /usr/sbin/bar
7889 # only do something when no setting exists
7890 if ! dpkg-statoverride --list $i >/dev/null 2>&1
7892 #include: debconf processing, question about foo and bar
7893 if [ "$RET" = "true" ] ; then
7894 dpkg-statoverride --update --add sysuser root 4755 $i
7899 The corresponding code to remove the override when the package
7902 for i in /usr/bin/foo /usr/sbin/bar
7904 if dpkg-statoverride --list $i >/dev/null 2>&1
7906 dpkg-statoverride --remove $i
7916 <chapt id="customized-programs">
7917 <heading>Customized programs</heading>
7919 <sect id="arch-spec">
7920 <heading>Architecture specification strings</heading>
7923 If a program needs to specify an <em>architecture specification
7924 string</em> in some place, it should select one of the
7925 strings provided by <tt>dpkg-architecture -L</tt>. The
7926 strings are in the format
7927 <tt><var>os</var>-<var>arch</var></tt>, though the OS part
7928 is sometimes elided, as when the OS is Linux.<footnote>
7929 <p>Currently, the strings are:
7930 i386 ia64 alpha amd64 armeb arm hppa m32r m68k mips
7931 mipsel powerpc ppc64 s390 s390x sh3 sh3eb sh4 sh4eb
7932 sparc darwin-i386 darwin-ia64 darwin-alpha darwin-amd64
7933 darwin-armeb darwin-arm darwin-hppa darwin-m32r
7934 darwin-m68k darwin-mips darwin-mipsel darwin-powerpc
7935 darwin-ppc64 darwin-s390 darwin-s390x darwin-sh3
7936 darwin-sh3eb darwin-sh4 darwin-sh4eb darwin-sparc
7937 freebsd-i386 freebsd-ia64 freebsd-alpha freebsd-amd64
7938 freebsd-armeb freebsd-arm freebsd-hppa freebsd-m32r
7939 freebsd-m68k freebsd-mips freebsd-mipsel freebsd-powerpc
7940 freebsd-ppc64 freebsd-s390 freebsd-s390x freebsd-sh3
7941 freebsd-sh3eb freebsd-sh4 freebsd-sh4eb freebsd-sparc
7942 kfreebsd-i386 kfreebsd-ia64 kfreebsd-alpha
7943 kfreebsd-amd64 kfreebsd-armeb kfreebsd-arm kfreebsd-hppa
7944 kfreebsd-m32r kfreebsd-m68k kfreebsd-mips
7945 kfreebsd-mipsel kfreebsd-powerpc kfreebsd-ppc64
7946 kfreebsd-s390 kfreebsd-s390x kfreebsd-sh3 kfreebsd-sh3eb
7947 kfreebsd-sh4 kfreebsd-sh4eb kfreebsd-sparc knetbsd-i386
7948 knetbsd-ia64 knetbsd-alpha knetbsd-amd64 knetbsd-armeb
7949 knetbsd-arm knetbsd-hppa knetbsd-m32r knetbsd-m68k
7950 knetbsd-mips knetbsd-mipsel knetbsd-powerpc
7951 knetbsd-ppc64 knetbsd-s390 knetbsd-s390x knetbsd-sh3
7952 knetbsd-sh3eb knetbsd-sh4 knetbsd-sh4eb knetbsd-sparc
7953 netbsd-i386 netbsd-ia64 netbsd-alpha netbsd-amd64
7954 netbsd-armeb netbsd-arm netbsd-hppa netbsd-m32r
7955 netbsd-m68k netbsd-mips netbsd-mipsel netbsd-powerpc
7956 netbsd-ppc64 netbsd-s390 netbsd-s390x netbsd-sh3
7957 netbsd-sh3eb netbsd-sh4 netbsd-sh4eb netbsd-sparc
7958 openbsd-i386 openbsd-ia64 openbsd-alpha openbsd-amd64
7959 openbsd-armeb openbsd-arm openbsd-hppa openbsd-m32r
7960 openbsd-m68k openbsd-mips openbsd-mipsel openbsd-powerpc
7961 openbsd-ppc64 openbsd-s390 openbsd-s390x openbsd-sh3
7962 openbsd-sh3eb openbsd-sh4 openbsd-sh4eb openbsd-sparc
7963 hurd-i386 hurd-ia64 hurd-alpha hurd-amd64 hurd-armeb
7964 hurd-arm hurd-hppa hurd-m32r hurd-m68k hurd-mips
7965 hurd-mipsel hurd-powerpc hurd-ppc64 hurd-s390 hurd-s390x
7966 hurd-sh3 hurd-sh3eb hurd-sh4 hurd-sh4eb hurd-sparc
7972 Note that we don't want to use
7973 <tt><var>arch</var>-debian-linux</tt> to apply to the rule
7974 <tt><var>architecture</var>-<var>vendor</var>-<var>os</var></tt>
7975 since this would make our programs incompatible with other
7976 Linux distributions. We also don't use something like
7977 <tt><var>arch</var>-unknown-linux</tt>, since the
7978 <tt>unknown</tt> does not look very good.
7983 <heading>Daemons</heading>
7986 The configuration files <file>/etc/services</file>,
7987 <file>/etc/protocols</file>, and <file>/etc/rpc</file> are managed
7988 by the <prgn>netbase</prgn> package and must not be modified
7993 If a package requires a new entry in one of these files, the
7994 maintainer should get in contact with the
7995 <prgn>netbase</prgn> maintainer, who will add the entries
7996 and release a new version of the <prgn>netbase</prgn>
8001 The configuration file <file>/etc/inetd.conf</file> must not be
8002 modified by the package's scripts except via the
8003 <prgn>update-inetd</prgn> script or the
8004 <file>DebianNet.pm</file> Perl module. See their documentation
8005 for details on how to add entries.
8009 If a package wants to install an example entry into
8010 <file>/etc/inetd.conf</file>, the entry must be preceded with
8011 exactly one hash character (<tt>#</tt>). Such lines are
8012 treated as "commented out by user" by the
8013 <prgn>update-inetd</prgn> script and are not changed or
8014 activated during package updates.
8019 <heading>Using pseudo-ttys and modifying wtmp, utmp and
8023 Some programs need to create pseudo-ttys. This should be done
8024 using Unix98 ptys if the C library supports it. The resulting
8025 program must not be installed setuid root, unless that
8026 is required for other functionality.
8030 The files <file>/var/run/utmp</file>, <file>/var/log/wtmp</file> and
8031 <file>/var/log/lastlog</file> must be installed writable by
8032 group <tt>utmp</tt>. Programs which need to modify those
8033 files must be installed setgid <tt>utmp</tt>.
8038 <heading>Editors and pagers</heading>
8041 Some programs have the ability to launch an editor or pager
8042 program to edit or display a text document. Since there are
8043 lots of different editors and pagers available in the Debian
8044 distribution, the system administrator and each user should
8045 have the possibility to choose their preferred editor and
8050 In addition, every program should choose a good default
8051 editor/pager if none is selected by the user or system
8056 Thus, every program that launches an editor or pager must
8057 use the EDITOR or PAGER environment variable to determine
8058 the editor or pager the user wishes to use. If these
8059 variables are not set, the programs <file>/usr/bin/editor</file>
8060 and <file>/usr/bin/pager</file> should be used, respectively.
8064 These two files are managed through the <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
8065 "alternatives" mechanism. Thus every package providing an
8066 editor or pager must call the
8067 <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn> script to register these
8072 If it is very hard to adapt a program to make use of the
8073 EDITOR or PAGER variables, that program may be configured to
8074 use <file>/usr/bin/sensible-editor</file> and
8075 <file>/usr/bin/sensible-pager</file> as the editor or pager
8076 program respectively. These are two scripts provided in the
8077 <package>sensible-utils</package> package that check the EDITOR
8078 and PAGER variables and launch the appropriate program, and fall
8079 back to <file>/usr/bin/editor</file>
8080 and <file>/usr/bin/pager</file> if the variable is not set.
8084 A program may also use the VISUAL environment variable to
8085 determine the user's choice of editor. If it exists, it
8086 should take precedence over EDITOR. This is in fact what
8087 <file>/usr/bin/sensible-editor</file> does.
8091 It is not required for a package to depend on
8092 <tt>editor</tt> and <tt>pager</tt>, nor is it required for a
8093 package to provide such virtual packages.<footnote>
8094 The Debian base system already provides an editor and a
8100 <sect id="web-appl">
8101 <heading>Web servers and applications</heading>
8104 This section describes the locations and URLs that should
8105 be used by all web servers and web applications in the
8112 Cgi-bin executable files are installed in the
8114 <example compact="compact">
8115 /usr/lib/cgi-bin/<var>cgi-bin-name</var>
8117 and should be referred to as
8118 <example compact="compact">
8119 http://localhost/cgi-bin/<var>cgi-bin-name</var>
8125 <p>Access to HTML documents</p>
8128 HTML documents for a package are stored in
8129 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file>
8130 and can be referred to as
8131 <example compact="compact">
8132 http://localhost/doc/<var>package</var>/<var>filename</var>
8137 The web server should restrict access to the document
8138 tree so that only clients on the same host can read
8139 the documents. If the web server does not support such
8140 access controls, then it should not provide access at
8141 all, or ask about providing access during installation.
8146 <p>Access to images</p>
8148 It is recommended that images for a package be stored
8149 in <tt>/usr/share/images/<var>package</var></tt> and
8150 may be referred to through an alias <tt>/images/</tt>
8153 http://localhost/images/<package>/<filename>
8160 <p>Web Document Root</p>
8163 Web Applications should try to avoid storing files in
8164 the Web Document Root. Instead they should use the
8165 /usr/share/doc/<var>package</var> directory for
8166 documents and register the Web Application via the
8167 <package>doc-base</package> package. If access to the
8168 web document root is unavoidable then use
8169 <example compact="compact">
8172 as the Document Root. This might be just a symbolic
8173 link to the location where the system administrator
8174 has put the real document root.
8177 <item><p>Providing httpd and/or httpd-cgi</p>
8179 All web servers should provide the virtual package
8180 <tt>httpd</tt>. If a web server has CGI support it should
8181 provide <tt>httpd-cgi</tt> additionally.
