2 This file is part of LilyPond, the GNU music typesetter.
4 Copyright (C) 1997--2012 Jan Nieuwenhuizen <janneke@gnu.org>
5 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>
7 LilyPond is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
8 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
9 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
10 (at your option) any later version.
12 LilyPond is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
13 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
14 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
15 GNU General Public License for more details.
17 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
18 along with LilyPond. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
24 - tuplet bracket should probably be subject to the same rules as
25 beam sloping/quanting.
27 - There is no support for kneed brackets, or nested brackets.
29 - number placement for parallel beams should be much more advanced:
30 for sloped beams some extra horizontal offset must be introduced.
32 - number placement is usually done over the center note, not the
37 TODO: quantise, we don't want to collide with staff lines.
38 (or should we be above staff?)
40 todo: handle breaking elegantly.
43 #include "tuplet-bracket.hh"
44 #include "axis-group-interface.hh"
45 #include "line-interface.hh"
48 #include "output-def.hh"
49 #include "font-interface.hh"
50 #include "text-interface.hh"
52 #include "note-column.hh"
53 #include "pointer-group-interface.hh"
54 #include "directional-element-interface.hh"
57 #include "staff-symbol-referencer.hh"
59 #include "paper-column.hh"
63 get_x_bound_item (Grob *me_grob, Direction hdir, Direction my_dir)
65 Spanner *me = dynamic_cast<Spanner *> (me_grob);
66 Item *g = me->get_bound (hdir);
67 if (Note_column::has_interface (g)
68 && Note_column::get_stem (g)
69 && Note_column::dir (g) == my_dir)
70 g = Note_column::get_stem (g);
76 flatten_number_pair_property (Grob *me, Direction xdir, SCM sym)
78 Drul_array<Real> zero (0, 0);
80 = robust_scm2drul (me->internal_get_property (sym), zero);
83 me->set_property (sym, ly_interval2scm (pair));
87 Return beam that encompasses the span of the tuplet bracket.
90 Tuplet_bracket::parallel_beam (Grob *me_grob, vector<Grob *> const &cols,
93 Spanner *me = dynamic_cast<Spanner *> (me_grob);
95 if (me->get_bound (LEFT)->break_status_dir ()
96 || me->get_bound (RIGHT)->break_status_dir ())
99 Drul_array<Grob *> stems (Note_column::get_stem (cols[0]),
100 Note_column::get_stem (cols.back ()));
104 || (dynamic_cast<Item *> (stems[RIGHT])->get_column ()
105 != me->get_bound (RIGHT)->get_column ()))
108 Drul_array<Grob *> beams;
109 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
110 beams[d] = stems[d] ? Stem::get_beam (stems[d]) : 0;
112 *equally_long = false;
113 if (! (beams[LEFT] && (beams[LEFT] == beams[RIGHT]) && !me->is_broken ()))
116 extract_grob_set (beams[LEFT], "stems", beam_stems);
117 if (beam_stems.size () == 0)
119 programming_error ("beam under tuplet bracket has no stems");
125 = (beam_stems[0] == stems[LEFT]
126 && beam_stems.back () == stems[RIGHT]);
130 MAKE_SCHEME_CALLBACK (Tuplet_bracket, calc_connect_to_neighbors, 1);
132 Tuplet_bracket::calc_connect_to_neighbors (SCM smob)
134 Spanner *me = unsmob_spanner (smob);
136 Direction dir = get_grob_direction (me);
137 Drul_array<Item *> bounds (get_x_bound_item (me, LEFT, dir),
138 get_x_bound_item (me, RIGHT, dir));
140 Drul_array<bool> connect_to_other (false, false);
141 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
143 Direction break_dir = bounds[d]->break_status_dir ();
