1 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.3
6 o The new functions CADM.global and CADM.post, contributed by
7 Pierre Legendre, test the congruence among several distance
10 o The new function yule.time fits a user-defined time-dependent
11 Yule model by maximum likelihood.
15 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.2-4
19 o The bug fix in read.nexus() in version 2.2-3 was wrong: this is
20 now fixed. (Thanks to Peter Wragg for the fix!)
22 o A warning message occurred for no reason with ace(method="GLS").
27 o There is now a general help page displayed with '?ape'
31 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.2-3
36 o The new function extract.clade extracts a clade from a tree by
37 specifying a node number or label.
39 o fastme.bal() has two new options 'spr' and 'tbr' to perform tree
40 operations of the same names.
42 o dist.dna() can now return the number of site differences by
48 o chronopl() did not work with CV = TRUE.
50 o read.nexus() did not work correctly in some situations (trees on
51 multiple lines with different numbers of lines and/or with
52 comments inserted within the trees).
54 o ltt.plot(), ltt.lines(), and mltt.plot() did not count correctly
55 the number of lineages with non-binary trees.
60 o ape has now a namespace.
62 o drip.tip() has been improved: it should be much faster and work
63 better in some cases (e.g., see the example in ?zoom).
67 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.2-2
72 o dist.gene() has been substantially improved and gains an option
75 o cbind.DNAbin() has a new option 'fill.with.gaps' and is now
81 o prop.part() failed with a single tree with the default option
82 'check.labels = TRUE'.
84 o summary.DNAbin() failed to display correctly the summary of
85 sequence lengths with lists of sequences of 10,000 bases or more
86 (because summary.default uses 4 significant digits by default).
88 o read.nexus() failed to read a file with a single tree with line
89 breaks in the Newick string.
91 o del.gaps() returned a list of empty sequences when there were no
97 o phymltest() has been updated for PhyML 3.0 and gains an option
98 'append', whereas the option 'path2exec' has been removed.
100 o rbind.DNAbin() and cbind.DNAbin() now accept a single matrix
101 which is returned unchanged (instead of an error).
103 o The data sets bird.orders and bird.families are now stored as
104 Newick strings; i.e., the command data(bird.orders) calls
109 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.2-1
114 o The new function makeLabel() helps to modify labels of trees,
115 lists of trees, or DNA sequences, with several utilities to
116 truncate and/or make them unique, substituting some
117 characters, and so on.
119 o The new function del.gaps() removes insertion gaps ("-") in a
120 set of DNA sequences.
122 o read.dna() can now read Clustal files (*.aln).
127 o root() failed with 'resolve.root = TRUE' when the root was
128 already the specified root.
130 o Several bugs were fixed in mlphylo().
132 o collapsed.singles() did not propagate the 'Nnode' and
133 'node.labels' elements (thanks to Elizabeth Purdom for the fix).
135 o read.nexus() failed to remove correctly the comments within
138 o read.nexus() failed to read a file with a single tree and no
139 translation of tip labels.
141 o read.nexus() failed to place correctly tip labels when reading
142 a single tree with no edge lengths.
144 o A bug was fixed in sh.test().
149 o unique.multiPhylo() is faster thanks to a suggestion by Vladimir
152 o The option 'check.labels' of consensus() and prop.part() is now
155 o write.dna() now does not truncate names to 10 characters with
160 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.2
165 o Four new functions have been written by Damien de Vienne for the
166 graphical exploration of large trees (cophyloplot, subtrees,
167 subtreeplot), and to return the graphical coordinates of tree
170 o The new functions corPagel and corBlomberg implement the Pagel's
171 "lambda" and Blomberg et al.'s "ACDC" correlation structures.
173 o chronopl() has been improved and gains several options: see its
174 help page for details.
176 o boot.phylo() has now an option 'trees' to possibly return the
177 bootstraped trees (the default is FALSE).
179 o prop.part() has been improved and should now be faster in all
185 o read.dna() failed if "?" occurred in the first 10 sites of the
188 o The x/y aspect of the plot is now respected when plotting a
189 circular tree (type = "r" or "f").
191 o Drawing the tip labels sometimes failed when plotting circular
194 o zoom() failed when tip labels were used instead of their numbers
195 (thanks to Yan Wong for the fix).
197 o drop.tip() failed with some trees (fixed by Yan Wong).
199 o seg.sites() failed with a list.
201 o consensus() failed in some cases. The function has been improved
202 as well and is faster.
206 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.1-3
211 o A bug in read.nexus() made the Windows R-GUI crash.
213 o An error was fixed in the computation of ancestral character
214 states by generalized least squares in ace().
216 o di2multi() did not modify node labels correctly.
218 o multi2di() failed if the tree had its attribute "order" set to
223 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.1-2
228 o There three new methods for the "multiPhylo" class: str, $,
231 o root() gains the options 'node' and 'resolve.root'
232 (FALSE by default) as well as its code being improved.
234 o mltt.plot() has now an option 'log' used in the same way
235 than in plot.default().
240 o mltt.plot() failed to display the legend with an unnamed
243 o nodelabels() with pies now correcly uses the argument
244 'cex' to draw symbols of different sizes (which has
245 worked already for thermometers).
247 o read.nexus() generally failed to read very big files.
252 o The argument 'family' of compar.gee() can now be a function
253 as well as a character string.
255 o read.tree() and read.nexus() now return an unnamed list if
258 o read.nexus() now returns a modified object of class "multiPhylo"
259 when there is a TRANSLATE block in the NEXUS file: the individual
260 trees have no 'tip.label' vector, but the list has a 'TipLabel'
261 attribute. The new methods '$' and '[[' set these elements
262 correctly when extracting trees.