8184 All web applications which do not contain CGI scripts should
8185 depend on <tt>httpd</tt>, all those web applications which
8186 <tt>do</tt> contain CGI scripts, should depend on
8194 <sect id="mail-transport-agents">
8195 <heading>Mail transport, delivery and user agents</heading>
8198 Debian packages which process electronic mail, whether mail
8199 user agents (MUAs) or mail transport agents (MTAs), must
8200 ensure that they are compatible with the configuration
8201 decisions below. Failure to do this may result in lost
8202 mail, broken <tt>From:</tt> lines, and other serious brain
8207 The mail spool is <file>/var/mail</file> and the interface to
8208 send a mail message is <file>/usr/sbin/sendmail</file> (as per
8209 the FHS). On older systems, the mail spool may be
8210 physically located in <file>/var/spool/mail</file>, but all
8211 access to the mail spool should be via the
8212 <file>/var/mail</file> symlink. The mail spool is part of the
8213 base system and not part of the MTA package.
8217 All Debian MUAs, MTAs, MDAs and other mailbox accessing
8218 programs (such as IMAP daemons) must lock the mailbox in an
8219 NFS-safe way. This means that <tt>fcntl()</tt> locking must
8220 be combined with dot locking. To avoid deadlocks, a program
8221 should use <tt>fcntl()</tt> first and dot locking after
8222 this, or alternatively implement the two locking methods in
8223 a non blocking way<footnote>
8224 If it is not possible to establish both locks, the
8225 system shouldn't wait for the second lock to be
8226 established, but remove the first lock, wait a (random)
8227 time, and start over locking again.
8228 </footnote>. Using the functions <tt>maillock</tt> and
8229 <tt>mailunlock</tt> provided by the
8230 <tt>liblockfile*</tt><footnote>
8231 You will need to depend on <tt>liblockfile1 (>>1.01)</tt>
8232 to use these functions.
8233 </footnote> packages is the recommended way to realize this.
8237 Mailboxes are generally either mode 600 and owned by
8238 <var>user</var> or mode 660 and owned by
8239 <tt><var>user</var>:mail</tt><footnote>
8240 There are two traditional permission schemes for mail spools:
8241 mode 600 with all mail delivery done by processes running as
8242 the destination user, or mode 660 and owned by group mail with
8243 mail delivery done by a process running as a system user in
8244 group mail. Historically, Debian required mode 660 mail
8245 spools to enable the latter model, but that model has become
8246 increasingly uncommon and the principle of least privilege
8247 indicates that mail systems that use the first model should
8248 use permissions of 600. If delivery to programs is permitted,
8249 it's easier to keep the mail system secure if the delivery
8250 agent runs as the destination user. Debian Policy therefore
8251 permits either scheme.
8252 </footnote>. The local system administrator may choose a
8253 different permission scheme; packages should not make
8254 assumptions about the permission and ownership of mailboxes
8255 unless required (such as when creating a new mailbox). A MUA
8256 may remove a mailbox (unless it has nonstandard permissions) in
8257 which case the MTA or another MUA must recreate it if needed.
8261 The mail spool is 2775 <tt>root:mail</tt>, and MUAs should
8262 be setgid mail to do the locking mentioned above (and
8263 must obviously avoid accessing other users' mailboxes
8264 using this privilege).</p>
8267 <file>/etc/aliases</file> is the source file for the system mail
8268 aliases (e.g., postmaster, usenet, etc.), it is the one
8269 which the sysadmin and <prgn>postinst</prgn> scripts may
8270 edit. After <file>/etc/aliases</file> is edited the program or
8271 human editing it must call <prgn>newaliases</prgn>. All MTA
8272 packages must come with a <prgn>newaliases</prgn> program,
8273 even if it does nothing, but older MTA packages did not do
8274 this so programs should not fail if <prgn>newaliases</prgn>
8275 cannot be found. Note that because of this, all MTA
8276 packages must have <tt>Provides</tt>, <tt>Conflicts</tt> and
8277 <tt>Replaces: mail-transport-agent</tt> control file
8282 The convention of writing <tt>forward to
8283 <var>address</var></tt> in the mailbox itself is not
8284 supported. Use a <tt>.forward</tt> file instead.</p>
8287 The <prgn>rmail</prgn> program used by UUCP
8288 for incoming mail should be <file>/usr/sbin/rmail</file>.
8289 Likewise, <prgn>rsmtp</prgn>, for receiving
8290 batch-SMTP-over-UUCP, should be <file>/usr/sbin/rsmtp</file> if it
8294 If your package needs to know what hostname to use on (for
8295 example) outgoing news and mail messages which are generated
8296 locally, you should use the file <file>/etc/mailname</file>. It
8297 will contain the portion after the username and <tt>@</tt>
8298 (at) sign for email addresses of users on the machine
8299 (followed by a newline).
8303 Such a package should check for the existence of this file
8304 when it is being configured. If it exists, it should be
8305 used without comment, although an MTA's configuration script
8306 may wish to prompt the user even if it finds that this file
8307 exists. If the file does not exist, the package should
8308 prompt the user for the value (preferably using
8309 <prgn>debconf</prgn>) and store it in <file>/etc/mailname</file>
8310 as well as using it in the package's configuration. The
8311 prompt should make it clear that the name will not just be
8312 used by that package. For example, in this situation the
8313 <tt>inn</tt> package could say something like:
8314 <example compact="compact">
8315 Please enter the "mail name" of your system. This is the
8316 hostname portion of the address to be shown on outgoing
8317 news and mail messages. The default is
8318 <var>syshostname</var>, your system's host name. Mail
8319 name ["<var>syshostname</var>"]:
8321 where <var>syshostname</var> is the output of <tt>hostname
8327 <heading>News system configuration</heading>
8330 All the configuration files related to the NNTP (news)
8331 servers and clients should be located under
8332 <file>/etc/news</file>.</p>
8335 There are some configuration issues that apply to a number
8336 of news clients and server packages on the machine. These
8340 <tag><file>/etc/news/organization</file></tag>
8342 A string which should appear as the
8343 organization header for all messages posted
8344 by NNTP clients on the machine
8347 <tag><file>/etc/news/server</file></tag>
8349 Contains the FQDN of the upstream NNTP
8350 server, or localhost if the local machine is
8355 Other global files may be added as required for cross-package news
8362 <heading>Programs for the X Window System</heading>
8365 <heading>Providing X support and package priorities</heading>
8368 Programs that can be configured with support for the X
8369 Window System must be configured to do so and must declare
8370 any package dependencies necessary to satisfy their
8371 runtime requirements when using the X Window System. If
8372 such a package is of higher priority than the X packages
8373 on which it depends, it is required that either the
8374 X-specific components be split into a separate package, or
8375 that an alternative version of the package, which includes
8376 X support, be provided, or that the package's priority be
8382 <heading>Packages providing an X server</heading>
8385 Packages that provide an X server that, directly or
8386 indirectly, communicates with real input and display
8387 hardware should declare in their control data that they
8388 provide the virtual package <tt>xserver</tt>.<footnote>
8389 This implements current practice, and provides an
8390 actual policy for usage of the <tt>xserver</tt>
8391 virtual package which appears in the virtual packages
8392 list. In a nutshell, X servers that interface
8393 directly with the display and input hardware or via
8394 another subsystem (e.g., GGI) should provide
8395 <tt>xserver</tt>. Things like <tt>Xvfb</tt>,
8396 <tt>Xnest</tt>, and <tt>Xprt</tt> should not.
8402 <heading>Packages providing a terminal emulator</heading>
8405 Packages that provide a terminal emulator for the X Window
8406 System which meet the criteria listed below should declare
8407 in their control data that they provide the virtual
8408 package <tt>x-terminal-emulator</tt>. They should also
8409 register themselves as an alternative for
8410 <file>/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator</file>, with a priority of
8415 To be an <tt>x-terminal-emulator</tt>, a program must:
8416 <list compact="compact">
8418 Be able to emulate a DEC VT100 terminal, or a
8419 compatible terminal.
8423 Support the command-line option <tt>-e
8424 <var>command</var></tt>, which creates a new
8425 terminal window<footnote>
8426 "New terminal window" does not necessarily mean
8427 a new top-level X window directly parented by
8428 the window manager; it could, if the terminal
8429 emulator application were so coded, be a new
8430 "view" in a multiple-document interface (MDI).
8432 and runs the specified <var>command</var>,
8433 interpreting the entirety of the rest of the command
8434 line as a command to pass straight to exec, in the
8435 manner that <tt>xterm</tt> does.
8439 Support the command-line option <tt>-T
8440 <var>title</var></tt>, which creates a new terminal
8441 window with the window title <var>title</var>.
8448 <heading>Packages providing a window manager</heading>
8451 Packages that provide a window manager should declare in
8452 their control data that they provide the virtual package
8453 <tt>x-window-manager</tt>. They should also register
8454 themselves as an alternative for
8455 <file>/usr/bin/x-window-manager</file>, with a priority
8456 calculated as follows:
8457 <list compact="compact">
8459 Start with a priority of 20.
8463 If the window manager supports the Debian menu
8464 system, add 20 points if this support is available
8465 in the package's default configuration (i.e., no
8466 configuration files belonging to the system or user
8467 have to be edited to activate the feature); if
8468 configuration files must be modified, add only 10
8474 If the window manager complies with <url
8475 id="http://www.freedesktop.org/Standards/wm-spec"
8476 name="The Window Manager Specification Project">,
8477 written by the <url id="http://www.freedesktop.org/"
8478 name="Free Desktop Group">, add 40 points.
8482 If the window manager permits the X session to be
8483 restarted using a <em>different</em> window manager
8484 (without killing the X server) in its default
8485 configuration, add 10 points; otherwise add none.