144 Spanner *orig_spanner = dynamic_cast<Spanner *> (me->original ());
145 vsize neighbor_idx = me->get_break_index () - break_dir;
148 && neighbor_idx < orig_spanner->broken_intos_.size ())
150 Grob *neighbor = orig_spanner->broken_intos_[neighbor_idx];
152 /* trigger possible suicide*/
153 (void) neighbor->get_property ("positions");
158 && neighbor_idx < orig_spanner->broken_intos_.size ()
159 && orig_spanner->broken_intos_[neighbor_idx]->is_live ());
162 if (connect_to_other[LEFT] || connect_to_other[RIGHT])
163 return scm_cons (scm_from_bool (connect_to_other[LEFT]),
164 scm_from_bool (connect_to_other[RIGHT]));
170 Tuplet_bracket::get_common_x (Spanner *me)
172 extract_grob_set (me, "note-columns", columns);
174 Grob *commonx = common_refpoint_of_array (columns, me, X_AXIS);
175 commonx = commonx->common_refpoint (me->get_bound (LEFT), X_AXIS);
176 commonx = commonx->common_refpoint (me->get_bound (RIGHT), X_AXIS);
181 MAKE_SCHEME_CALLBACK (Tuplet_bracket, calc_x_positions, 1)
183 Tuplet_bracket::calc_x_positions (SCM smob)
185 Spanner *me = unsmob_spanner (smob);
186 extract_grob_set (me, "note-columns", columns);
188 Grob *commonx = get_common_x (me);
189 Direction dir = get_grob_direction (me);
191 Drul_array<Item *> bounds;
192 bounds[LEFT] = get_x_bound_item (me, LEFT, dir);
193 bounds[RIGHT] = get_x_bound_item (me, RIGHT, dir);
195 Drul_array<bool> connect_to_other
196 = robust_scm2booldrul (me->get_property ("connect-to-neighbor"),
197 Drul_array<bool> (false, false));
200 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
202 x_span[d] = Axis_group_interface::generic_bound_extent (bounds[d], commonx, X_AXIS)[d];
204 if (connect_to_other[d])
206 Interval overshoot (robust_scm2drul (me->get_property ("break-overshoot"),
207 Interval (-0.5, 0.0)));
210 x_span[d] += d * overshoot[d];
212 x_span[d] = (bounds[d]->break_status_dir ()
213 ? Axis_group_interface::generic_bound_extent (bounds[d], commonx, X_AXIS)[-d]
214 : robust_relative_extent (bounds[d], commonx, X_AXIS)[-d])
220 || (bounds[d]->get_column ()
221 != dynamic_cast<Item *> (columns.back ())->get_column ())))
224 We're connecting to a column, for the last bit of a broken
228 = robust_scm2double (me->get_property ("full-length-padding"), 1.0);
230 if (bounds[d]->break_status_dir ())
233 Real coord = bounds[d]->relative_coordinate (commonx, X_AXIS);
234 if (to_boolean (me->get_property ("full-length-to-extent")))
235 coord = robust_relative_extent (bounds[d], commonx, X_AXIS)[LEFT];
237 coord = max (coord, x_span[LEFT]);
239 x_span[d] = coord - padding;
243 return ly_interval2scm (x_span - me->get_bound (LEFT)->relative_coordinate (commonx, X_AXIS));
249 in the case that there is no bracket, but there is a (single) beam,
250 follow beam precisely for determining tuplet number location.
252 MAKE_SCHEME_CALLBACK (Tuplet_bracket, print, 1);
254 Tuplet_bracket::print (SCM smob)
256 Spanner *me = unsmob_spanner (smob);
259 extract_grob_set (me, "note-columns", columns);
260 bool equally_long = false;
261 Grob *par_beam = parallel_beam (me, columns, &equally_long);
263 bool bracket_visibility = !(par_beam && equally_long); // Flag, print/don't print tuplet bracket.
265 FIXME: The type of this prop is sucky.
267 SCM bracket_vis_prop = me->get_property ("bracket-visibility");
268 bool bracket_prop = ly_scm2bool (bracket_vis_prop); // Flag, user has set bracket-visibility prop.
269 bool bracket = (bracket_vis_prop == ly_symbol2scm ("if-no-beam"));
270 if (scm_is_bool (bracket_vis_prop))
271 bracket_visibility = bracket_prop;
273 bracket_visibility = !par_beam;
276 Don't print a tuplet bracket and number if
277 no X or Y positions were calculated.