266 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.1-1
271 o The new function rmtree generates lists of random trees.
273 o rcoal() now generates a genuine coalescent tree by default
274 (thanks to Vladimir Minin for the code).
279 o nuc.div() returned an incorrect value with the default
280 pairwise.deletion = FALSE.
285 o The internal codes of bionj(), fastme.bal(), and fastme.ols()
286 have been improved so that they are stabler and faster.
288 o R packages used by ape are now loaded silently; lattice and gee
289 are loaded only when needed.
293 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.1
298 o The new function identify.phylo identifies clades on a plotted
299 tree using the mouse.
301 o It is now possible to subset a list of trees (object of class
302 "multiPhylo") with "[" while keeping its class correct.
304 o The new function as.DNAbin.alignment converts DNA sequences
305 stored in the "alignment" format of the package seqinr into
306 an object of class "DNAbin".
308 o The new function weight.taxo2 helps to build similarity matrices
309 given two taxonomic levels (usually called by other functions).
311 o write.tree() can now take a list of trees (class "multiPhylo")
312 as its main argument.
314 o plot.correlogram() and plot.correlogramList() have been
315 improved, and gain several options (see the help page for
316 details). A legend is now plotted by default.
321 o dist.dna() returned some incorrect values with `model = "JC69"'
322 and `pairwise.deletion = TRUE'. This affected only the
323 distances involving sequences with missing values. (Thanks
324 to Bruno Toupance for digging this bug out.)
326 o write.tree() failed with some trees: this is fixed by removing
327 the `multi.line' option (trees are now always printed on a
330 o read.nexus() did not correctly detect trees with multiple root
331 edges (see OTHER CHANGES).
336 o The code of mlphylo() has been almost entirely rewritten, and
337 should be much stabler. The options have been also greatly
338 simplified (see ?mlphylo and ?DNAmodel for details).
340 o The internal function nTips has been renamed klastorin_nTips.
342 o The code of is.ultrametric() contained redundancies and has
345 o The code of Moran.I() and of correlogram.formula() have been
348 o read.tree() and read.nexus() now return an error when trying to
349 read a tree with multiple root edges (see BUG FIXES). The
350 correction applied in previous version did not work in all
353 o The class c("multi.tree", "phylo") has been renamed
359 o There is now a vignette in ape: see vignette("MoranI", "ape").
364 o as.matching() and as.phylo.matching() do not support branch
367 o correlogram.phylo() and discrete.dist() have been removed.
371 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.0-2
376 o The new function matexpo computes the exponential of a square
379 o The new function unique.multi.tree removes duplicate trees from
382 o yule() has a new option `use.root.edge = FALSE' that specifies
383 to ignore, by default, the root edge of the tree if it exists.
388 o which.edge() failed when the index of a single terminal edge was
391 o In diversi.time(), the values returned for model C were
394 o A bug was fixed in yule() that affected the calculation of the
395 likelihood in the presence of ties in the branching times.
397 o There was a bug in the C function mat_expo4x4 affecting the
398 calculations of the transition probabilities for models HKY and
401 o A small bug was fixed in as.matrix.DNAbin (thanks to James
404 o rtree() did not `shuffle' the tip labels by default, so only a
405 limited number of labelled topologies could be generated.
409 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 2.0-1
414 o The three new functions bionj, fastme.ols, and fastme.bal
415 perform phylogeny estimation by the BIONJ and fastME methods in
416 OLS and balanced versions. This is a port to R of previous
417 previous programs done by Vincent Lefort.
419 o The new function chronoMPL performs molecular dating with the
420 mean path lengths method of Britton et al. (2002, Mol. Phyl.
423 o The new function rotate, contributed by Christoph Heibl, swaps
424 two clades connected to the same node. It works also with
425 multichotomous nodes.
427 o The new `method' as.matrix.DNAbin() may be used to convert
428 easily DNA sequences stored in a list into a matrix while
429 keeping the names and the class.
434 o chronopl() failed when some branch lengths were equal to zero:
435 an error message is now returned.
437 o di2multi() failed when there was a series of consecutive edges
442 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.10-2
447 o plot.phylo() can now plot circular trees: the option is type =
448 "fan" or type = "f" (to avoid the ambiguity with type = "c").
450 o prop.part() has a new option `check.labels = FALSE' which allows
451 to considerably speed-up the calculations of bipartitions. As a
452 consequence, calculations of bootstrap values with boot.phylo()
453 should be much faster.
458 o read.GenBank() did not return correctly the list of species as
459 from ape 1.10: this is fixed in this version
461 o Applying as.phylo() on a tree of class "phylo" failed: the
462 object is now returned unchanged.
466 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.10-1
471 o The three new functions Ntip, Nnode, and Nedge return, for a
472 given tree, the number of tips, nodes, or edges, respectively.
477 o read.nexus() did not set correctly the class of the returned
478 object when reading multiple trees.
480 o mllt.plot() failed with objects of class c("multi.tree",
483 o unroot() did not work correctly in most cases.
485 o reorder.phylo() made R freeze in some occasions.
487 o Plotting a tree in pruningwise order failed.
489 o When plotting an unrooted tree, the tip labels where not all
490 correctly positioned if the option `cex' was used.
494 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.10
499 o Five new `method' functions have been introduced to manipulate
500 DNA sequences in binary format (see below).
502 o Three new functions have been introduced to convert between the
503 new binary and the character formats.