8492 <heading>Packages providing fonts</heading>
8495 Packages that provide fonts for the X Window
8497 For the purposes of Debian Policy, a "font for the X
8498 Window System" is one which is accessed via X protocol
8499 requests. Fonts for the Linux console, for PostScript
8500 renderer, or any other purpose, do not fit this
8501 definition. Any tool which makes such fonts available
8502 to the X Window System, however, must abide by this
8505 must do a number of things to ensure that they are both
8506 available without modification of the X or font server
8507 configuration, and that they do not corrupt files used by
8508 other font packages to register information about
8512 Fonts of any type supported by the X Window System
8513 must be in a separate binary package from any
8514 executables, libraries, or documentation (except
8515 that specific to the fonts shipped, such as their
8516 license information). If one or more of the fonts
8517 so packaged are necessary for proper operation of
8518 the package with which they are associated the font
8519 package may be Recommended; if the fonts merely
8520 provide an enhancement, a Suggests relationship may
8521 be used. Packages must not Depend on font
8523 This is because the X server may retrieve fonts
8524 from the local file system or over the network
8525 from an X font server; the Debian package system
8526 is empowered to deal only with the local
8532 BDF fonts must be converted to PCF fonts with the
8533 <prgn>bdftopcf</prgn> utility (available in the
8534 <tt>xfonts-utils</tt> package, <prgn>gzip</prgn>ped, and
8535 placed in a directory that corresponds to their
8537 <list compact="compact">
8539 100 dpi fonts must be placed in
8540 <file>/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/</file>.
8544 75 dpi fonts must be placed in
8545 <file>/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/</file>.
8549 Character-cell fonts, cursor fonts, and other
8550 low-resolution fonts must be placed in
8551 <file>/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc/</file>.
8557 Type 1 fonts must be placed in
8558 <file>/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1/</file>. If font
8559 metric files are available, they must be placed here
8564 Subdirectories of <file>/usr/share/fonts/X11/</file>
8565 other than those listed above must be neither
8566 created nor used. (The <file>PEX</file>, <file>CID</file>,
8567 <file>Speedo</file>, and <file>cyrillic</file> directories
8568 are excepted for historical reasons, but installation of
8569 files into these directories remains discouraged.)
8573 Font packages may, instead of placing files directly
8574 in the X font directories listed above, provide
8575 symbolic links in that font directory pointing to
8576 the files' actual location in the filesystem. Such
8577 a location must comply with the FHS.
8581 Font packages should not contain both 75dpi and
8582 100dpi versions of a font. If both are available,
8583 they should be provided in separate binary packages
8584 with <tt>-75dpi</tt> or <tt>-100dpi</tt> appended to
8585 the names of the packages containing the
8586 corresponding fonts.
8590 Fonts destined for the <file>misc</file> subdirectory
8591 should not be included in the same package as 75dpi
8592 or 100dpi fonts; instead, they should be provided in
8593 a separate package with <tt>-misc</tt> appended to
8598 Font packages must not provide the files
8599 <file>fonts.dir</file>, <file>fonts.alias</file>, or
8600 <file>fonts.scale</file> in a font directory:
8603 <file>fonts.dir</file> files must not be provided at all.
8607 <file>fonts.alias</file> and <file>fonts.scale</file>
8608 files, if needed, should be provided in the
8610 <file>/etc/X11/fonts/<var>fontdir</var>/<var>package</var>.<var>extension</var></file>,
8611 where <var>fontdir</var> is the name of the
8613 <file>/usr/share/fonts/X11/</file> where the
8614 package's corresponding fonts are stored
8615 (e.g., <tt>75dpi</tt> or <tt>misc</tt>),
8616 <var>package</var> is the name of the package
8617 that provides these fonts, and
8618 <var>extension</var> is either <tt>scale</tt>
8619 or <tt>alias</tt>, whichever corresponds to
8626 Font packages must declare a dependency on
8627 <tt>xfonts-utils</tt> in their control
8632 Font packages that provide one or more
8633 <file>fonts.scale</file> files as described above must
8634 invoke <prgn>update-fonts-scale</prgn> on each
8635 directory into which they installed fonts
8636 <em>before</em> invoking
8637 <prgn>update-fonts-dir</prgn> on that directory.
8638 This invocation must occur in both the
8639 <prgn>postinst</prgn> (for all arguments) and
8640 <prgn>postrm</prgn> (for all arguments except
8641 <tt>upgrade</tt>) scripts.
8645 Font packages that provide one or more
8646 <file>fonts.alias</file> files as described above must
8647 invoke <prgn>update-fonts-alias</prgn> on each
8648 directory into which they installed fonts. This
8649 invocation must occur in both the
8650 <prgn>postinst</prgn> (for all arguments) and
8651 <prgn>postrm</prgn> (for all arguments except
8652 <tt>upgrade</tt>) scripts.
8656 Font packages must invoke
8657 <prgn>update-fonts-dir</prgn> on each directory into
8658 which they installed fonts. This invocation must
8659 occur in both the <prgn>postinst</prgn> (for all
8660 arguments) and <prgn>postrm</prgn> (for all
8661 arguments except <tt>upgrade</tt>) scripts.
8665 Font packages must not provide alias names for the
8666 fonts they include which collide with alias names
8667 already in use by fonts already packaged.
8671 Font packages must not provide fonts with the same
8672 XLFD registry name as another font already packaged.
8678 <sect1 id="appdefaults">
8679 <heading>Application defaults files</heading>
8682 Application defaults files must be installed in the
8683 directory <file>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</file> (use of a
8684 localized subdirectory of <file>/etc/X11/</file> as described
8685 in the <em>X Toolkit Intrinsics - C Language
8686 Interface</em> manual is also permitted). They must be
8687 registered as <tt>conffile</tt>s or handled as
8688 configuration files.
8692 Customization of programs' X resources may also be
8693 supported with the provision of a file with the same name
8694 as that of the package placed in
8695 the <file>/etc/X11/Xresources/</file> directory, which
8696 must be registered as a <tt>conffile</tt> or handled as a
8697 configuration file.<footnote>
8698 Note that this mechanism is not the same as using
8699 app-defaults; app-defaults are tied to the client
8700 binary on the local file system, whereas X resources
8701 are stored in the X server and affect all connecting
8708 <heading>Installation directory issues</heading>
8711 Historically, packages using the X Window System used a
8712 separate set of installation directories from other packages.
8713 This practice has been discontinued and packages using the X
8714 Window System should now generally be installed in the same
8715 directories as any other package. Specifically, packages must
8716 not install files under the <file>/usr/X11R6/</file> directory
8717 and the <file>/usr/X11R6/</file> directory hierarchy should be
8718 regarded as obsolete.
8722 Include files previously installed under
8723 <file>/usr/X11R6/include/X11/</file> should be installed into
8724 <file>/usr/include/X11/</file>. For files previously
8725 installed into subdirectories of
8726 <file>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/</file>, package maintainers should
8727 determine if subdirectories of <file>/usr/lib/</file> and
8728 <file>/usr/share/</file> can be used. If not, a subdirectory
8729 of <file>/usr/lib/X11/</file> should be used.
8733 Configuration files for window, display, or session managers
8734 or other applications that are tightly integrated with the X
8735 Window System may be placed in a subdirectory
8736 of <file>/etc/X11/</file> corresponding to the package name.
8737 Other X Window System applications should use
8738 the <file>/etc/</file> directory unless otherwise mandated by
8739 policy (such as for <ref id="appdefaults">).
8744 <heading>The OSF/Motif and OpenMotif libraries</heading>
8747 <em>Programs that require the non-DFSG-compliant OSF/Motif or
8748 OpenMotif libraries</em><footnote>
8749 OSF/Motif and OpenMotif are collectively referred to as
8750 "Motif" in this policy document.
8752 should be compiled against and tested with LessTif (a free
8753 re-implementation of Motif) instead. If the maintainer
8754 judges that the program or programs do not work
8755 sufficiently well with LessTif to be distributed and
8756 supported, but do so when compiled against Motif, then two
8757 versions of the package should be created; one linked
8758 statically against Motif and with <tt>-smotif</tt>
8759 appended to the package name, and one linked dynamically
8760 against Motif and with <tt>-dmotif</tt> appended to the
8765 Both Motif-linked versions are dependent
8766 upon non-DFSG-compliant software and thus cannot be
8767 uploaded to the <em>main</em> distribution; if the
8768 software is itself DFSG-compliant it may be uploaded to
8769 the <em>contrib</em> distribution. While known existing
8770 versions of Motif permit unlimited redistribution of
8771 binaries linked against the library (whether statically or
8772 dynamically), it is the package maintainer's
8773 responsibility to determine whether this is permitted by
8774 the license of the copy of Motif in their possession.
8780 <heading>Perl programs and modules</heading>
8783 Perl programs and modules should follow the current Perl policy.
8787 The Perl policy can be found in the <tt>perl-policy</tt>
8788 files in the <tt>debian-policy</tt> package.
8789 It is also available from the Debian web mirrors at
8790 <tt><url name="/doc/packaging-manuals/perl-policy/"
8791 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/perl-policy/"></tt>.
8796 <heading>Emacs lisp programs</heading>
8799 Please refer to the "Debian Emacs Policy" for details of how to
8800 package emacs lisp programs.
8804 The Emacs policy is available in
8805 <file>debian-emacs-policy.gz</file> of the
8806 <package>emacsen-common</package> package.
8807 It is also available from the Debian web mirrors at
8808 <tt><url name="/doc/packaging-manuals/debian-emacs-policy"
8809 id="http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/debian-emacs-policy"></tt>.
8814 <heading>Games</heading>
8817 The permissions on <file>/var/games</file> are mode 755, owner
8818 <tt>root</tt> and group <tt>root</tt>.