279 SCM scm_x_span = me->get_property ("X-positions");
280 SCM scm_positions = me->get_property ("positions");
281 if (!scm_is_pair (scm_x_span) || !scm_is_pair (scm_positions))
286 /* if the tuplet does not span any time, i.e. a single-note tuplet, hide
287 the bracket, but still let the number be displayed.
288 Only do this if the user has not explicitly specified bracket-visibility = #t.
290 if (!to_boolean (bracket_vis_prop)
291 && (robust_scm2moment (me->get_bound (LEFT)->get_column ()->get_property ("when"), Moment (0))
292 == robust_scm2moment (me->get_bound (RIGHT)->get_column ()->get_property ("when"), Moment (0))))
293 bracket_visibility = false;
295 Interval x_span = robust_scm2interval (scm_x_span, Interval (0.0, 0.0));
296 Interval positions = robust_scm2interval (scm_positions, Interval (0.0, 0.0));
298 Drul_array<Offset> points;
299 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
300 points[d] = Offset (x_span[d], positions[d]);
302 Output_def *pap = me->layout ();
304 Grob *number_grob = unsmob_grob (me->get_object ("tuplet-number"));
307 Don't print the bracket when it would be smaller than the number.
308 ...Unless the user has coded bracket-visibility = #t, that is.
311 if (bracket_visibility && number_grob)
313 Interval ext = number_grob->extent (number_grob, X_AXIS);
314 if (!ext.is_empty ())
316 gap = ext.length () + 1.0;
318 if ((0.75 * x_span.length () < gap) && !bracket_prop)
319 bracket_visibility = false;
323 if (bracket_visibility)
325 Drul_array<Real> zero (0, 0);
326 Real ss = Staff_symbol_referencer::staff_space (me);
327 Drul_array<Real> height
328 = robust_scm2drul (me->get_property ("edge-height"), zero);
329 Drul_array<Real> flare
330 = robust_scm2drul (me->get_property ("bracket-flare"), zero);
331 Drul_array<Real> shorten
332 = robust_scm2drul (me->get_property ("shorten-pair"), zero);
333 Drul_array<Stencil> edge_stencils;
335 Direction dir = get_grob_direction (me);
337 scale_drul (&height, -ss * dir);
338 scale_drul (&flare, ss);
339 scale_drul (&shorten, ss);
341 Drul_array<bool> connect_to_other
342 = robust_scm2booldrul (me->get_property ("connect-to-neighbor"),
343 Drul_array<bool> (false, false));
345 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
347 if (connect_to_other[d])
353 SCM edge_text = me->get_property ("edge-text");
355 if (scm_is_pair (edge_text))
357 SCM properties = Font_interface::text_font_alist_chain (me);
358 SCM text = index_get_cell (edge_text, d);
359 if (Text_interface::is_markup (text))
362 = Text_interface::interpret_markup (pap->self_scm (),
365 Stencil *edge_text = unsmob_stencil (t);
366 edge_text->translate_axis (x_span[d] - x_span[LEFT],
368 edge_stencils[d] = *edge_text;
374 Stencil brack = make_bracket (me, Y_AXIS,
375 points[RIGHT] - points[LEFT],
378 0.1 = more space at right due to italics
379 TODO: use italic correction of font.
381 Interval (-0.5, 0.5) * gap + 0.1,
384 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
386 if (!edge_stencils[d].is_empty ())
387 brack.add_stencil (edge_stencils[d]);
390 mol.add_stencil (brack);
393 mol.translate (points[LEFT]);
394 return mol.smobbed_copy ();
398 should move to lookup?
