3 # 10 March 1998 M-J. Dominus (mjd-perl-units-id-iut+buobvyy+@plover.com).
4 # This file is in the PUBLIC DOMAIN.
5 # All rights abandoned.
7 # If you discover definitions of units that do not appear in this
8 # file, you are invited to mail them to mjd@pobox.com, so that I can
9 # include them in a future version. Please include the date of this
10 # file, 3 March 1996, with all such submissions.
12 # If a unit is defined as `***', that means
13 # it has no definition because it is a fundamental unit.
16 # Seven instrinsic SI units:
24 # Two supplementary units
31 turn *** # Of coiled wire
34 pi 3.1415926535897932386
37 e 2.718281828459045 # Why did I put this in? Oh, I don't know.
38 Neper 1 # Unit of logarithmic ratio
40 # Would it be better to make this a fundamental unit?
41 bel .868588963 Np # 2/ln(10) actually
51 inch 2.54 cm # This is the official definition and is exact
61 nautical 1.151 # For `nautical mile'
63 # light year will be implied by `year' and `light' below
67 bolt 25 yd # Of cloth; bolt length varies from bolt to bolt
70 ell 45 in # More or less standard, although other ells
71 # have also been used.
76 astronomicalunit 92.9 megamiles # Is this exact?
94 cicero 12dd # TeX likes to abbreviate this to cc, but cc is cubic centimetre
95 scaledpoint 1|65536 pt # Internal to TeX
101 are (10 m)2 # Implies `hectare'
102 acre chain furlong # Now you know why an acre is the size it is
104 township 36 mi2 # Who uses these?
105 barn (1.0E-12 centimetre)2 # Particle physics
106 board 144 in3/ft # Implies `board feet'
113 floz 29.573 ml # `floz' means `fluid ounce', which is different
114 # from `ounce', which is a measurement of mass.
115 # See `pound' below for more details.
123 pottle two quarts # Yup!
131 cordfoot 16 ft2 # NOT the same as `cord foot'.
134 # Barrels are complicated. `Barrel' here means `U.S. liquid barrel'.
140 firkin 9 gal # American firkin, not British firkin
141 perch 24.75 ft3 # Masonry
144 # Delightful British liquid volumes; they all begin with `brit'.
146 britminim 1|480 britfloz
147 britdrachm 1|8 britfloz
148 drachm britdrachm # U.S. drachm is spelled `dram'.
149 britgill 5 britfloz # five, NOT four.
151 noggin britnoggin # Yeah, as though anyone else would have a `noggin.'
156 britgallon 4 britquart
160 britkilderkin two britfirkins
161 kilderkin britkilderkin # kilderkin is British only
162 britbucket 4 britgal # That's `britbucket,' not `bit bucket'.
163 bucket britbucket # Buckets are brit only.
164 britlast 2909.414 litres
168 dry 1.164904862579 # For `dry pint,' `dry quart,' etc.
176 imperial 1.201 # For `imperial pint,' etc.
181 # To avoid confusing the end user, we will pretend that `pound' is
182 # a unit of mass, interconvertible with `grams'. If you want
183 # pounds of force, see `lbf,' below. In this section, `pound'
184 # really means `mass of an object that weighs one-pound at the surface
185 # of the Earth.' That is, in this program, `slug' has its usual
186 # meaning, and `pound' is synonymous aith `slug'.
189 metricton kilokilogram
198 hundredweight 112 lb # This is the `long' hundredweight, analagous to
199 # the long ton. There is also a `short' hundredwight,
200 # but it's just a hectlb, so I put this one in instead.
205 short 100|112 # Convert long tons, cwts, and quarters to short.
210 # Obscure apothecaries' measures
213 apothounce 480 grains
215 apothpound 12 apothoz
217 # Troy measures (for gold and precious stones)
218 pennyweight 24 grains
219 troyoz 480 grains # We can't define `troy' as a constant,
220 # because there are 16 oz in a lb, but only
221 # 12 troyoz in a troylb, so at least one of
222 # `troy oz' or `troy lb' would be wrong.
224 carat 3.08647 grain # Metric version. Is this useful?