8822 Each game decides on its own security policy.</p>
8825 Games which require protected, privileged access to
8826 high-score files, saved games, etc., may be made
8827 set-<em>group</em>-id (mode 2755) and owned by
8828 <tt>root:games</tt>, and use files and directories with
8829 appropriate permissions (770 <tt>root:games</tt>, for
8830 example). They must not be made
8831 set-<em>user</em>-id, as this causes security problems. (If
8832 an attacker can subvert any set-user-id game they can
8833 overwrite the executable of any other, causing other players
8834 of these games to run a Trojan horse program. With a
8835 set-group-id game the attacker only gets access to less
8836 important game data, and if they can get at the other
8837 players' accounts at all it will take considerably more
8841 Some packages, for example some fortune cookie programs, are
8842 configured by the upstream authors to install with their
8843 data files or other static information made unreadable so
8844 that they can only be accessed through set-id programs
8845 provided. You should not do this in a Debian package: anyone can
8846 download the <file>.deb</file> file and read the data from it,
8847 so there is no point making the files unreadable. Not
8848 making the files unreadable also means that you don't have
8849 to make so many programs set-id, which reduces the risk of a
8853 As described in the FHS, binaries of games should be
8854 installed in the directory <file>/usr/games</file>. This also
8855 applies to games that use the X Window System. Manual pages
8856 for games (X and non-X games) should be installed in
8857 <file>/usr/share/man/man6</file>.</p>
8863 <heading>Documentation</heading>
8866 <heading>Manual pages</heading>
8869 You should install manual pages in <prgn>nroff</prgn> source
8870 form, in appropriate places under <file>/usr/share/man</file>.
8871 You should only use sections 1 to 9 (see the FHS for more
8872 details). You must not install a pre-formatted "cat page".
8876 Each program, utility, and function should have an
8877 associated manual page included in the same package. It is
8878 suggested that all configuration files also have a manual
8879 page included as well. Manual pages for protocols and other
8880 auxiliary things are optional.
8884 If no manual page is available, this is considered as a bug
8885 and should be reported to the Debian Bug Tracking System (the
8886 maintainer of the package is allowed to write this bug report
8887 themselves, if they so desire). Do not close the bug report
8888 until a proper man page is available.<footnote>
8889 It is not very hard to write a man page. See the
8890 <url id="http://www.schweikhardt.net/man_page_howto.html"
8891 name="Man-Page-HOWTO">,
8892 <manref name="man" section="7">, the examples
8893 created by <prgn>debmake</prgn> or <prgn>dh_make</prgn>,
8894 the helper programs <prgn>help2man</prgn>, or the
8895 directory <file>/usr/share/doc/man-db/examples</file>.
8900 You may forward a complaint about a missing man page to the
8901 upstream authors, and mark the bug as forwarded in the
8902 Debian bug tracking system. Even though the GNU Project do
8903 not in general consider the lack of a man page to be a bug,
8904 we do; if they tell you that they don't consider it a bug
8905 you should leave the bug in our bug tracking system open
8910 Manual pages should be installed compressed using <tt>gzip -9</tt>.
8914 If one man page needs to be accessible via several names it
8915 is better to use a symbolic link than the <file>.so</file>
8916 feature, but there is no need to fiddle with the relevant
8917 parts of the upstream source to change from <file>.so</file> to
8918 symlinks: don't do it unless it's easy. You should not
8919 create hard links in the manual page directories, nor put
8920 absolute filenames in <file>.so</file> directives. The filename
8921 in a <file>.so</file> in a man page should be relative to the
8922 base of the man page tree (usually
8923 <file>/usr/share/man</file>). If you do not create any links
8924 (whether symlinks, hard links, or <tt>.so</tt> directives)
8925 in the file system to the alternate names of the man page,
8926 then you should not rely on <prgn>man</prgn> finding your
8927 man page under those names based solely on the information in
8928 the man page's header.<footnote>
8929 Supporting this in <prgn>man</prgn> often requires
8930 unreasonable processing time to find a manual page or to
8931 report that none exists, and moves knowledge into man's
8932 database that would be better left in the file system.
8933 This support is therefore deprecated and will cease to
8934 be present in the future.
8939 Manual pages in locale-specific subdirectories of
8940 <file>/usr/share/man</file> should use either UTF-8 or the usual
8941 legacy encoding for that language (normally the one corresponding
8942 to the shortest relevant locale name in
8943 <file>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</file>). For example, pages under
8944 <file>/usr/share/man/fr</file> should use either UTF-8 or
8945 ISO-8859-1.<footnote>
8946 <prgn>man</prgn> will automatically detect whether UTF-8 is in
8947 use. In future, all manual pages will be required to use
8953 A country name (the <tt>DE</tt> in <tt>de_DE</tt>) should not be
8954 included in the subdirectory name unless it indicates a
8955 significant difference in the language, as this excludes
8956 speakers of the language in other countries.<footnote>
8957 At the time of writing, Chinese and Portuguese are the main
8958 languages with such differences, so <file>pt_BR</file>,
8959 <file>zh_CN</file>, and <file>zh_TW</file> are all allowed.
8964 If a localized version of a manual page is provided, it should
8965 either be up-to-date or it should be obvious to the reader that
8966 it is outdated and the original manual page should be used
8967 instead. This can be done either by a note at the beginning of
8968 the manual page or by showing the missing or changed portions in
8969 the original language instead of the target language.
8974 <heading>Info documents</heading>
8977 Info documents should be installed in <file>/usr/share/info</file>.
8978 They should be compressed with <tt>gzip -9</tt>.
8982 The <prgn>install-info</prgn> program maintains a directory of
8983 installed info documents in <file>/usr/share/info/dir</file> for
8984 the use of info readers.<footnote>
8985 It was previously necessary for packages installing info
8986 documents to run <prgn>install-info</prgn> from maintainer
8987 scripts. This is no longer necessary. The installation
8988 system now uses dpkg triggers.
8990 This file must not be included in packages. Packages containing
8991 info documents should depend on <tt>dpkg (>= 1.15.4) |
8992 install-info</tt> to ensure that the directory file is properly
8993 rebuilt during partial upgrades from Debian 5.0 (lenny) and
8998 Info documents should contain section and directory entry
8999 information in the document for the use
9000 of <prgn>install-info</prgn>. The section should be specified
9001 via a line starting with <tt>INFO-DIR-SECTION</tt> followed by a
9002 space and the section of this info page. The directory entry or
9003 entries should be included between
9004 a <tt>START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY</tt> line and
9005 an <tt>END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY</tt> line. For example:
9007 INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
9008 START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
9009 * example: (example). An example info directory entry.
9012 To determine which section to use, you should look
9013 at <file>/usr/share/info/dir</file> on your system and choose
9014 the most relevant (or create a new section if none of the
9015 current sections are relevant).<footnote>
9016 Normally, info documents are generated from Texinfo source.
9017 To include this information in the generated info document, if
9018 it is absent, add commands like:
9020 @dircategory Individual utilities
9022 * example: (example). An example info directory entry.
9025 to the Texinfo source of the document and ensure that the info
9026 documents are rebuilt from source during the package build.
9032 <heading>Additional documentation</heading>
9035 Any additional documentation that comes with the package may
9036 be installed at the discretion of the package maintainer.
9037 Plain text documentation should be installed in the directory
9038 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file>, where
9039 <var>package</var> is the name of the package, and
9040 compressed with <tt>gzip -9</tt> unless it is small.
9044 If a package comes with large amounts of documentation which
9045 many users of the package will not require you should create
9046 a separate binary package to contain it, so that it does not
9047 take up disk space on the machines of users who do not need
9048 or want it installed.</p>
9051 It is often a good idea to put text information files
9052 (<file>README</file>s, changelogs, and so forth) that come with
9053 the source package in <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file>
9054 in the binary package. However, you don't need to install
9055 the instructions for building and installing the package, of
9059 Packages must not require the existence of any files in
9060 <file>/usr/share/doc/</file> in order to function
9062 The system administrator should be able to
9063 delete files in <file>/usr/share/doc/</file> without causing
9064 any programs to break.
9066 Any files that are referenced by programs but are also
9067 useful as stand alone documentation should be installed under
9068 <file>/usr/share/<var>package</var>/</file> with symbolic links from
9069 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file>.
9073 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file> may be a symbolic
9074 link to another directory in <file>/usr/share/doc</file> only if
9075 the two packages both come from the same source and the
9076 first package Depends on the second.<footnote>
9078 Please note that this does not override the section on
9079 changelog files below, so the file
9080 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/changelog.Debian.gz</file>
9081 must refer to the changelog for the current version of
9082 <var>package</var> in question. In practice, this means
9083 that the sources of the target and the destination of the
9084 symlink must be the same (same source package and
9091 Former Debian releases placed all additional documentation
9092 in <file>/usr/doc/<var>package</var></file>. This has been
9093 changed to <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file>,
9094 and packages must not put documentation in the directory
9095 <file>/usr/doc/<var>package</var></file>. <footnote>
9096 At this phase of the transition, we no longer require a
9097 symbolic link in <file>/usr/doc/</file>. At a later point,
9098 policy shall change to make the symbolic links a bug.
9104 <heading>Preferred documentation formats</heading>
9107 The unification of Debian documentation is being carried out
9111 If your package comes with extensive documentation in a
9112 markup format that can be converted to various other formats
9113 you should if possible ship HTML versions in a binary
9114 package, in the directory
9115 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>appropriate-package</var></file> or
9116 its subdirectories.<footnote>
9117 The rationale: The important thing here is that HTML
9118 docs should be available in <em>some</em> package, not
9119 necessarily in the main binary package.
9124 Other formats such as PostScript may be provided at the
9125 package maintainer's discretion.
9129 <sect id="copyrightfile">
9130 <heading>Copyright information</heading>
9133 Every package must be accompanied by a verbatim copy of its
9134 copyright information and distribution license in the file
9135 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/copyright</file>. This
9136 file must neither be compressed nor be a symbolic link.
9140 In addition, the copyright file must say where the upstream
9141 sources (if any) were obtained. It should name the original
9142 authors of the package and the Debian maintainer(s) who were
9143 involved with its creation.
9147 Packages in the <em>contrib</em> or <em>non-free</em> archive
9148 areas should state in the copyright file that the package is not
9149 part of the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and briefly explain
9154 A copy of the file which will be installed in
9155 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/copyright</file> should
9156 be in <file>debian/copyright</file> in the source package.