400 TODO: this will fail for very short (shorter than the flare)
404 Tuplet_bracket::make_bracket (Grob *me, // for line properties.
405 Axis protrusion_axis,
407 Drul_array<Real> height,
409 Drul_array<Real> flare,
410 Drul_array<Real> shorten)
412 Drul_array<Offset> corners (Offset (0, 0), dz);
414 Real length = dz.length ();
415 Drul_array<Offset> gap_corners;
417 Axis bracket_axis = other_axis (protrusion_axis);
419 Drul_array<Offset> straight_corners = corners;
421 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
422 straight_corners[d] += -d * shorten[d] / length * dz;
424 if (!gap.is_empty ())
426 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
427 gap_corners[d] = (dz * 0.5) + gap[d] / length * dz;
430 Drul_array<Offset> flare_corners = straight_corners;
431 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
433 flare_corners[d][bracket_axis] = straight_corners[d][bracket_axis];
434 flare_corners[d][protrusion_axis] += height[d];
435 straight_corners[d][bracket_axis] += -d * flare[d];
439 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
441 if (!gap.is_empty ())
442 m.add_stencil (Line_interface::line (me, straight_corners[d],
445 m.add_stencil (Line_interface::line (me, straight_corners[d],
450 m.add_stencil (Line_interface::line (me, straight_corners[LEFT],
451 straight_corners[RIGHT]));
457 Tuplet_bracket::get_bounds (Grob *me, Grob **left, Grob **right)
459 extract_grob_set (me, "note-columns", columns);
461 while (l < columns.size () && Note_column::has_rests (columns[l]))
464 vsize r = columns.size ();
465 while (r > l && Note_column::has_rests (columns[r - 1]))
473 *right = columns[r - 1];
478 use first -> last note for slope, and then correct for disturbing
481 Tuplet_bracket::calc_position_and_height (Grob *me_grob, Real *offset, Real *dy)
483 Spanner *me = dynamic_cast<Spanner *> (me_grob);
485 extract_grob_set (me, "note-columns", columns);
486 extract_grob_set (me, "tuplets", tuplets);
488 Grob *commony = common_refpoint_of_array (columns, me, Y_AXIS);
489 commony = common_refpoint_of_array (tuplets, commony, Y_AXIS);
490 if (Grob *st = Staff_symbol_referencer::get_staff_symbol (me))
491 commony = st->common_refpoint (commony, Y_AXIS);
492 Real my_offset = me->relative_coordinate (commony, Y_AXIS);
494 Grob *commonx = get_common_x (me);
495 commonx = common_refpoint_of_array (tuplets, commonx, Y_AXIS);
498 Grob *st = Staff_symbol_referencer::get_staff_symbol (me);
500 /* staff-padding doesn't work correctly on cross-staff tuplets
501 because it only considers one staff symbol. Until this works,
503 if (st && !to_boolean (me->get_property ("cross-staff")))
505 Real pad = robust_scm2double (me->get_property ("staff-padding"), -1.0);
508 staff = st->extent (commony, Y_AXIS) - my_offset;
513 Direction dir = get_grob_direction (me);
515 bool equally_long = false;
516 Grob *par_beam = parallel_beam (me, columns, &equally_long);
518 Item *lgr = get_x_bound_item (me, LEFT, dir);
519 Item *rgr = get_x_bound_item (me, RIGHT, dir);
520 Real x0 = robust_relative_extent (lgr, commonx, X_AXIS)[LEFT];
521 Real x1 = robust_relative_extent (rgr, commonx, X_AXIS)[RIGHT];
522 bool follow_beam = par_beam
523 && get_grob_direction (par_beam) == dir
524 && !to_boolean (par_beam->get_property ("knee"));
526 vector<Offset> points;
529 && Note_column::get_stem (columns[0])
530 && Note_column::get_stem (columns.back ()))
532 Drul_array<Grob *> stems (Note_column::get_stem (columns[0]),
533 Note_column::get_stem (columns.back ()));
536 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (side))
538 // Trigger setting of stem lengths if necessary.
