From e011577319beab207ffbd9210eb416bbb6df4e26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Graham Percival Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2008 10:45:44 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Update from Jonathan --- Documentation/user/fretted-strings.itely | 241 ++++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 144 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-) diff --git a/Documentation/user/fretted-strings.itely b/Documentation/user/fretted-strings.itely index c237b1dafc..1c3330168f 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/fretted-strings.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/fretted-strings.itely @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ @section Fretted string instruments This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique -to fretted-string instruments. +to fretted string instruments. @cindex tablature @cindex guitar tablature @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ to fretted-string instruments. @subsection Common notation for fretted strings This section discusses common notation that is unique -to fretted-string instruments. +to fretted string instruments. @menu * References for fretted strings:: @@ -41,12 +41,15 @@ to fretted-string instruments. @node References for fretted strings @subsubsection References for fretted strings -Music for fretted-string instruments is normally notated on +Music for fretted string instruments is normally notated on a single staff, either in traditional music notation or in tablature. Sometimes the two types are combined, and it is especially common in popular music to use chord diagrams above -a staff of traditional notation. Some other elements pertinent -to fretted-string instruments are covered elsewhere: +a staff of traditional notation. The guitar and the banjo are +transposing instruments, sounding an octave lower than written. +Scores for these instruments should use the @code{"treble_8"} clef. +Some other elements pertinent to fretted string instruments +are covered elsewhere: @itemize @item Fingerings are indicated with @ref{Fingering instructions}. @@ -83,7 +86,8 @@ appending @code{\@var{number}} to a note inside a chord construct @warning{String numbers @strong{must} be defined inside a chord construct even if there is only a single note.} -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=0] +\clef "treble_8" 4 2 1 @end lilypond @@ -92,12 +96,14 @@ When fingerings and string indications are used together, their placement is controlled by the order in which the two items appear in the code: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +\clef "treble_8" 2 @end lilypond @snippets + @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings.ly} @@ -106,18 +112,17 @@ in the code: @seealso -Snippets: -@rlsr{Fretted strings}. - Notation Reference: @ref{Fingering instructions}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Fretted strings}. + Internals Reference: @rinternals{StringNumber}, @rinternals{Fingering}. - @node Default tablatures @subsubsection Default tablatures @cindex Tablatures, basic @@ -145,14 +150,16 @@ The notes are printed as tablature, by using @code{TabStaff} and @cindex fret -When no string is specified for a note, the note is assigned to the lowest string -that can generate the note with a fret number greater than or equal to -@code{minimumFret} is selected. The default value for @code{minimumFret} is 0. +When no string is specified for a note, the note is assigned to +the lowest string that can generate the note with a fret number +greater than or equal to @code{minimumFret} is selected. The +default value for @code{minimumFret} is 0. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \new StaffGroup << - \new Staff \relative c' { + \new Staff \relative c { + \clef "treble_8" c16 d e f g4 c,16 d e f g4 } @@ -182,14 +189,48 @@ in traditional notation. Beams can be made horizontal: } @end lilypond -@seealso +Polyphony is created the same way in a @code{TabStaff} as in a +regular staff. -Snippets: -@rlsr{Fretted strings}. +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] +upper = \relative c' { + \time 12/8 + \key e \minor + \voiceOne + r4. r8 e, fis g16 b g e e' b c b a g fis e +} + +lower = \relative c { + \key e \minor + \voiceTwo + r16 e d c b a g4 fis8 e fis g a b c +} + +\score { + << + \new StaffGroup = "tab with traditional" << + \new Staff = "guitar traditional" << + \clef "treble_8" + \context Voice = "upper" \upper + \context Voice = "lower" \lower + >> + \new TabStaff = "guitar tab" << + \context TabVoice = "upper" \upper + \context TabVoice = "lower" \lower + >> + >> + >> +} +@end lilypond + +@seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Stems}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Fretted strings}. + Internals Reference: @rinternals{TabNoteHead}, @rinternals{TabStaff}, @@ -199,8 +240,8 @@ Internals Reference: @knownissues Chords are not handled in a special way, and hence the automatic -string selector may easily select the same string for two notes in a -chord. +string selector may easily select the same string for two notes in +a chord. In order to handle @code{\partcombine}, a @code{TabStaff} must use specially-created voices: @@ -223,16 +264,17 @@ melodia = \partcombine { e4 g g g }{ e4 e e e } @subsubsection Custom tablatures @cindex Tablatures, custom -You can change the tuning of the strings. A string tuning is given as -a Scheme list with one integer number for each string, the number -being the pitch (measured in semitones relative to middle C) of an -open string. The numbers specified for @code{stringTunings} are the -numbers of semitones to subtract or add, starting the specified pitch -by default middle C, in string order. LilyPond automatically calculates -the number of strings by looking at @code{stringTunings}. +You can change the tuning of the strings. A string tuning is +given as a Scheme list with one integer number for each string, +the number being the pitch (measured in semitones relative to +middle C) of an open string. The numbers specified for +@code{stringTunings} are the numbers of semitones to subtract or +add, starting the specified pitch by default middle C, in string +order. LilyPond automatically calculates the number of strings by +looking at @code{stringTunings}. -In the next example, -@code{stringTunings} is set for the pitches e, a, d, and g +In the next example, @code{stringTunings} is set for the pitches +e, a, d, and g. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \new TabStaff << @@ -243,17 +285,17 @@ In the next example, >> @end lilypond -LilyPond comes with predefined string tunings for banjo, mandolin, guitar -and bass guitar. +LilyPond comes with predefined string tunings for banjo, mandolin, +guitar and bass guitar. @example \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #bass-tuning @end example -The default string tuning is @code{guitar-tuning} (the standard EADGBE -tuning). -Some other predefined tunings are @code{guitar-open-g-tuning}, -@code{mandolin-tuning} and @code{banjo-open-g-tuning}. +The default string tuning is @code{guitar-tuning} (the standard +EADGBE tuning). Some other predefined tunings are +@code{guitar-open-g-tuning}, @code{mandolin-tuning} and +@code{banjo-open-g-tuning}. @seealso @@ -262,6 +304,7 @@ Snippets: The file @file{scm/@/output@/-lib@/.scm} contains the predefined string tunings. + Internals Reference: @rinternals{Tab_note_heads_engraver}. @knownissues @@ -275,24 +318,27 @@ No guitar special effects have been implemented. @cindex fret diagrams @cindex chord diagrams -Fret diagrams can be added to music as a markup to the desired note. -The markup contains information about the desired fret diagram. -There are three different fret-diagram markup interfaces: standard, terse, -and verbose. The three interfaces produce equivalent markups, but have -varying amounts of information in the markup string. Details about the -markup interfaces are found at @ref{Text markup commands}. - -The following example shows the three fret-diagram markup interfaces, -along with examples of common tweaks. For example, the size of the verbose -fret diagram is reduced to 0.75, and the finger indications are specified -to appear below the diagram. The terse diagram includes tweaks to -specify placement of finger code and color of dots. - -@lilypond[verbatim, ragged-right, quote] +Fret diagrams can be added to music as a markup to the desired +note. The markup contains information about the desired fret +diagram. There are three different fret-diagram markup +interfaces: standard, terse, and verbose. The three interfaces +produce equivalent markups, but have varying amounts of +information in the markup string. Details about the markup +interfaces are found at @ref{Text markup commands}. + +The following example shows the three fret-diagram markup +interfaces, along with examples of common tweaks. For example, +the size of the verbose fret diagram is reduced to 0.75, and the +finger indications are specified to appear below the diagram. The +terse diagram includes tweaks to specify placement of finger code +and color of dots. + +@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] \new Voice { - d'^\markup \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-2;" - d' d' d' - fis'^\markup \override #'(size . 0.75) { + \clef "treble_8" + d^\markup \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-2;" + d d d + fis^\markup \override #'(size . 0.75) { \override #'(finger-code . below-string) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((place-fret 6 2 1) (barre 6 1 2) (place-fret 5 4 3) @@ -302,15 +348,15 @@ specify placement of finger code and color of dots. (place-fret 1 2 1)) } } - fis' fis' fis' - c'^\markup \override #'(dot-radius . 