9160 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file> may be a symbolic
9161 link to another directory in <file>/usr/share/doc</file> only if
9162 the two packages both come from the same source and the
9163 first package Depends on the second. These rules are
9164 important because copyrights must be extractable by
9169 Packages distributed under the UCB BSD license, the Apache
9170 license (version 2.0), the Artistic license, the GNU GPL
9171 (version 2 or 3), the GNU LGPL (versions 2, 2.1, or 3), and the
9172 GNU FDL (versions 1.2 or 1.3) should refer to the corresponding
9173 files under <file>/usr/share/common-licenses</file>,<footnote>
9176 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/BSD</file>,
9177 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/Apache-2.0</file>,
9178 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/Artistic</file>,
9179 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-2</file>,
9180 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL-3</file>,
9181 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/LGPL-2</file>,
9182 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/LGPL-2.1</file>,
9183 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/LGPL-3</file>,
9184 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/GFDL-1.2</file>, and
9185 <file>/usr/share/common-licenses/GFDL-1.3</file>
9188 </footnote> rather than quoting them in the copyright
9193 You should not use the copyright file as a general <file>README</file>
9194 file. If your package has such a file it should be
9195 installed in <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/README</file> or
9196 <file>README.Debian</file> or some other appropriate place.</p>
9200 <heading>Examples</heading>
9203 Any examples (configurations, source files, whatever),
9204 should be installed in a directory
9205 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/examples</file>. These
9206 files should not be referenced by any program: they're there
9207 for the benefit of the system administrator and users as
9208 documentation only. Architecture-specific example files
9209 should be installed in a directory
9210 <file>/usr/lib/<var>package</var>/examples</file> with symbolic
9212 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/examples</file>, or the
9213 latter directory itself may be a symbolic link to the
9218 If the purpose of a package is to provide examples, then the
9219 example files may be installed into
9220 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file>.
9224 <sect id="changelogs">
9225 <heading>Changelog files</heading>
9228 Packages that are not Debian-native must contain a
9229 compressed copy of the <file>debian/changelog</file> file from
9230 the Debian source tree in
9231 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var></file> with the name
9232 <file>changelog.Debian.gz</file>.
9236 If an upstream changelog is available, it should be accessible as
9237 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/changelog.gz</file> in
9238 plain text. If the upstream changelog is distributed in
9239 HTML, it should be made available in that form as
9240 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/changelog.html.gz</file>
9241 and a plain text <file>changelog.gz</file> should be generated
9242 from it using, for example, <tt>lynx -dump -nolist</tt>. If
9243 the upstream changelog files do not already conform to this
9244 naming convention, then this may be achieved either by
9245 renaming the files, or by adding a symbolic link, at the
9246 maintainer's discretion.<footnote>
9247 Rationale: People should not have to look in places for
9248 upstream changelogs merely because they are given
9249 different names or are distributed in HTML format.
9254 All of these files should be installed compressed using
9255 <tt>gzip -9</tt>, as they will become large with time even
9256 if they start out small.
9260 If the package has only one changelog which is used both as
9261 the Debian changelog and the upstream one because there is
9262 no separate upstream maintainer then that changelog should
9263 usually be installed as
9264 <file>/usr/share/doc/<var>package</var>/changelog.gz</file>; if
9265 there is a separate upstream maintainer, but no upstream
9266 changelog, then the Debian changelog should still be called
9267 <file>changelog.Debian.gz</file>.
9271 For details about the format and contents of the Debian
9272 changelog file, please see <ref id="dpkgchangelog">.
9277 <appendix id="pkg-scope">
9278 <heading>Introduction and scope of these appendices</heading>
9281 These appendices are taken essentially verbatim from the
9282 now-deprecated Packaging Manual, version 3.2.1.0. They are
9283 the chapters which are likely to be of use to package
9284 maintainers and which have not already been included in the
9285 policy document itself. Most of these sections are very likely
9286 not relevant to policy; they should be treated as
9287 documentation for the packaging system. Please note that these
9288 appendices are included for convenience, and for historical
9289 reasons: they used to be part of policy package, and they have
9290 not yet been incorporated into dpkg documentation. However,
9291 they still have value, and hence they are presented here.
9295 They have not yet been checked to ensure that they are
9296 compatible with the contents of policy, and if there are any
9297 contradictions, the version in the main policy document takes
9298 precedence. The remaining chapters of the old Packaging
9299 Manual have also not been read in detail to ensure that there
9300 are not parts which have been left out. Both of these will be
9305 Certain parts of the Packaging manual were integrated into the
9306 Policy Manual proper, and removed from the appendices. Links
9307 have been placed from the old locations to the new ones.
9311 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> is a suite of programs for creating binary
9312 package files and installing and removing them on Unix
9314 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> is targeted primarily at Debian
9315 GNU/Linux, but may work on or be ported to other
9321 The binary packages are designed for the management of
9322 installed executable programs (usually compiled binaries) and
9323 their associated data, though source code examples and
9324 documentation are provided as part of some packages.</p>
9327 This manual describes the technical aspects of creating Debian
9328 binary packages (<file>.deb</file> files). It documents the
9329 behavior of the package management programs
9330 <prgn>dpkg</prgn>, <prgn>dselect</prgn> et al. and the way
9331 they interact with packages.</p>
9334 It also documents the interaction between
9335 <prgn>dselect</prgn>'s core and the access method scripts it
9336 uses to actually install the selected packages, and describes
9337 how to create a new access method.</p>
9340 This manual does not go into detail about the options and
9341 usage of the package building and installation tools. It
9342 should therefore be read in conjunction with those programs'
9347 The utility programs which are provided with <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
9348 for managing various system configuration and similar issues,
9349 such as <prgn>update-rc.d</prgn> and
9350 <prgn>install-info</prgn>, are not described in detail here -
9351 please see their man pages.
9355 It is assumed that the reader is reasonably familiar with the
9356 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> System Administrators' manual.
9357 Unfortunately this manual does not yet exist.
9361 The Debian version of the FSF's GNU hello program is provided
9362 as an example for people wishing to create Debian
9363 packages. The Debian <prgn>debmake</prgn> package is
9364 recommended as a very helpful tool in creating and maintaining
9365 Debian packages. However, while the tools and examples are
9366 helpful, they do not replace the need to read and follow the
9367 Policy and Programmer's Manual.</p>
9370 <appendix id="pkg-binarypkg">
9371 <heading>Binary packages (from old Packaging Manual)</heading>
9374 The binary package has two main sections. The first part
9375 consists of various control information files and scripts used
9376 by <prgn>dpkg</prgn> when installing and removing. See <ref
9377 id="pkg-controlarea">.
9381 The second part is an archive containing the files and
9382 directories to be installed.
9386 In the future binary packages may also contain other
9387 components, such as checksums and digital signatures. The
9388 format for the archive is described in full in the
9389 <file>deb(5)</file> man page.
9393 <sect id="pkg-bincreating"><heading>Creating package files -
9394 <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn>
9398 All manipulation of binary package files is done by
9399 <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn>; it's the only program that has
9400 knowledge of the format. (<prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> may be
9401 invoked by calling <prgn>dpkg</prgn>, as <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
9402 will spot that the options requested are appropriate to
9403 <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> and invoke that instead with the same
9408 In order to create a binary package you must make a
9409 directory tree which contains all the files and directories
9410 you want to have in the file system data part of the package.
9411 In Debian-format source packages this directory is usually
9412 <file>debian/tmp</file>, relative to the top of the package's
9417 They should have the locations (relative to the root of the
9418 directory tree you're constructing) ownerships and
9419 permissions which you want them to have on the system when
9424 With current versions of <prgn>dpkg</prgn> the uid/username
9425 and gid/groupname mappings for the users and groups being
9426 used should be the same on the system where the package is
9427 built and the one where it is installed.
9431 You need to add one special directory to the root of the
9432 miniature file system tree you're creating:
9433 <prgn>DEBIAN</prgn>. It should contain the control
9434 information files, notably the binary package control file
9435 (see <ref id="pkg-controlfile">).
9439 The <prgn>DEBIAN</prgn> directory will not appear in the
9440 file system archive of the package, and so won't be installed
9441 by <prgn>dpkg</prgn> when the package is installed.
9445 When you've prepared the package, you should invoke:
9447 dpkg --build <var>directory</var>
9452 This will build the package in
9453 <file><var>directory</var>.deb</file>. (<prgn>dpkg</prgn> knows
9454 that <tt>--build</tt> is a <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> option, so
9455 it invokes <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> with the same arguments to
9460 See the man page <manref name="dpkg-deb" section="8"> for details of how
9461 to examine the contents of this newly-created file. You may find the
9462 output of following commands enlightening:
9464 dpkg-deb --info <var>filename</var>.deb
9465 dpkg-deb --contents <var>filename</var>.deb
9466 dpkg --contents <var>filename</var>.deb
9468 To view the copyright file for a package you could use this command:
9470 dpkg --fsys-tarfile <var>filename</var>.deb | tar xOf - --wildcards \*/copyright | pager
9475 <sect id="pkg-controlarea">
9476 <heading>Package control information files</heading>
9479 The control information portion of a binary package is a
9480 collection of files with names known to <prgn>dpkg</prgn>.
9481 It will treat the contents of these files specially - some
9482 of them contain information used by <prgn>dpkg</prgn> when
9483 installing or removing the package; others are scripts which
9484 the package maintainer wants <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to run.
9488 It is possible to put other files in the package control
9489 area, but this is not generally a good idea (though they
9490 will largely be ignored).
9494 Here is a brief list of the control info files supported by
9495 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> and a summary of what they're used for.
9500 <tag><tt>control</tt>
9503 This is the key description file used by
9504 <prgn>dpkg</prgn>. It specifies the package's name
9505 and version, gives its description for the user,
9506 states its relationships with other packages, and so
9507 forth. See <ref id="sourcecontrolfiles"> and
9508 <ref id="binarycontrolfiles">.
9512 It is usually generated automatically from information
9513 in the source package by the
9514 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> program, and with
9515 assistance from <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn>.
9516 See <ref id="pkg-sourcetools">.
9520 <tag><tt>postinst</tt>, <tt>preinst</tt>, <tt>postrm</tt>,
9525 These are executable files (usually scripts) which
9526 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> runs during installation, upgrade
9527 and removal of packages. They allow the package to
9528 deal with matters which are particular to that package
9529 or require more complicated processing than that
9530 provided by <prgn>dpkg</prgn>. Details of when and
9531 how they are called are in <ref id="maintainerscripts">.