225 atomicmassunit 1.6605402e-27 kg # NIST 19990301 (+/- 0.10e-33 kg)
227 quintal 100kg # Metric quintal. Wasn't there another quintal?
228 elvis 255lb # At the time of his death, the King weighed 255 lb.
238 dy day # This will denote mean solar days
239 siderealday 0.99726957 dys
243 lunarmonth 29.530588 days # Mean solar days
246 tropicalyear 365.24219 dys # Mean solar days
247 siderealyear 365.25636 dys # Mean solar days
248 leapyear 366 dys # Mean solar days
249 calendaryear 365 dys # Mean solar days
250 gregorianyear 365.2425 dys
251 year tropicalyear # Correct on average for most calculations
256 millennium 1000 years
259 beat 1|1000 day # Swatch Internet Time (``Fuck the Sun'')
261 knot 1 nautical mi/hour
266 # Electromagnetic items, work, force, energy.
269 c 299792458 m/s # NIST 19990301 EXACT
270 light c # Implies `light year'
273 # Absolute temperature
276 Rankine 5|9 K # This is a very funny unit
278 ### TODO: allow addition aswell.
285 # Amount of substance
287 Avogadro 6.0221367e23
289 molecule 1 mole per Avogadro # 1 mole is an Avogagro-number of molecules
292 # The Ampere is fundamental here, defined as the constant current
293 # which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite
294 # length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1m apart in
295 # vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2e-7
296 # newtons per metre of length.
301 statampere 3.335635e-11 abamperes
304 # What is this called? Is it capitalized? Is there an abbreviation?
305 gilbert 0.79577472 ampere turns
307 # Electrostatic charge
312 electron 1.60217733e-19 C # Charge on the electron; implies electron-volts
315 statcoulomb 3.335635e-11 abcoulomb
324 grav 9.8 m/s2 # Acceleration due to gravity
326 # Actually the accleration varies with altitude and latitude,
327 # from 9.78039 m/s2 at the equator to 9.83217 m/s2 at the poles.
328 # This mean value corresponds to a latitude of about 38 degrees.
336 atmosphere 1.01325 N/m2 # NIST 1990301 EXACT
338 bar megadyne/cm2 # Implies `millibars'
340 mercury 1|760 atm/mm # Implies `mm mercury' and `inches mercury'
344 water .0295 atm/ft # Implies `feet water'
346 air 6.6083e-5 atm/foot # At 60 deg.F; Implies `feet air'
353 footpound ft-lbf # foot-pound won't work, because `pound' is a mass
357 britishthermalunit 1054.8 J
358 btu britishthermalunit
360 # Kilowatt-hour (kWh) will be implied by `Watt'.
369 horsepower 550 ft-lbf/s
375 abvolt 1|100 microvolt
376 statvolt 2.997930e10 V
379 cycle 1 # For `cycles per second'
380 Hertz cycles per second
389 Henries Henry # For plural
391 stathenry 8.987584e11 henries
392 stathenries stathenry
401 Oersted 1|4 pi kiloamp/m
409 # We won't use G for Gauss because it is more important to
410 # use it for the universal gravitational constant
413 # `farad' is *not* an abbreviation for `Faraday' as far as I can tell.
417 statfarad 1.112646e-13 farad
423 statohm 8.987584e11 Ohms
434 G 6.67259e-11 N m2/kg2 # Newton gravitational constant NIST19990301
435 lightyear light year # Common abbreviation
436 eV e V # Electron volts
442 energy c2 # You can ask for `1 gram energy' and get
443 # the amount of energy equivalent to
444 # 1 gram according to e=mc2.
445 # Check: 1amu energy == 931.16 Mev?
446 Franklin (10/c) C cm/sec
453 # Viscosity - Maybe someone who understands this better can check.
454 poise g/(cm s) # Named after M. Poiseuille
457 # Kinematic viscosity = viscosity per unit density
460 # Refrigeration - Maybe someone who understands this better can check.