0.35) { + fis fis fis + c^\markup \override #'(dot-radius . 0.35) { \override #'(finger-code . in-dot) { \override #'(dot-color . white) { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3-1-(;5-2;5-3;5-4;3-1-);" } } } - c' c' c' + c c c } @end lilypond @@ -324,16 +370,19 @@ Details about the property interface to fret diagrams are found at Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. -@node Right hand fingerings -@subsubsection Right hand fingerings +@node Right-hand fingerings +@subsubsection Right-hand fingerings -Right-hand fingerings @var{p-i-m-a} must be entered within a -@code{<>} chord construct for it to be printed in the score, -even when applied to a single note. There must be a hyphen -after the note and a space before the closing @code{>}. +Right-hand fingerings @var{p-i-m-a} must be entered within a +chord construct @code{<>} for them to be printed in the score, +even when applied to a single note. -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] -\relative c' { +@warning{There @strong{must} be a hyphen after the note and a space +before the closing @code{>}.} + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=0] +{ + \clef "treble_8" 4 @@ -357,9 +406,10 @@ short, for example @code{RH}, You may exercise greater control over the placement of right-hand fingerings by setting @code{strokeFingerOrientations}, -@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] +@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=0] #(define RH rightHandFinger) { + \clef "treble_8" \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up down) 4 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up right down) @@ -369,29 +419,13 @@ fingerings by setting @code{strokeFingerOrientations}, } @end lilypond -The letters used for the fingerings are contained in the property -@code{digit-names}, but they can also be set individually by supplying -@code{\rightHandFinger} with a string argument, as in the following example - - -@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -#(define RH rightHandFinger) -{ - \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(right) - \override StrokeFinger #'digit-names = ##("x" "y" "z" "!" "@") - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 -} -@end lilypond - This example combines left-hand fingering, string indication, and right-hand fingering -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=0] #(define RH rightHandFinger) -\relative c' { +{ + \clef "treble_8" 4 @@ -418,6 +452,7 @@ Internals Reference: @menu * Guitar tablatures:: * Indicating position and barring:: +* Indicating harmonics and dampened notes:: @end menu @node Guitar tablatures @@ -433,28 +468,41 @@ This example demonstrates how to include guitar position and barring indications. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=0] -\clef "G_8" -b16 d16 g16 b16 e16 +\clef "treble_8" +b16 d g b e \textSpannerDown \override TextSpanner #'bound-details #'left #'text = #"XII " g16\startTextSpan - b16 e16 g16 e16 b16 g16\stopTextSpan -e16 b16 g16 d16 + b16 e g e b g\stopTextSpan +e16 b g d @end lilypond +@node Indicating harmonics and dampened notes +@subsubsection Indicating harmonics and dampened notes + +Special note heads can be used to indicate dampened notes or +harmonics. Harmonics are normally further explained with a +text markup. -Stopped (X) note heads are used in guitar music to signal a place where the -guitarist must play a certain note or chord, with its fingers just -touching the strings instead of fully pressing them. This gives the sound a -percussive noise-like sound that still maintains part of the original -pitch. It is notated with cross note heads; this is -demonstrated in @ref{Special note heads}. +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] +\relative c' { + \clef "treble_8" + \override Staff.NoteHead #'style = #'cross + g8 a b c b4 + \override Staff.NoteHead #'style = #'harmonic-mixed + d^\markup { \italic { \fontsize #-2 { "harm. 12" }}} 1 +} +@end lilypond @seealso Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. +Notation Reference: +@ref{Special note heads}, +@ref{Note head styles}. + @node Banjo @subsection Banjo @@ -466,10 +514,9 @@ Snippets: @subsubsection Banjo tablatures @cindex Banjo tablatures -LilyPond has basic support for five stringed banjo. When making tablatures -for five stringed banjo, use the banjo tablature format function to get -correct -fret numbers for the fifth string: +LilyPond has basic support for the five-string banjo. When making tablatures +for five-string banjo, use the banjo tablature format function to get +correct fret numbers for the fifth string: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \new TabStaff << -- 2.39.2