9535 It is very important to make these scripts idempotent.
9536 See <ref id="idempotency">.
9540 The maintainer scripts are guaranteed to run with a
9541 controlling terminal and can interact with the user.
9542 See <ref id="controllingterminal">.
9546 <tag><tt>conffiles</tt>
9549 This file contains a list of configuration files which
9550 are to be handled automatically by <prgn>dpkg</prgn>
9551 (see <ref id="pkg-conffiles">). Note that not necessarily
9552 every configuration file should be listed here.
9555 <tag><tt>shlibs</tt>
9558 This file contains a list of the shared libraries
9559 supplied by the package, with dependency details for
9560 each. This is used by <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn>
9561 when it determines what dependencies are required in a
9562 package control file. The <tt>shlibs</tt> file format
9563 is described on <ref id="shlibs">.
9568 <sect id="pkg-controlfile">
9569 <heading>The main control information file: <tt>control</tt></heading>
9572 The most important control information file used by
9573 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> when it installs a package is
9574 <tt>control</tt>. It contains all the package's "vital
9579 The binary package control files of packages built from
9580 Debian sources are made by a special tool,
9581 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn>, which reads
9582 <file>debian/control</file> and <file>debian/changelog</file> to
9583 find the information it needs. See <ref id="pkg-sourcepkg"> for
9588 The fields in binary package control files are listed in
9589 <ref id="binarycontrolfiles">.
9593 A description of the syntax of control files and the purpose
9594 of the fields is available in <ref id="controlfields">.
9599 <heading>Time Stamps</heading>
9602 See <ref id="timestamps">.
9607 <appendix id="pkg-sourcepkg">
9608 <heading>Source packages (from old Packaging Manual) </heading>
9611 The Debian binary packages in the distribution are generated
9612 from Debian sources, which are in a special format to assist
9613 the easy and automatic building of binaries.
9616 <sect id="pkg-sourcetools">
9617 <heading>Tools for processing source packages</heading>
9620 Various tools are provided for manipulating source packages;
9621 they pack and unpack sources and help build of binary
9622 packages and help manage the distribution of new versions.
9626 They are introduced and typical uses described here; see
9627 <manref name="dpkg-source" section="1"> for full
9628 documentation about their arguments and operation.
9632 For examples of how to construct a Debian source package,
9633 and how to use those utilities that are used by Debian
9634 source packages, please see the <prgn>hello</prgn> example
9638 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-source">
9640 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> - packs and unpacks Debian source
9645 This program is frequently used by hand, and is also
9646 called from package-independent automated building scripts
9647 such as <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn>.
9651 To unpack a package it is typically invoked with
9653 dpkg-source -x <var>.../path/to/filename</var>.dsc
9658 with the <file><var>filename</var>.tar.gz</file> and
9659 <file><var>filename</var>.diff.gz</file> (if applicable) in
9660 the same directory. It unpacks into
9661 <file><var>package</var>-<var>version</var></file>, and if
9663 <file><var>package</var>-<var>version</var>.orig</file>, in
9664 the current directory.
9668 To create a packed source archive it is typically invoked:
9670 dpkg-source -b <var>package</var>-<var>version</var>
9675 This will create the <file>.dsc</file>, <file>.tar.gz</file> and
9676 <file>.diff.gz</file> (if appropriate) in the current
9677 directory. <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> does not clean the
9678 source tree first - this must be done separately if it is
9683 See also <ref id="pkg-sourcearchives">.</p>
9687 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-buildpackage">
9689 <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn> - overall package-building
9694 <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn> is a script which invokes
9695 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn>, the <file>debian/rules</file>
9696 targets <tt>clean</tt>, <tt>build</tt> and
9697 <tt>binary</tt>, <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> and
9698 <prgn>gpg</prgn> (or <prgn>pgp</prgn>) to build a signed
9699 source and binary package upload.
9703 It is usually invoked by hand from the top level of the
9704 built or unbuilt source directory. It may be invoked with
9705 no arguments; useful arguments include:
9706 <taglist compact="compact">
9707 <tag><tt>-uc</tt>, <tt>-us</tt></tag>
9710 Do not sign the <tt>.changes</tt> file or the
9711 source package <tt>.dsc</tt> file, respectively.</p>
9713 <tag><tt>-p<var>sign-command</var></tt></tag>
9716 Invoke <var>sign-command</var> instead of finding
9717 <tt>gpg</tt> or <tt>pgp</tt> on the <prgn>PATH</prgn>.
9718 <var>sign-command</var> must behave just like
9719 <prgn>gpg</prgn> or <tt>pgp</tt>.</p>
9721 <tag><tt>-r<var>root-command</var></tt></tag>
9724 When root privilege is required, invoke the command
9725 <var>root-command</var>. <var>root-command</var>
9726 should invoke its first argument as a command, from
9727 the <prgn>PATH</prgn> if necessary, and pass its
9728 second and subsequent arguments to the command it
9729 calls. If no <var>root-command</var> is supplied
9730 then <var>dpkg-buildpackage</var> will take no
9731 special action to gain root privilege, so that for
9732 most packages it will have to be invoked as root to
9735 <tag><tt>-b</tt>, <tt>-B</tt></tag>
9738 Two types of binary-only build and upload - see
9739 <manref name="dpkg-source" section="1">.
9746 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-gencontrol">
9748 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> - generates binary package
9753 This program is usually called from <file>debian/rules</file>
9754 (see <ref id="pkg-sourcetree">) in the top level of the source
9759 This is usually done just before the files and directories in the
9760 temporary directory tree where the package is being built have their
9761 permissions and ownerships set and the package is constructed using
9762 <prgn>dpkg-deb/</prgn>
9764 This is so that the control file which is produced has
9765 the right permissions
9770 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> must be called after all the
9771 files which are to go into the package have been placed in
9772 the temporary build directory, so that its calculation of
9773 the installed size of a package is correct.
9777 It is also necessary for <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> to
9778 be run after <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> so that the
9779 variable substitutions created by
9780 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> in <file>debian/substvars</file>
9785 For a package which generates only one binary package, and
9786 which builds it in <file>debian/tmp</file> relative to the top
9787 of the source package, it is usually sufficient to call
9788 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn>.
9792 Sources which build several binaries will typically need
9795 dpkg-gencontrol -Pdebian/tmp-<var>pkg</var> -p<var>package</var>
9796 </example> The <tt>-P</tt> tells
9797 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> that the package is being
9798 built in a non-default directory, and the <tt>-p</tt>
9799 tells it which package's control file should be generated.
9803 <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> also adds information to the
9804 list of files in <file>debian/files</file>, for the benefit of
9805 (for example) a future invocation of
9806 <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn>.</p>
9809 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-shlibdeps">
9811 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> - calculates shared library
9816 This program is usually called from <file>debian/rules</file>
9817 just before <prgn>dpkg-gencontrol</prgn> (see <ref
9818 id="pkg-sourcetree">), in the top level of the source tree.
9822 Its arguments are executables and shared libraries
9825 They may be specified either in the locations in the
9826 source tree where they are created or in the locations
9827 in the temporary build tree where they are installed
9828 prior to binary package creation.
9830 </footnote> for which shared library dependencies should
9831 be included in the binary package's control file.
9835 If some of the found shared libraries should only
9836 warrant a <tt>Recommends</tt> or <tt>Suggests</tt>, or if
9837 some warrant a <tt>Pre-Depends</tt>, this can be achieved
9838 by using the <tt>-d<var>dependency-field</var></tt> option
9839 before those executable(s). (Each <tt>-d</tt> option
9840 takes effect until the next <tt>-d</tt>.)
9844 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> does not directly cause the
9845 output control file to be modified. Instead by default it
9846 adds to the <file>debian/substvars</file> file variable
9847 settings like <tt>shlibs:Depends</tt>. These variable
9848 settings must be referenced in dependency fields in the
9849 appropriate per-binary-package sections of the source
9854 For example, a package that generates an essential part
9855 which requires dependencies, and optional parts that
9856 which only require a recommendation, would separate those
9857 two sets of dependencies into two different fields.<footnote>
9858 At the time of writing, an example for this was the
9859 <package/xmms/ package, with Depends used for the xmms
9860 executable, Recommends for the plug-ins and Suggests for
9861 even more optional features provided by unzip.
9863 It can say in its <file>debian/rules</file>:
9865 dpkg-shlibdeps -dDepends <var>program anotherprogram ...</var> \
9866 -dRecommends <var>optionalpart anotheroptionalpart</var>
9868 and then in its main control file <file>debian/control</file>:
9871 Depends: ${shlibs:Depends}
9872 Recommends: ${shlibs:Recommends}
9878 Sources which produce several binary packages with
9879 different shared library dependency requirements can use
9880 the <tt>-p<var>varnameprefix</var></tt> option to override
9881 the default <tt>shlibs:</tt> prefix (one invocation of
9882 <prgn>dpkg-shlibdeps</prgn> per setting of this option).
9883 They can thus produce several sets of dependency
9884 variables, each of the form
9885 <tt><var>varnameprefix</var>:<var>dependencyfield</var></tt>,
9886 which can be referred to in the appropriate parts of the
9887 binary package control files.
9892 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-distaddfile">
9894 <prgn>dpkg-distaddfile</prgn> - adds a file to
9895 <file>debian/files</file>
9899 Some packages' uploads need to include files other than
9900 the source and binary package files.
9904 <prgn>dpkg-distaddfile</prgn> adds a file to the
9905 <file>debian/files</file> file so that it will be included in
9906 the <file>.changes</file> file when
9907 <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> is run.
9911 It is usually invoked from the <tt>binary</tt> target of
9912 <file>debian/rules</file>:
9914 dpkg-distaddfile <var>filename</var> <var>section</var> <var>priority</var>
9916 The <var>filename</var> is relative to the directory where
9917 <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> will expect to find it - this
9918 is usually the directory above the top level of the source
9919 tree. The <file>debian/rules</file> target should put the
9920 file there just before or just after calling
9921 <prgn>dpkg-distaddfile</prgn>.