539 if (Grob *beam = Stem::get_beam (stems[side]))
540 (void) beam->get_property ("quantized-positions");
541 poss[side] = stems[side]->extent (stems[side], Y_AXIS)[get_grob_direction (stems[side])]
542 + stems[side]->get_parent (Y_AXIS)->relative_coordinate (commony, Y_AXIS);
545 *dy = poss[RIGHT] - poss[LEFT];
546 points.push_back (Offset (stems[LEFT]->relative_coordinate (commonx, X_AXIS) - x0, poss[LEFT]));
547 points.push_back (Offset (stems[RIGHT]->relative_coordinate (commonx, X_AXIS) - x0, poss[RIGHT]));
552 Use outer non-rest columns to determine slope
556 get_bounds (me, &left_col, &right_col);
557 if (left_col && right_col)
559 Interval rv = Note_column::cross_staff_extent (right_col, commony);
560 Interval lv = Note_column::cross_staff_extent (left_col, commony);
564 Real graphical_dy = rv[dir] - lv[dir];
566 Slice ls = Note_column::head_positions_interval (left_col);
567 Slice rs = Note_column::head_positions_interval (right_col);
570 musical_dy[UP] = rs[UP] - ls[UP];
571 musical_dy[DOWN] = rs[DOWN] - ls[DOWN];
572 if (sign (musical_dy[UP]) != sign (musical_dy[DOWN]))
574 else if (sign (graphical_dy) != sign (musical_dy[DOWN]))
582 for (vsize i = 0; i < columns.size (); i++)
584 Interval note_ext = Note_column::cross_staff_extent (columns[i],
586 Real x = columns[i]->relative_coordinate (commonx, X_AXIS) - x0;
588 points.push_back (Offset (x, note_ext[dir]));
594 points.push_back (Offset (x0 - x0, staff[dir]));
595 points.push_back (Offset (x1 - x0, staff[dir]));
599 This is a slight hack. We compute two encompass points from the
600 bbox of the smaller tuplets.
602 We assume that the smaller bracket is 1.0 space high.
604 Real ss = Staff_symbol_referencer::staff_space (me);
605 for (vsize i = 0; i < tuplets.size (); i++)
607 Interval tuplet_x (tuplets[i]->extent (commonx, X_AXIS));
608 Interval tuplet_y (tuplets[i]->extent (commony, Y_AXIS));
610 if (!tuplets[i]->is_live ())
613 Drul_array<Real> positions
614 = robust_scm2interval (tuplets[i]->get_property ("positions"),
617 Real other_dy = positions[RIGHT] - positions[LEFT];
619 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
622 = tuplet_y.linear_combination (d * sign (other_dy));
625 We don't take padding into account for nested tuplets.
626 the edges can come very close to the stems, likewise for
630 points.push_back (Offset (tuplet_x[d] - x0, y));
633 // Check for number-on-bracket collisions
634 Grob *number = unsmob_grob (tuplets[i]->get_object ("tuplet-number"));
636 points.push_back (Offset (number->extent (commonx, X_AXIS).center () - x0,
637 number->extent (commony, Y_AXIS)[dir]));
640 if (to_boolean (me->get_property ("avoid-scripts"))
641 && !scm_is_number (me->get_property ("outside-staff-priority")))
643 extract_grob_set (me, "scripts", scripts);
644 for (vsize i = 0; i < scripts.size (); i++)
646 if (!scripts[i]->is_live ())
648 if (scm_is_number (scripts[i]->get_property ("outside-staff-priority")))
651 // assume that if a script is avoiding slurs, it should not get placed
652 // under a tuplet bracket
653 SCM avoid = scripts[i]->get_property ("avoid-slur");
654 if (unsmob_grob (scripts[i]->get_object ("slur"))
655 && (avoid == ly_symbol2scm ("outside")
656 || avoid == ly_symbol2scm ("around")))
659 Interval script_x (scripts[i]->extent (commonx, X_AXIS));
660 Interval script_y (scripts[i]->extent (commony, Y_AXIS));
662 points.push_back (Offset (script_x.center () - x0,
667 *offset = -dir * infinity_f;
668 Real factor = (columns.size () > 1) ? 1 / (x1 - x0) : 1.0;
669 for (vsize i = 0; i < points.size (); i++)
671 Real x = points[i][X_AXIS];
672 Real tuplety = (*dy) * x * factor + my_offset;
674 if (points[i][Y_AXIS] * dir > (*offset + tuplety) * dir)
675 *offset = points[i][Y_AXIS] - tuplety;
678 *offset += scm_to_double (me->get_property ("padding")) * dir;
681 horizontal brackets should not collide with staff lines.