505 o The new function as.alignment converts DNA sequences stored as
506 single characters into the class "alignment" used by the package
509 o read.dna() and read.GenBank() have a new argument `as.character'
510 controlling whether the sequences are returned in binary format
516 o root() failed when the tree had node labels: this is fixed.
518 o plot.phylo() did not correctly set the limits on the y-axis with
519 the default setting: this is fixed.
521 o dist.dna() returned a wrong result for the LogDet, paralinear,
522 and BH87 models with `pairwise.deletion = TRUE'.
527 o DNA sequences are now internally stored in a binary format. See
528 the document "A Bit-Level Coding Scheme for Nucleotides" for the
529 details. Most functions analyzing DNA functions have been
530 modified accordingly and are now much faster (dist.dna is now
531 ca. 60 times faster).
535 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.9-4
540 o A bug was fixed in edgelabels().
542 o as.phylo.hclust() did not work correctly when the object of
543 class "hclust" has its labels set to NULL: the returned tree has
544 now its tip labels set to "1", "2", ...
546 o consensus could fail if some tip labels are a subset of others
547 (e.g., "a" and "a_1"): this is now fixed.
549 o mlphylo() failed in most cases if some branch lengths of the
550 initial tree were greater than one: an error message is now
553 o mlphylo() failed in most cases when estimating the proportion of
554 invariants: this is fixed.
558 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.9-3
563 o The new function edgelabels adds labels on the edge of the tree
564 in the same way than nodelabels or tiplabels.
569 o multi2di() did not handle correctly branch lengths with the
570 default option `random = TRUE': this is now fixed.
572 o A bug was fixed in nuc.div() when using pairwise deletions.
574 o A bug occurred in the analysis of bipartitions with large
575 numbers of large trees, with consequences on prop.part,
576 prop.clades, and boot.phylo.
578 o The calculation of the Billera-Holmes-Vogtmann distance in
579 dist.topo was wrong: this has been fixed.
583 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.9-2
588 o The new function ladderize reorganizes the internal structure of
589 a tree to plot them left- or right-ladderized.
591 o The new function dist.nodes computes the patristic distances
592 between all nodes, internal and terminal, of a tree. It replaces
593 the option `full = TRUE' of cophenetic.phylo (see below).
598 o A bug was fixed in old2new.phylo().
600 o Some bugs were fixed in chronopl().
602 o The edge colours were not correctly displayed by plot.phylo
603 (thank you to Li-San Wang for the fix).
605 o cophenetic.phylo() failed with multichotomous trees: this is
611 o read.dna() now returns the sequences in a matrix if they are
612 aligned (interleaved or sequential format). Sequences in FASTA
613 format are still returned in a list.
615 o The option `full' of cophenetic.phylo() has been removed because
616 it could not be used from the generic.
621 o rotate() has been removed; this function did not work correctly
626 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.9-1
631 o Trees with a single tip were not read correctly in R as the
632 element `Nnode' was not set: this is fixed.
634 o unroot() did not set correctly the number of nodes of the
635 unrooted tree in most cases.
637 o read.GenBank() failed when fetching very long sequences,
638 particularly of the BX-series.
640 o A bug was introduced in read.tree() with ape 1.9: it has been
645 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.9
650 o There are two new print `methods' for trees of class "phylo" and
651 lists of trees of class "multi.tree", so that they are now
652 displayed in a compact and informative way.
654 o There are two new functions, old2new.phylo and new2old.phylo,
655 for converting between the old and new coding of the class
658 o dist.dna() has three new models: Barry and Hartigan ("BH87"),
659 LogDet ("logdet"), and paralinear ("paralin").
661 o compute.brlen() has been extended: several methods are now
662 available to compute branch lengths.
664 o write.dna() can now handle matrices as well as lists.
669 o cophenetic.phylo() sometimes returned a wrong result with
670 multichotomous trees: this is fixed.
672 o rotate() failed when a single tip was specified: the tree is now
675 o ace() did not return the correct index matrix with custom
676 models: this is fixed.
678 o multi2di() did not work correctly when resolving multichotomies
679 randomly: the topology was always the same, only the arrangement
680 of clades was randomized: this is fixed. This function now
681 accepts trees with no branch lengths.
683 o The output of diversi.gof() was blurred by useless prints when a
684 user distribution was specified. This has been corrected, and
685 the help page of this function has been expanded.
690 o The internal structure of the class "phylo" has been changed:
691 see the document "Definition of Formats for Coding Phylogenetic
692 Trees in R" for the details. In addition, the code of most
693 functions has been improved.
695 o Several functions have been improved by replacing some R codes
696 by C codes: pic, plot.phylo, and reorder.phylo.
698 o There is now a citation information: see citation("ape") in R.
700 o write.tree() now does not add extra 0's to branch lengths so
701 that 1.23 is printed "1.23" by default, not "1.2300000000".
703 o The syntax of bind.tree() has been simplified. This function now
704 accepts trees with no branch lengths, and handles correctly node
707 o The option `as.numeric' of mrca() has been removed.
709 o The unused options `format' and `rooted' of read.tree() have
712 o The unused option `format' of write.tree() has been removed.
714 o The use of node.depth() has been simplified.
718 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.8-5
723 o Two new functions read.nexus.data() and write.nexus.data(),
724 contributed by Johan Nylander, allow to read and write molecular
725 sequences in NEXUS files.