9925 The <var>section</var> and <var>priority</var> are passed
9926 unchanged into the resulting <file>.changes</file> file.
9931 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-genchanges">
9933 <prgn>dpkg-genchanges</prgn> - generates a <file>.changes</file>
9938 This program is usually called by package-independent
9939 automatic building scripts such as
9940 <prgn>dpkg-buildpackage</prgn>, but it may also be called
9945 It is usually called in the top level of a built source
9946 tree, and when invoked with no arguments will print out a
9947 straightforward <file>.changes</file> file based on the
9948 information in the source package's changelog and control
9949 file and the binary and source packages which should have
9955 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-parsechangelog">
9957 <prgn>dpkg-parsechangelog</prgn> - produces parsed
9958 representation of a changelog
9962 This program is used internally by
9963 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> et al. It may also occasionally
9964 be useful in <file>debian/rules</file> and elsewhere. It
9965 parses a changelog, <file>debian/changelog</file> by default,
9966 and prints a control-file format representation of the
9967 information in it to standard output.
9971 <sect1 id="pkg-dpkg-architecture">
9973 <prgn>dpkg-architecture</prgn> - information about the build and
9978 This program can be used manually, but is also invoked by
9979 <tt>dpkg-buildpackage</tt> or <file>debian/rules</file> to set
9980 environment or make variables which specify the build and host
9981 architecture for the package building process.
9986 <sect id="pkg-sourcetree">
9987 <heading>The Debianised source tree</heading>
9990 The source archive scheme described later is intended to
9991 allow a Debianised source tree with some associated control
9992 information to be reproduced and transported easily. The
9993 Debianised source tree is a version of the original program
9994 with certain files added for the benefit of the
9995 Debianisation process, and with any other changes required
9996 made to the rest of the source code and installation
10001 The extra files created for Debian are in the subdirectory
10002 <file>debian</file> of the top level of the Debianised source
10003 tree. They are described below.
10006 <sect1 id="pkg-debianrules">
10007 <heading><file>debian/rules</file> - the main building script</heading>
10010 See <ref id="debianrules">.
10014 <sect1 id="pkg-srcsubstvars">
10015 <heading><file>debian/substvars</file> and variable substitutions</heading>
10018 See <ref id="substvars">.
10024 <heading><file>debian/files</file></heading>
10027 See <ref id="debianfiles">.
10031 <sect1><heading><file>debian/tmp</file>
10035 This is the canonical temporary location for the
10036 construction of binary packages by the <tt>binary</tt>
10037 target. The directory <file>tmp</file> serves as the root of
10038 the file system tree as it is being constructed (for
10039 example, by using the package's upstream makefiles install
10040 targets and redirecting the output there), and it also
10041 contains the <tt>DEBIAN</tt> subdirectory. See <ref
10042 id="pkg-bincreating">.
10046 If several binary packages are generated from the same
10047 source tree it is usual to use several
10048 <file>debian/tmp<var>something</var></file> directories, for
10049 example <file>tmp-a</file> or <file>tmp-doc</file>.
10053 Whatever <file>tmp</file> directories are created and used by
10054 <tt>binary</tt> must of course be removed by the
10055 <tt>clean</tt> target.</p></sect1>
10059 <sect id="pkg-sourcearchives"><heading>Source packages as archives
10063 As it exists on the FTP site, a Debian source package
10064 consists of three related files. You must have the right
10065 versions of all three to be able to use them.
10070 <tag>Debian source control file - <tt>.dsc</tt></tag>
10072 This file is a control file used by <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn>
10073 to extract a source package.
10074 See <ref id="debiansourcecontrolfiles">.
10078 Original source archive -
10080 <var>package</var>_<var>upstream-version</var>.orig.tar.gz
10086 This is a compressed (with <tt>gzip -9</tt>)
10087 <prgn>tar</prgn> file containing the source code from
10088 the upstream authors of the program.
10093 Debianisation diff -
10095 <var>package</var>_<var>upstream_version-revision</var>.diff.gz
10101 This is a unified context diff (<tt>diff -u</tt>)
10102 giving the changes which are required to turn the
10103 original source into the Debian source. These changes
10104 may only include editing and creating plain files.
10105 The permissions of files, the targets of symbolic
10106 links and the characteristics of special files or
10107 pipes may not be changed and no files may be removed
10112 All the directories in the diff must exist, except the
10113 <file>debian</file> subdirectory of the top of the source
10114 tree, which will be created by
10115 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> if necessary when unpacking.
10119 The <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> program will
10120 automatically make the <file>debian/rules</file> file
10121 executable (see below).</p></item>
10126 If there is no original source code - for example, if the
10127 package is specially prepared for Debian or the Debian
10128 maintainer is the same as the upstream maintainer - the
10129 format is slightly different: then there is no diff, and the
10131 <file><var>package</var>_<var>version</var>.tar.gz</file>,
10132 and preferably contains a directory named
10133 <file><var>package</var>-<var>version</var></file>.
10138 <heading>Unpacking a Debian source package without <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn></heading>
10141 <tt>dpkg-source -x</tt> is the recommended way to unpack a
10142 Debian source package. However, if it is not available it
10143 is possible to unpack a Debian source archive as follows:
10144 <enumlist compact="compact">
10147 Untar the tarfile, which will create a <file>.orig</file>
10151 <p>Rename the <file>.orig</file> directory to
10152 <file><var>package</var>-<var>version</var></file>.</p>
10156 Create the subdirectory <file>debian</file> at the top of
10157 the source tree.</p>
10159 <item><p>Apply the diff using <tt>patch -p0</tt>.</p>
10161 <item><p>Untar the tarfile again if you want a copy of the original
10162 source code alongside the Debianised version.</p>
10167 It is not possible to generate a valid Debian source archive
10168 without using <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn>. In particular,
10169 attempting to use <prgn>diff</prgn> directly to generate the
10170 <file>.diff.gz</file> file will not work.
10174 <heading>Restrictions on objects in source packages</heading>
10177 The source package may not contain any hard links
10179 This is not currently detected when building source
10180 packages, but only when extracting
10184 Hard links may be permitted at some point in the
10185 future, but would require a fair amount of
10187 </footnote>, device special files, sockets or setuid or
10190 Setgid directories are allowed.
10195 The source packaging tools manage the changes between the
10196 original and Debianised source using <prgn>diff</prgn> and
10197 <prgn>patch</prgn>. Turning the original source tree as
10198 included in the <file>.orig.tar.gz</file> into the debianised
10199 source must not involve any changes which cannot be
10200 handled by these tools. Problematic changes which cause
10201 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> to halt with an error when
10202 building the source package are:
10203 <list compact="compact">
10204 <item><p>Adding or removing symbolic links, sockets or pipes.</p>
10206 <item><p>Changing the targets of symbolic links.</p>
10208 <item><p>Creating directories, other than <file>debian</file>.</p>
10210 <item><p>Changes to the contents of binary files.</p></item>
10211 </list> Changes which cause <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> to
10212 print a warning but continue anyway are:
10213 <list compact="compact">
10216 Removing files, directories or symlinks.
10218 Renaming a file is not treated specially - it is
10219 seen as the removal of the old file (which
10220 generates a warning, but is otherwise ignored),
10221 and the creation of the new one.
10227 Changed text files which are missing the usual final
10228 newline (either in the original or the modified
10233 Changes which are not represented, but which are not detected by
10234 <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn>, are:
10235 <list compact="compact">
10236 <item><p>Changing the permissions of files (other than
10237 <file>debian/rules</file>) and directories.</p></item>
10242 The <file>debian</file> directory and <file>debian/rules</file>
10243 are handled specially by <prgn>dpkg-source</prgn> - before
10244 applying the changes it will create the <file>debian</file>
10245 directory, and afterwards it will make
10246 <file>debian/rules</file> world-executable.
10252 <appendix id="pkg-controlfields">
10253 <heading>Control files and their fields (from old Packaging Manual)</heading>
10256 Many of the tools in the <prgn>dpkg</prgn> suite manipulate
10257 data in a common format, known as control files. Binary and
10258 source packages have control data as do the <file>.changes</file>
10259 files which control the installation of uploaded files, and
10260 <prgn>dpkg</prgn>'s internal databases are in a similar
10265 <heading>Syntax of control files</heading>
10268 See <ref id="controlsyntax">.
10272 It is important to note that there are several fields which
10273 are optional as far as <prgn>dpkg</prgn> and the related
10274 tools are concerned, but which must appear in every Debian
10275 package, or whose omission may cause problems.
10280 <heading>List of fields</heading>
10283 See <ref id="controlfieldslist">.
10287 This section now contains only the fields that didn't belong
10288 to the Policy manual.
10291 <sect1 id="pkg-f-Filename">
10292 <heading><tt>Filename</tt> and <tt>MSDOS-Filename</tt></heading>
10295 These fields in <tt>Packages</tt> files give the
10296 filename(s) of (the parts of) a package in the
10297 distribution directories, relative to the root of the
10298 Debian hierarchy. If the package has been split into
10299 several parts the parts are all listed in order, separated
10304 <sect1 id="pkg-f-Size">
10305 <heading><tt>Size</tt> and <tt>MD5sum</tt></heading>
10308 These fields in <file>Packages</file> files give the size (in
10309 bytes, expressed in decimal) and MD5 checksum of the
10310 file(s) which make(s) up a binary package in the
10311 distribution. If the package is split into several parts
10312 the values for the parts are listed in order, separated by
10317 <sect1 id="pkg-f-Status">
10318 <heading><tt>Status</tt></heading>
10321 This field in <prgn>dpkg</prgn>'s status file records
10322 whether the user wants a package installed, removed or
10323 left alone, whether it is broken (requiring
10324 re-installation) or not and what its current state on the
10325 system is. Each of these pieces of information is a
10330 <sect1 id="pkg-f-Config-Version">
10331 <heading><tt>Config-Version</tt></heading>
10334 If a package is not installed or not configured, this
10335 field in <prgn>dpkg</prgn>'s status file records the last
10336 version of the package which was successfully
10341 <sect1 id="pkg-f-Conffiles">
10342 <heading><tt>Conffiles</tt></heading>
10345 This field in <prgn>dpkg</prgn>'s status file contains
10346 information about the automatically-managed configuration
10347 files held by a package. This field should <em>not</em>
10348 appear anywhere in a package!
