1 # Flashing Instructions and Bootloader Information
3 There are quite a few different types of bootloaders that keyboards use, and just about all of the use a different flashing method. Luckily, projects like the [QMK Toolbox](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_toolbox/releases) aim to be compatible with all the different types without having to think about it much, but this article will describe the different types of bootloaders, and available methods for flashing them.
5 If you have a bootloader selected with the `BOOTLOADER` variable in your `rules.mk`, QMK will automatically calculate if your .hex file is the right size to be flashed to the device, and output the total size it bytes (along with the max). To run this process manually, compile with the target `check-size`, eg `make planck/rev4:default:check-size`.
9 Atmel's DFU bootloader comes on all atmega32u4 chips by default, and is used by many keyboards that have their own ICs on their PCBs (Older OLKB boards, Clueboards). Some keyboards may also use LUFA's DFU bootloader (or QMK's fork) (Newer OLKB boards) that adds in additional features specific to that hardware.
11 To ensure compatibility with the DFU bootloader, make sure this block is present your `rules.mk` (optionally with `lufa-dfu` or `qmk-dfu` instead):
14 # This definition is optional, and if your keyboard supports multiple bootloaders of
15 # different sizes, comment this out, and the correct address will be loaded
16 # automatically (+60). See bootloader.mk for all options.
17 BOOTLOADER = atmel-dfu
21 * [QMK Toolbox](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_toolbox/releases) (recommended GUI)
22 * [dfu-programmer](https://github.com/dfu-programmer/dfu-programmer) / `:dfu` in QMK (recommended command line)
23 * [Atmel's Flip](http://www.atmel.com/tools/flip.aspx) (not recommended)
27 1. Press the `RESET` keycode, or tap the RESET button (or short RST to GND).
28 2. Wait for the OS to detect the device
29 3. Erase the memory (may be done automatically)
31 5. Reset the device into application mode (may be done automatically)
35 make <keyboard>:<keymap>:dfu
39 QMK has a fork of the LUFA DFU bootloader that allows for a simple matrix scan for exiting the bootloader and returning to the application, as well as flashing an LED/making a ticking noise with a speaker when things are happening. To enable these features, use this block in your `config.h` (The key that exits the bootloader needs to be hooked-up to the INPUT and OUTPUT defined here):
41 #define QMK_ESC_OUTPUT F1 // usually COL
42 #define QMK_ESC_INPUT D5 // usually ROW
44 #define QMK_SPEAKER C6
46 The Manufacturer and Product names are automatically pulled from your `config.h`, and "Bootloader" is added to the product.
48 To generate this bootloader, use the `bootloader` target, eg `make planck/rev4:default:bootloader`.
50 To generate a production-ready .hex file (containing the application and the bootloader), use the `production` target, eg `make planck/rev4:default:production`.
54 Arduino boards and their clones use the [Caterina bootloader](https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/tree/master/hardware/arduino/avr/bootloaders/caterina) (any keyboard built with a Pro Micro, or clone), and uses the avr109 protocol to communicate through virtual serial. Bootloaders like [A-Star](https://www.pololu.com/docs/0J61/9) are based on Caterina.
56 To ensure compatibility with the Caterina bootloader, make sure this block is present your `rules.mk`:
59 # This definition is optional, and if your keyboard supports multiple bootloaders of
60 # different sizes, comment this out, and the correct address will be loaded
61 # automatically (+60). See bootloader.mk for all options.
66 * [QMK Toolbox](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_toolbox/releases) (recommended GUI)
67 * [avrdude](http://www.nongnu.org/avrdude/) with avr109 / `:avrdude` (recommended command line)
68 * [AVRDUDESS](https://github.com/zkemble/AVRDUDESS)
72 1. Press the `RESET` keycode, or short RST to GND quickly (you only have 7 seconds to flash once it enters)
73 2. Wait for the OS to detect the device
75 5. Wait for the device to reset automatically
79 make <keyboard>:<keymap>:avrdude
83 Halfkay is a super-slim protocol developed by PJRC that uses HID, and come on all Teensys (namely the 2.0).
85 To ensure compatibility with the Halfkay bootloader, make sure this block is present your `rules.mk`:
88 # This definition is optional, and if your keyboard supports multiple bootloaders of
89 # different sizes, comment this out, and the correct address will be loaded
90 # automatically (+60). See bootloader.mk for all options.
95 * [QMK Toolbox](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_toolbox/releases) (recommended GUI)
96 * [Teensy Loader](https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/loader.html)
97 * [Teensy Loader Command Line](https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/loader_cli.html) (recommended command line)
101 1. Press the `RESET` keycode, or short RST to GND quickly (you only have 7 seconds to flash once it enters)
102 2. Wait for the OS to detect the device
104 5. Reset the device into application mode (may be done automatically)