727 o The new function reorder.phylo() reorders the internal structure
728 of a tree of class "phylo". It is used as the generic, e.g.,
731 o read.tree() and read.nexus() can now read trees with a single
734 o The new data set `cynipids' supplies a set of protein sequences
740 o The code of all.equal.phylo() has been completely rewritten
741 (thanks to Benoît Durand) which fixes several bugs.
743 o read.tree() and read.nexus() now checks the labels of the tree
744 to remove or substitute any characters that are illegal in the
745 Newick format (parentheses, etc.)
747 o A negative P-value could be returned by mantel.test(): this is
752 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.8-4
757 o The new function sh.test() computes the Shimodaira-
760 o The new function collapse.singles() removes the nodes with a
761 single descendant from a tree.
763 o plot.phylo() has a new argument `tip.color' to specify the
766 o mlphylo() has now an option `quiet' to control the display of
767 the progress of the analysis (the default is FALSE).
772 o read.dna() did not read correctly sequences in sequential format
773 with leading alignment gaps "-": this is fixed.
775 o ace() returned a list with no class so that the generic
776 functions (anova, logLik, ...) could not be used directly. This
777 is fixed as ace() now returns an object of class "ace".
779 o anova.ace() had a small bug when computing the number of degrees
780 of freedom: this is fixed.
782 o mlphylo() did not work when the sequences were in a matrix or
783 a data frame: this is fixed.
785 o rtree() did not work correctly when trying to simulate an
786 unrooted tree with two tips: an error message is now issued.
791 o The algorithm of rtree() has been changed: it is now about 40,
792 100, and 130 times faster for 10, 100, and 1000 tips,
797 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.8-3
802 o There are four new `method' functions to be used with the
803 results of ace(): logLik(), deviance(), AIC(), and anova().
805 o The plot method of phymltest has two new arguments: `main' to
806 change the title, and `col' to control the colour of the
807 segments showing the AIC values.
809 o ace() has a new argument `ip' that gives the initial values used
810 in the ML estimation with discrete characters (see the examples
811 in ?ace). This function now returns a matrix giving the indices
812 of the estimated rates when analysing discrete characters.
814 o nodelabels() and tiplabels() have a new argument `pie' to
815 represent proportions, with any number of categories, as
816 piecharts. The use of the option `thermo' has been improved:
817 there is now no limitation on the number of categories.
822 o mlphylo() did not work with more than two partitions: this is
825 o root() failed if the proposed outgroup was already an outgroup
826 in the tree: this is fixed.
828 o The `col' argument in nodelabels() and tiplabels() was not
829 correctly passed when `text' was used: this is fixed.
831 o Two bugs were fixed in mlphylo(): parameters were not always
832 correctly output, and the estimation failed in some cases.
834 o plot.phylo() was stuck when given a tree with a single tip: this
835 is fixed and a message error is now returned.
837 o An error was corrected in the help page of gammaStat regarding
838 the calculation of P-values.
840 o Using gls() could crash R when the number of species in the tree
841 and in the variables were different: this is fixed.
845 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.8-2
850 o The new function mlphylo() fits a phylogenetic tree by maximum
851 likelihood from DNA sequences. Its companion function DNAmodel()
852 is used to define the substitution model which may include
853 partitioning. There are methods for logLik(), deviance(), and
854 AIC(), and the summary() method has been extended to display in
855 a friendly way the results of this model fitting. Currently, the
856 functionality is limited to estimating the substitution and
857 associated parameters and computing the likelihood.
859 o The new function drop1.compar.gee (used as, e.g., drop1(m))
860 tests for single effects in GEE-based comparative method. A
861 warning message is printed if there is not enough degrees of
867 o An error message was sometimes issued by plot.multi.tree(),
868 though with no consequence.
872 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.8-1
877 o There is a new plot method for lists of trees (objects of class
878 "multi.tree"): it calls plot.phylo() internally and is
879 documented on the same help page.
884 o A bug was fixed in the C code that analyzes bipartitions: this
885 has impact on several functions like prop.part, prop.clades,
886 boot.phylo, or consensus.
888 o root() did not work correctly when the specified outgroup had
889 more than one element: this is fixed.
891 o dist.dna() sometimes returned a warning inappropriately: this
894 o If the distance object given to nj() had no rownames, nj()
895 returned a tree with no tip labels: it now returns tips labelled
896 "1", "2", ..., corresponding to the row numbers.
901 o nj() has been slightly changed so that tips with a zero distance
902 are first aggregated with zero-lengthed branches; the usual NJ
903 procedure is then performed on a distance matrix without 0's.
907 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.8
912 o The new function chronopl() estimates dates using the penalized
913 likelihood method by Sanderson (2002; Mol. Biol. Evol., 19:101).
915 o The new function consensus() calculates the consensus tree of a
918 o The new function evolve.phylo() simulates the evolution of
919 continuous characters along a phylogeny under a Brownian model.
921 o The new plot method for objects of class "ancestral" displays a
922 tree together with ancestral values, as returned by the above
925 o The new function as.phylo.formula() returns a phylogeny from a
926 set of nested taxonomic variables given as a formula.
928 o The new function read.caic() reads trees in CAIC format.
930 o The new function tiplabels() allows to add labels to the tips
931 of a tree using text or plotting symbols in a flexible way.
933 o The new function unroot() unroots a phylogeny.
935 o multi2di() has a new option, `random', which specifies whether
936 to resolve the multichotomies randomly (the default) or not.
938 o prop.part() now returns an object of class "prop.part" for which
939 there are print (to display a partition in a more friendly way)
940 and summary (to extract the numbers) methods.
942 o plot.phylo() has a new option, `show.tip.label', specifying
943 whether to print the labels of the tips. The default is TRUE.