10353 <heading>Obsolete fields</heading>
10356 These are still recognized by <prgn>dpkg</prgn> but should
10357 not appear anywhere any more.
10359 <taglist compact="compact">
10361 <tag><tt>Revision</tt></tag>
10362 <tag><tt>Package-Revision</tt></tag>
10363 <tag><tt>Package_Revision</tt></tag>
10365 The Debian revision part of the package version was
10366 at one point in a separate control file field. This
10367 field went through several names.
10370 <tag><tt>Recommended</tt></tag>
10371 <item>Old name for <tt>Recommends</tt>.</item>
10373 <tag><tt>Optional</tt></tag>
10374 <item>Old name for <tt>Suggests</tt>.</item>
10376 <tag><tt>Class</tt></tag>
10377 <item>Old name for <tt>Priority</tt>.</item>
10386 <appendix id="pkg-conffiles">
10387 <heading>Configuration file handling (from old Packaging Manual)</heading>
10390 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> can do a certain amount of automatic
10391 handling of package configuration files.
10395 Whether this mechanism is appropriate depends on a number of
10396 factors, but basically there are two approaches to any
10397 particular configuration file.
10401 The easy method is to ship a best-effort configuration in the
10402 package, and use <prgn>dpkg</prgn>'s conffile mechanism to
10403 handle updates. If the user is unlikely to want to edit the
10404 file, but you need them to be able to without losing their
10405 changes, and a new package with a changed version of the file
10406 is only released infrequently, this is a good approach.
10410 The hard method is to build the configuration file from
10411 scratch in the <prgn>postinst</prgn> script, and to take the
10412 responsibility for fixing any mistakes made in earlier
10413 versions of the package automatically. This will be
10414 appropriate if the file is likely to need to be different on
10418 <sect><heading>Automatic handling of configuration files by
10423 A package may contain a control area file called
10424 <tt>conffiles</tt>. This file should be a list of filenames
10425 of configuration files needing automatic handling, separated
10426 by newlines. The filenames should be absolute pathnames,
10427 and the files referred to should actually exist in the
10432 When a package is upgraded <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will process
10433 the configuration files during the configuration stage,
10434 shortly before it runs the package's <prgn>postinst</prgn>
10439 For each file it checks to see whether the version of the
10440 file included in the package is the same as the one that was
10441 included in the last version of the package (the one that is
10442 being upgraded from); it also compares the version currently
10443 installed on the system with the one shipped with the last
10448 If neither the user nor the package maintainer has changed
10449 the file, it is left alone. If one or the other has changed
10450 their version, then the changed version is preferred - i.e.,
10451 if the user edits their file, but the package maintainer
10452 doesn't ship a different version, the user's changes will
10453 stay, silently, but if the maintainer ships a new version
10454 and the user hasn't edited it the new version will be
10455 installed (with an informative message). If both have
10456 changed their version the user is prompted about the problem
10457 and must resolve the differences themselves.
10461 The comparisons are done by calculating the MD5 message
10462 digests of the files, and storing the MD5 of the file as it
10463 was included in the most recent version of the package.
10467 When a package is installed for the first time
10468 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will install the file that comes with it,
10469 unless that would mean overwriting a file already on the
10474 However, note that <prgn>dpkg</prgn> will <em>not</em>
10475 replace a conffile that was removed by the user (or by a
10476 script). This is necessary because with some programs a
10477 missing file produces an effect hard or impossible to
10478 achieve in another way, so that a missing file needs to be
10479 kept that way if the user did it.
10483 Note that a package should <em>not</em> modify a
10484 <prgn>dpkg</prgn>-handled conffile in its maintainer
10485 scripts. Doing this will lead to <prgn>dpkg</prgn> giving
10486 the user confusing and possibly dangerous options for
10487 conffile update when the package is upgraded.</p>
10490 <sect><heading>Fully-featured maintainer script configuration
10495 For files which contain site-specific information such as
10496 the hostname and networking details and so forth, it is
10497 better to create the file in the package's
10498 <prgn>postinst</prgn> script.
10502 This will typically involve examining the state of the rest
10503 of the system to determine values and other information, and
10504 may involve prompting the user for some information which
10505 can't be obtained some other way.
10509 When using this method there are a couple of important
10510 issues which should be considered:
10514 If you discover a bug in the program which generates the
10515 configuration file, or if the format of the file changes
10516 from one version to the next, you will have to arrange for
10517 the postinst script to do something sensible - usually this
10518 will mean editing the installed configuration file to remove
10519 the problem or change the syntax. You will have to do this
10520 very carefully, since the user may have changed the file,
10521 perhaps to fix the very problem that your script is trying
10522 to deal with - you will have to detect these situations and
10523 deal with them correctly.
10527 If you do go down this route it's probably a good idea to
10528 make the program that generates the configuration file(s) a
10529 separate program in <file>/usr/sbin</file>, by convention called
10530 <file><var>package</var>config</file> and then run that if
10531 appropriate from the post-installation script. The
10532 <tt><var>package</var>config</tt> program should not
10533 unquestioningly overwrite an existing configuration - if its
10534 mode of operation is geared towards setting up a package for
10535 the first time (rather than any arbitrary reconfiguration
10536 later) you should have it check whether the configuration
10537 already exists, and require a <tt>--force</tt> flag to
10538 overwrite it.</p></sect>
10541 <appendix id="pkg-alternatives"><heading>Alternative versions of
10542 an interface - <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn> (from old
10547 When several packages all provide different versions of the
10548 same program or file it is useful to have the system select a
10549 default, but to allow the system administrator to change it
10550 and have their decisions respected.
10554 For example, there are several versions of the <prgn>vi</prgn>
10555 editor, and there is no reason to prevent all of them from
10556 being installed at once, each under their own name
10557 (<prgn>nvi</prgn>, <prgn>vim</prgn> or whatever).
10558 Nevertheless it is desirable to have the name <tt>vi</tt>
10559 refer to something, at least by default.
10563 If all the packages involved cooperate, this can be done with
10564 <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn>.
10568 Each package provides its own version under its own name, and
10569 calls <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn> in its postinst to
10570 register its version (and again in its prerm to deregister
10575 See the man page <manref name="update-alternatives"
10576 section="8"> for details.
10580 If <prgn>update-alternatives</prgn> does not seem appropriate
10581 you may wish to consider using diversions instead.</p>
10584 <appendix id="pkg-diversions"><heading>Diversions - overriding a
10585 package's version of a file (from old Packaging Manual)
10589 It is possible to have <prgn>dpkg</prgn> not overwrite a file
10590 when it reinstalls the package it belongs to, and to have it
10591 put the file from the package somewhere else instead.
10595 This can be used locally to override a package's version of a
10596 file, or by one package to override another's version (or
10597 provide a wrapper for it).
10601 Before deciding to use a diversion, read <ref
10602 id="pkg-alternatives"> to see if you really want a diversion
10603 rather than several alternative versions of a program.
10607 There is a diversion list, which is read by <prgn>dpkg</prgn>,
10608 and updated by a special program <prgn>dpkg-divert</prgn>.
10609 Please see <manref name="dpkg-divert" section="8"> for full
10610 details of its operation.
10614 When a package wishes to divert a file from another, it should
10615 call <prgn>dpkg-divert</prgn> in its preinst to add the
10616 diversion and rename the existing file. For example,
10617 supposing that a <prgn>smailwrapper</prgn> package wishes to
10618 install a wrapper around <file>/usr/sbin/smail</file>:
10620 dpkg-divert --package smailwrapper --add --rename \
10621 --divert /usr/sbin/smail.real /usr/sbin/smail
10622 </example> The <tt>--package smailwrapper</tt> ensures that
10623 <prgn>smailwrapper</prgn>'s copy of <file>/usr/sbin/smail</file>
10624 can bypass the diversion and get installed as the true version.
10625 It's safe to add the diversion unconditionally on upgrades since
10626 it will be left unchanged if it already exists, but
10627 <prgn>dpkg-divert</prgn> will display a message. To suppress that
10628 message, make the command conditional on the version from which
10629 the package is being upgraded:
10631 if [ upgrade != "$1" ] || dpkg --compare-versions "$2" lt 1.0-2; then
10632 dpkg-divert --package smailwrapper --add --rename \
10633 --divert /usr/sbin/smail.real /usr/sbin/smail
10635 </example> where <tt>1.0-2</tt> is the version at which the
10636 diversion was first added to the package. Running the command
10637 during abort-upgrade is pointless but harmless.
10641 The postrm has to do the reverse:
10643 if [ remove = "$1" -o abort-install = "$1" -o disappear = "$1" ]; then
10644 dpkg-divert --package smailwrapper --remove --rename \
10645 --divert /usr/sbin/smail.real /usr/sbin/smail
10647 </example> If the diversion was added at a particular version, the
10648 postrm should also handle the failure case of upgrading from an
10649 older version (unless the older version is so old that direct
10650 upgrades are no longer supported):
10652 if [ abort-upgrade = "$1" ] && dpkg --compare-versions "$2" lt 1.0-2; then
10653 dpkg-divert --package smailwrapper --remove --rename \
10654 --divert /usr/sbin/smail.real /usr/sbin/smail
10656 </example> where <tt>1.02-2</tt> is the version at which the
10657 diversion was first added to the package. The postrm should not
10658 remove the diversion on upgrades both because there's no reason to
10659 remove the diversion only to immediately re-add it and since the
10660 postrm of the old package is run after unpacking so the removal of
10661 the diversion will fail.
10665 Do not attempt to divert a file which is vitally important for
10666 the system's operation - when using <prgn>dpkg-divert</prgn>
10667 there is a time, after it has been diverted but before
10668 <prgn>dpkg</prgn> has installed the new version, when the file
10669 does not exist.</p>
10674 <!-- Local variables: -->
10675 <!-- indent-tabs-mode: t -->
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