461 refrigeration 288000 btu/ton
462 ice tons refrigeration / 2009.1 lb
465 # The candela is fundamental here. Prior to 1979, it was defined as
466 # the luminous intensity of a black body at the temperature of
467 # solidification of platinum, whose radiating surface is 1/60 cm2. It
468 # is now the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source
469 # that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540e12 Hz and that
470 # has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1|683 W/sr
477 candlepower 12.566370 lumens
478 candle candela # ``International standard candle''
479 Hefner 0.90 candles # This was the German standard in early C20.
483 footcandle lm/ft2 # NOT the same as foot-candle.
485 stilb candle/m2 # Same as a pi lambert
487 # Various important physical constants
488 # I got this stuff from physics.nist.gov on 19990301.
489 h 6.6260755e-27 erg-sec # Planck's constant
491 plancklength 1.61605e-35 m
492 planckmass 2.17671e-8 kg
493 plancktime 5.39056e-44 sec
494 # Let's reserve `Planck' for a while longer until I can decide if
495 # they'd be useful in `planck time' etc.
496 permeability 4*pi*1.0e-7 H/m # Magnetic permeability of vacuum constant
497 permittivity 8.854187817e-12 F/m # Electric permittivity of vacuum constant
498 protonmass 1.6726231e-27 kg
499 neutronmass 1.6749286e-27 kg
500 electronmass 9.1093897e-31 kg
501 finestructure 7.29735308e-3 # Rl
502 # Electron charge is up above under `electrostatic'.
503 # There's no reason to get too obscure here because if someone wants
504 # they can make up an `obscure physical constants' file that
505 # physiscists could load in if they wanted to. So I've omitted stuff
506 # like the magnetic moment of the muon.
511 revolution circle # For revolutions / sec
513 rpm revolutions per minute
516 arcminute 1|60 degree
517 arcsecond 1|60 arcminute
520 sphere 4 pi steradians
530 kbyte 1024 bytes # `kilobyte' means 1000 bytes
531 # Don't use `K'; that's for Kelvins.
535 mbyte 1024 kbytes # `megabyte' means 1000000 bytes
541 baud bit/sec # Not strictly correct
545 # Conversions accurate only as of 25 November 1996.
555 Australia.dollar 0.8123$
556 AUS$ Australia.dollar
557 Austria.schilling 0.09438$
558 Belgium.franc 0.03223$
561 pound.sterling British.pound
562 sterling British.pound
563 Canada.dollar 0.7468$
565 Cayman.currency 1.22$
568 EuropeanCommunityUnit.ECU 1.278$
569 ECU EuropeanCommunityUnit.ECU
571 Finland.markka 0.2203$
572 markka Finland.markka
579 Greece.drachma 0.004216$
580 drachma Greece.drachma
581 HongKong.dollar 0.1294$
587 Israel.shekel 0.3623$
589 Italy.lira 0.0006655$
592 Kenya.shilling 0.02376$
593 Malaysia.dollar 0.397$
596 Morocco.dirham 0.1248$
597 dirham Morocco.dirham
598 Netherlands.guilder 0.5924$
599 guilder Netherlands.guilder
600 NewZealand.dollar 0.7153$
601 NZ$ NewZealand.dollar
604 Portugal.escudo 0.006577$
605 escudo Portugal.escudo
606 Senegal.CFAfranc 0.002019$
607 SouthAfrica.rand 0.2169$
608 rand SouthAfrica.rand
609 Spain.peseta 0.007896$
613 Switzerland.franc 0.788$
614 swissfranc Switzerland.franc
615 Swissfranc Switzerland.franc
617 # Old-style Brit money. Did I omit anything interesting?
619 shilling 1|20 sterling
626 crown 5 shillings # Implies `half crown'
631 # For `register tons'
633 registerton register ton
636 # bequerel (nucleotide radioactivity): Bq = k/s k=1??
637 # gray (absorbed dose): Gy = k J/kg k=1??
638 # sievert (dose equivalent): Sv = k J/kg k=1??
639 # curie: Ci = 3.3e10 Bq
640 # roentgen: R = 2.58e-4 C/kg
641 # rad: rad = centigray
642 # rem: rem = centisievert