945 o The code of nj() has been replaced by a faster C code: it is now
946 about 10, 25, and 40 times faster for 50, 100, and 200 taxa,
949 o write.nexus() now writes whether a tree is rooted or not.
954 o Two bugs have been fixed in root(): unrooted trees are now
955 handled corretly, and node labels are now output normally.
957 o A bug was fixed in phymltest(): the executable couldn't be found
960 o Three bug have been fixed in ace(): computing the likelihood of
961 ancestral states of discrete characters failed, custom models
962 did not work, and the function failed with a null gradient (a
963 warning message is now returned; this latter bug was also
964 present in yule.cov() as well and is now fixed).
966 o pic() hanged out when missing data were present: a message error
969 o A small bug was fixed in dist.dna() where the gamma correction
970 was not always correctly dispatched.
972 o plot.phylo() plotted correctly the root edge only when the tree
973 was plotted rightwards: this works now for all directions.
978 o dist.taxo() has been renamed as weight.taxo().
980 o Various error and warning messages have been improved.
984 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.7
987 o The new function ace() estimates ancestral character states for
988 continuous characters (with ML, GLS, and contrasts methods), and
989 discrete characters (with ML only) for any number of states.
991 o The new function compar.ou() fits the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model
992 of directional evolution for continuous characters. The user
993 specifies the node(s) of the tree where the character optimum
996 o The new function is.rooted() tests whether a tree (of class
999 o The new function rcoal() generates random ultrametric trees with
1000 the possibility to specify the function that generates the
1001 inter-nodes distances.
1003 o The new function mrca() gives for all pairs of tips in a tree
1004 (and optionally nodes too) the most recent common ancestor.
1006 o nodelabels() has a new option `thermo' to plot proportions (up
1007 to three classes) on the nodes of a tree.
1009 o rtree() has been improved: it can now generate rooted or
1010 unrooted trees, and the mathematical function that generates the
1011 branch lengths may be specified by the user. The tip labels may
1012 be given directly in the call to rtree. The limit cases (n = 2,
1013 3) are now handled correctly.
1015 o dist.topo() has a new argument `method' with two choices: "PH85"
1016 for Penny and Henny's method (already available before and now
1017 the default), and "BHV01" for the geometric distance by Billera
1018 et al. (2001, Adv. Appl. Math. 27:733).
1020 o write.tree() has a new option, `digits', which specifies the
1021 number of digits to be printed in the Newick tree. By default
1022 digits = 10. The numbers are now always printed in decimal form
1023 (i.e., 1.0e-1 is now avoided).
1025 o dist.dna() can now compute the raw distances between pairs of
1026 DNA sequences by specifying model = "raw".
1028 o dist.phylo() has a new option `full' to possibly compute the
1029 distances among all tips and nodes of the tree. The default if
1035 o Several bugs were fixed in all.equal.phylo().
1037 o dist.dna() did not handle correctly gaps ("-") in alignments:
1038 they are now considered as missing data.
1040 o rotate() did not work if the tips were not ordered: this is
1043 o mantel.test() returned NA in some special cases: this is fixed
1044 and the function has been improved and is now faster.
1046 o A bug was fixed in diversi.gof() where the calculation of A² was
1049 o cherry() did not work correctly under some OSs (mainly Linux):
1052 o is.binary.tree() has been modified so that it works with both
1053 rooted and unrooted trees.
1055 o The documentation of theta.s() was not correct: this has been
1058 o plot.mst() did not work correctly: this is fixed.
1062 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.6
1067 o The new function dist.topo() computes the topological distances
1070 o The new function boot.phylo() performs a bootstrap analysis on
1071 phylogeny estimation.
1073 o The new functions prop.part() and prop.clades() analyse
1074 bipartitions from a series of trees.
1079 o read.GenBank() now uses the EFetch utility of NCBI instead of
1080 the usual Web interface: it is now much faster (e.g., 12 times
1081 faster to retrieve 8 sequences, 37 times for 60 sequences).
1086 o Several bugs were fixed in read.dna().
1088 o Several bugs were fixed in diversi.time().
1090 o is.binary.tree() did not work correctly if the tree has no edge
1091 lengths: this is fixed.
1093 o drop.tip() did not correctly propagated the `node.label' of a
1094 tree: this is fixed.
1098 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.5
1103 o Two new functions, as.matching.phylo() and as.phylo.matching(),
1104 convert objects between the classes "phylo" and "matching". The
1105 latter implements the representation of binary trees introduced by
1106 Diaconis and Holmes (1998; PNAS 95:14600). The generic function
1107 as.matching() has been introduced as well.
1109 o Two new functions, multi2di() and di2multi(), allow to resolve
1110 and collapse multichotomies with branches of length zero.
1112 o The new function nuc.div() computes the nucleotide diversity
1113 from a sample a DNA sequences.
1115 o dist.dna() has been completely rewritten with a much faster
1116 (particularly for large data sets) C code. Eight models are
1117 available: JC69, K80, F81, K81, F84, T92, TN93, and GG95 (the
1118 option `method' has been renamed `model'). Computation of variance
1119 is available for all models. A gamma-correction is possible for
1120 JC69, K80, F81, and TN93. There is a new option, pairwise.deletion,
1121 to remove sites with missing data on a pairwise basis. The option
1122 `GCcontent' has been removed.
1124 o read.GenBank() has a new option (species.names) which specifies
1125 whether to return the species names of the organisms in addition
1126 to the accession numbers of the sequences (this is the default
1129 o write.nexus() can now write several trees in the same NEXUS file.
1131 o drop.tip() has a new option `root.edge' that allows to specify the
1132 new root edge if internal branches are trimmed.
1137 o as.phylo.hclust() failed if some labels had parentheses: this
1140 o Several bugs were fixed in all.equal.phylo(). This function now
1141 returns the logical TRUE if the trees are identical but with
1142 different representations (a report was printed previously).
1144 o read.GenBank() did not correctly handle ambiguous base codes:
1150 o birthdeath() now returns an object of class "birthdeath" for
1151 which there is a print method.
1155 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.4
1160 o The new function nj() performs phylogeny estimation with the
1161 neighbor-joining method of Saitou and Nei (1987; Mol. Biol.
1164 o The new function which.edge() identifies the edges of a tree
1165 that belong to a group specified as a set of tips.
1167 o The new function as.phylo.phylog() converts an object of class
1168 "phylog" (from the package ade4) into an object of class
1171 o The new function axisPhylo() draws axes on the side of a
1174 o The new function howmanytrees() calculates the number of trees
1175 in different cases and giving a number of tips.
1177 o write.tree() has a new option `multi.line' (TRUE by default) to
1178 write a Newick tree on several lines rather than on a single
1181 o The functionalities of zoom() have been extended. Several
1182 subtrees can be visualized at the same time, and they are marked
1183 on the main tree with colors. The context of the subtrees can be
1184 marked with the option `subtree' (see below).
1186 o drop.tip() has a new option `subtree' (FALSE by default) which
1187 specifies whether to output in the tree how many tips have been
1190 o The arguments of add.scale.bar() have been redefined and have
1191 now default values (see ?add.scale.bar for details). This
1192 function now works even if the plotted tree has no edge length.
1194 o plot.phylo() can now plot radial trees, but this does not take
1195 edge lengths into account.
1197 o In plot.phylo() with `type = "phylogram"', if the values of
1198 `edge.color' and `edge.width' are identical for sister-branches,
1199 they are propagated to the vertical line that link them.
1204 o Repeated calls to as.phylo.hclust() or as.hclust.phylo() made R
1205 crashing. This is fixed.
1207 o In plot.phylo(), the options `edge.color' and `edge.width' are
1208 now properly recycled; their default values are now "black" and
1211 o A bug has been fixed in write.nexus().
1216 o The function node.depth.edgelength() has been removed and
1217 replaced by a C code.
1221 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.3-1
1226 o The new function nodelabels() allows to add labels to the nodes
1227 of a tree using text or plotting symbols in a flexible way.
1229 o In plot.phylo() the arguments `x.lim' and `y.lim' can now be two
1230 numeric values specifying the lower and upper limits on the x-
1231 and y-axes. This allows to leave some space on any side of the
1232 tree. If a single value is given, this is taken as the upper
1237 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.3
1242 o The new function phymltest() calls the software PHYML and fits
1243 28 models of DNA sequence evolution. There are a print method to
1244 display likelihood and AIC values, a summary method to compute
1245 the hierarchical likelihood ratio tests, and a plot method to
1246 display graphically the AIC values of each model.
1248 o The new function yule.cov() fits the Yule model with covariates,
1249 a model where the speciation rate is affected by several species
1250 traits through a generalized linear model. The parameters are
1251 estimated by maximum likelihood.
1253 o Three new functions, corBrownian(), corGrafen(), and
1254 corMartins(), compute the expected correlation structures among
1255 species given a phylogeny under different models of evolution.
1256 These can be used for GLS comparative phylogenetic methods (see
1257 the examples). There are coef() and corMatrix() methods and an
1258 Initialize.corPhyl() function associated.
1260 o The new function compar.cheverud() implements Cheverud et al.'s
1261 (1985; Evolution 39:1335) phylogenetic comparative method.
1263 o The new function varcomp() estimates variance components; it has
1266 o Two new functions, panel.superpose.correlogram() and
1267 plot.correlogramList(), allow to plot several phylogenetic
1270 o The new function node.leafnumber() computes the number of leaves
1271 of a subtree defined by a particular node.
1273 o The new function node.sons() gets all tags of son nodes from a
1276 o The new function compute.brlen() computes the branch lengths of
1277 a tree according to a specified method.
1279 o plot.phylo() has three new options: "cex" controls the size of
1280 the (tip and node) labels (thus it is no more needed to change
1281 the global graphical parameter), "direction" which allows to
1282 plot the tree rightwards, leftwards, upwards, or downwards, and
1283 "y.lim" which sets the upper limit on the y-axis.
1288 o Some functions which try to match tip labels and names of
1289 additional data (e.g. vector) are likely to fail if there are
1290 typing or syntax errors. If both series of names do not perfectly
1291 match, they are ignored and a warning message is now issued.
1292 These functions are bd.ext, compar.gee, pic. Their help pages
1293 have been clarified on this point.
1297 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2-7
1302 o The new function root() reroots a phylogenetic tree with respect
1303 to a specified outgroup.
1305 o The new function rotate() rotates an internal branch of a tree.
1307 o In plot.phylo(), the new argument "lab4ut" (labels for unrooted
1308 trees) controls the display of the tip labels in unrooted trees.
1309 This display has been greatly improved: the tip labels are now not
1310 expected to overlap with the tree (particularly if lab4ut =
1311 "axial"). In all cases, combining appropriate values of "lab4ut"
1312 and the font size (via "par(cex = )") should result in readable
1313 unrooted trees. See ?plot.phylo for some examples.
1315 o In drop.tip(), the argument `tip' can now be numeric or character.
1320 o drop.tip() did not work correctly with trees with no branch
1321 lengths: this is fixed.
1323 o A bug in plot.phylo(..., type = "unrooted") made some trees being
1324 plotted with some line crossings: this is now fixed.
1328 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2-6
1333 o Six new functions (Moran.I, correlogram.formula, discrete.dist,
1334 correlogram.phylo, dist.taxo, plot.correlogram) have been added
1335 to implement comparative methods with an autocorrelation approach.
1337 o A new data set describing some life history traits of Carnivores
1343 o A fix was made on mcmc.popsize() to conform to R 2.0.0.
1348 o When plotting a tree with plot.phylo(), the new default of the
1349 option `label.offset' is now 0, so the labels are always visible.
1353 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2-5
1358 o The new function bd.ext() fits a birth-death model with combined
1359 phylogenetic and taxonomic data, and estimates the corresponding
1360 speciation and extinction rates.
1365 o The package gee is no more required by ape but only suggested
1366 since only the function compar.gee() calls gee.
1370 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2-4
1375 o Four new functions (mcmc.popsize, extract.popsize, plot.popsize,
1376 and lines.popsize) implementing a new approach for inferring the
1377 demographic history from genealogies using a reversible jump
1378 MCMC have been introduced.
1380 o The unit of time in the skyline plot and in the new plots can
1381 now be chosen to be actual years, rather than substitutions.
1385 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2-3
1390 o The new function rtree() generates a random binary tree with or
1391 without branch lengths.
1393 o Two new functions for drawing lineages-through-time (LTT) plots
1394 are provided: ltt.lines() adds a LTT curve to an existing plot,
1395 and mltt.plot() does a multiple LTT plot giving several trees as
1396 arguments (see `?ltt.plot' for details).
1401 o Some taxon names made R crashing when calling as.phylo.hclust():
1404 o dist.dna() returned an error with two identical DNA sequences
1405 (only using the Jukes-Cantor method returned 0): this is fixed.
1410 o The function dist.phylo() has been re-written using a different
1411 algorithm: it is now about four times faster.
1413 o The code of branching.times() has been improved: it is now about
1418 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2-2
1423 o The new function seg.sites() finds the segregating sites in a
1424 sample of DNA sequences.
1429 o A bug introduced in read.tree() and in read.nexus() with version
1432 o A few errors were corrected and a few examples were added in the
1437 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2-1
1442 o plot.phylo() can now draw the edge of the root of a tree if it
1443 has one (see the new option `root.edge', its default is FALSE).
1448 o A bug was fixed in read.nexus(): files with semicolons inside
1449 comment blocks were not read correctly.
1451 o The behaviour of read.tree() and read.nexus() was corrected so
1452 that tree files with badly represented root edges (e.g., with
1453 an extra pair of parentheses, see the help pages for details)
1454 are now correctly represented in the object of class "phylo";
1455 a warning message is now issued.
1459 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.2
1464 o plot.phylo() has been completely re-written and offers several
1465 new functionalities. Three types of trees can now be drawn:
1466 phylogram (as previously), cladogram, and unrooted tree; in
1467 all three types the branch lengths can be drawn using the edge
1468 lengths of the phylogeny or not (e.g., if the latter is absent).
1469 The vertical position of the nodes can be adjusted with two
1470 choices (see option `node.pos'). The code has been re-structured,
1471 and two new functions (potentially useful for developpers) are
1472 documented separately: node.depth.edgelength() and node.depth();
1473 see the respective help pages for details.
1475 o The new function zoom() allows to explore very large trees by
1476 focusing on a small portion of it.
1478 o The new function yule() fits by maximum likelihood the Yule model
1479 (birth-only process) to a phylogenetic tree.
1481 o Support for writing DNA sequences in FASTA format has been
1482 introduced in write.dna() (support for reading sequences in
1483 this format was introduced in read.dna() in version 1.1-2).
1484 The function has been completely re-written, fixing some bugs
1485 (see below); the default behaviour is no more to display the
1486 sequences on the standard output. Several options have been
1487 introduced to control the sequence printing in a flexible
1488 way. The help page has been extended.
1490 o A new data set is included: a supertree of bats in NEXUS format.
1495 o In theta.s(), the default of the option `variance' has
1496 been changed to `FALSE' (as was indicated in the help page).
1498 o Several bugs were fixed in the code of all.equal.phylo().
1500 o Several bugs were fixed in write.dna(), particularly this
1501 function did not work with `format = "interleaved"'.
1503 o Various errors were corrected in the help pages.
1508 o The argument names of as.hclust.phylo() have been changed
1509 from "(phy)" to "(x, ...)" to conform to the definition of
1510 the corresponding generic function.
1512 o gamma.stat() has been renamed gammaStat() to avoid confusion
1513 since gamma() is a generic function.
1517 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.1-3
1522 o base.freq() previously did not return a value of 0 for
1523 bases absent in the data (e.g., a vector of length 3 was
1524 returned if one base was absent). This is now fixed (a
1525 vector of length 4 is always returned).
1527 o Several bugs were fixed in read.nexus(), including that this
1528 function did not work in this absence of a "TRANSLATE"
1529 command in the NEXUS file, and that the commands were
1534 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.1-2
1539 o The Tamura and Nei (1993) model of DNA distance is now implemented
1540 in dist.dna(): five models are now available in this function.
1542 o A new data set is included: a set of 15 sequences of the
1543 cytochrome b mitochondrial gene of the woodmouse (Apodemus
1549 o A bug in read.nexus() was fixed.
1551 o read.dna() previously did not work correctly in most cases.
1552 The function has been completely re-written and its help page
1553 has been considerably extended (see ?read.dna for details).
1554 Underscores (_) in taxon names are no more replaced with
1555 spaces (this behaviour was undocumented).
1557 o A bug was fixed in write.dna().
1561 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.1-1
1566 o A bug in read.tree() introduced in APE 1.1 was fixed.
1568 o A bug in compar.gee() resulted in an error when trying to fit
1569 a model with `family = "binomial"'. This is now fixed.
1573 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.1
1578 o The Klastorin (1982) method as suggested by Misawa and Tajima
1579 (2000, Mol. Biol. Evol. 17:1879-1884) for classifying genes
1580 on the basis of phylogenetic trees has been implemented (see
1581 the function klastorin()).
1583 o Functions have been added to convert APE's "phylo" objects in
1584 "hclust" cluster objects and vice versa (see the help page of
1585 as.phylo for details).
1587 o Three new functions, ratogram(), chronogram() and NPRS.criterion(),
1588 are introduced for the estimation of absolute evolutionary rates
1589 (ratogram) and dated clock-like trees (chronogram) from
1590 phylogenetic trees using the non-parametric rate smoothing approach
1591 by MJ Sanderson (1997, Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:1218-1231).
1593 o A summary method is now provided printing a summary information on a
1594 phylogenetic tree with, for instance, `summary(tree)'.
1596 o The behaviour of read.tree() was changed so that all spaces and
1597 tabulations in tree files are now ignored. Consequently, spaces in tip
1598 labels are no more allowed. Another side effect is that read.nexus()
1599 now does not replace the underscores (_) in tip labels with spaces
1600 (this behaviour was undocumented).
1602 o The function plot.phylo() has a new option (`underscore') which
1603 specifies whether the underscores in tip labels should be written on
1604 the plot as such or replaced with spaces (the default).
1606 o The function birthdeath() now computes 95% confidence intervals of
1607 the estimated parameters using profile likelihood.
1609 o Three new data sets are included: a gene tree estimated from 36
1610 landplant rbcL sequences, a gene tree estimated from 32 opsin
1611 sequences, and a gene tree for 50 BRCA1 mammalian sequences.
1616 o A bug was fixed in dist.gene() where nothing was returned.
1618 o A bug in plot.mst() was fixed.
1620 o A bug in vcv.phylo() resulted in false correlations when the
1621 option `cor = TRUE' was used (now fixed).
1625 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 1.0
1630 o Two new functions, read.dna() and write.dna(), read/write in a file
1631 DNA sequences in interleaved or in sequential format.
1633 o Two new functions, read.nexus() and write.nexus(), read/write trees
1636 o The new function bind.tree() allows to bind two trees together,
1637 possibly handling root edges to give internal branches.
1639 o The new function drop.tip() removes the tips in a phylogenetic tree,
1640 and trims (or not) the corresponding internal branches.
1642 o The new function is.ultrametric() tests if a tree is ultrametric.
1644 o The function plot.phylo() has more functionalities such as drawing the
1645 branches with different colours and/or different widths, showing the
1646 node labels, controling the position and font of the labels, rotating
1647 the labels, and controling the space around the plot.
1649 o The function read.tree() can now read trees with no branch length,
1650 such as "(a,b),c);". Consequently, the element `edge.length' in
1651 objects of class "phylo" is now optional.
1653 o The function write.tree() has a new default behaviour: if the default
1654 for the option `file' is used (i.e. file = ""), then a variable of
1655 mode character containing the tree in Newick format is returned which
1656 can thus be assigned (e.g., tree <- write.tree(phy)).
1658 o The function read.tree() has a new argument `text' which allows
1659 to read the tree in a variable of mode character.
1661 o A new data set is included: the phylogenetic relationships among
1662 the orders of birds from Sibley and Ahlquist (1990).
1666 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 0.2-1
1671 o Several bugs were fixed in the help pages.
1675 CHANGES IN APE VERSION 0.2
1680 o The function write.tree() writes phylogenetic trees (objects of class
1681 "phylo") in an ASCII file using the Newick parenthetic format.
1683 o The function birthdeath() fits a birth-death model to branching times
1684 by maximum likelihood, and estimates the corresponding speciation and
1687 o The function scale.bar() adds a scale bar to a plot of a phylogenetic
1690 o The function is.binary.tree() tests whether a phylogeny is binary.
1692 o Two generic functions, coalescent.intervals() and collapsed.intervals(),
1693 as well as some methods are introduced.
1695 o Several functions, including some generics and methods, for computing
1696 skyline plot estimates (classic and generalized) of effective
1697 population size through time are introduced and replace the function
1698 skyline.plot() in version 0.1.
1700 o Two data sets are now included: the phylogenetic relationships among
1701 the families of birds from Sibley and Ahlquist (1990), and an
1702 estimated clock-like phylogeny of HIV sequences sampled in the
1703 Democratic Republic of Congo.
1706 DEPRECATED & DEFUNCT
1708 o The function skyline.plot() in ape 0.1 has been deprecated and
1709 replaced by more elaborate functions (see above).
1714 o Two important bugs were fixed in plot.phylo(): phylogenies with
1715 multichotomies not at the root or not with only terminal branches,
1716 and phylogenies with a single node (i.e. only terminal branches)
1717 did not plot. These trees should be plotted correctly now.
1719 o Several bugs were fixed in diversi.time() in the computation of
1722 o Various errors were corrected in the help pages.