683 This doesn't seem to support cross-staff tuplets atm.
687 // quantize, then do collision check.
690 Interval staff_span = Staff_symbol_referencer::staff_span (me);
691 if (staff_span.contains (*offset))
693 *offset = rint (*offset);
694 if (Staff_symbol_referencer::on_line (me, int (*offset)))
702 MAKE_SCHEME_CALLBACK (Tuplet_bracket, calc_direction, 1);
704 Tuplet_bracket::calc_direction (SCM smob)
706 Grob *me = unsmob_grob (smob);
707 Direction dir = Tuplet_bracket::get_default_dir (me);
708 return scm_from_int (dir);
711 MAKE_SCHEME_CALLBACK (Tuplet_bracket, calc_positions, 1);
713 Tuplet_bracket::calc_positions (SCM smob)
715 Spanner *me = unsmob_spanner (smob);
719 calc_position_and_height (me, &offset, &dy);
721 SCM x = scm_cons (scm_from_double (offset),
722 scm_from_double (offset + dy));
731 Tuplet_bracket::get_default_dir (Grob *me)
733 Drul_array<int> dirs (0, 0);
734 extract_grob_set (me, "note-columns", columns);
735 for (vsize i = 0; i < columns.size (); i++)
737 Grob *nc = columns[i];
738 if (Note_column::has_rests (nc))
740 Direction d = Note_column::dir (nc);
745 if (dirs[UP] == dirs[DOWN])
749 Grob *staff = Staff_symbol_referencer::get_staff_symbol (me);
752 Interval staff_extent = staff->extent (staff, Y_AXIS);
753 Interval extremal_positions;
754 extremal_positions.set_empty ();
755 for (vsize i = 0; i < columns.size (); i++)
757 Direction d = Note_column::dir (columns[i]);
758 extremal_positions[d] = minmax (d, 1.0 * Note_column::head_positions_interval (columns[i])[d], extremal_positions[d]);
760 for (LEFT_and_RIGHT (d))
761 extremal_positions[d] = -d * (staff_extent[d] - extremal_positions[d]);
763 return extremal_positions[UP] <= extremal_positions[DOWN] ? UP : DOWN;
766 return dirs[UP] > dirs[DOWN] ? UP : DOWN;
770 Tuplet_bracket::add_column (Grob *me, Item *n)
772 Pointer_group_interface::add_grob (me, ly_symbol2scm ("note-columns"), n);
773 add_bound_item (dynamic_cast<Spanner *> (me), n);
777 Tuplet_bracket::add_script (Grob *me, Item *s)
779 Pointer_group_interface::add_grob (me, ly_symbol2scm ("scripts"), s);
783 Tuplet_bracket::add_tuplet_bracket (Grob *me, Grob *bracket)
785 Pointer_group_interface::add_grob (me, ly_symbol2scm ("tuplets"), bracket);
788 MAKE_SCHEME_CALLBACK (Tuplet_bracket, calc_cross_staff, 1);
790 Tuplet_bracket::calc_cross_staff (SCM smob)
792 Grob *me = unsmob_grob (smob);
793 extract_grob_set (me, "note-columns", cols);
794 extract_grob_set (me, "tuplets", tuplets);
796 Grob *commony = common_refpoint_of_array (cols, me, Y_AXIS);
797 commony = common_refpoint_of_array (tuplets, commony, Y_AXIS);
798 if (Grob *st = Staff_symbol_referencer::get_staff_symbol (me))
799 commony = st->common_refpoint (commony, Y_AXIS);
800 if (me->check_cross_staff (commony))
803 bool equally_long = false;
804 Grob *par_beam = parallel_beam (me, cols, &equally_long);
806 if (par_beam && to_boolean (par_beam->get_property ("cross-staff")))
809 for (vsize i = 0; i < cols.size (); i++)
811 Grob *stem = unsmob_grob (cols[i]->get_object ("stem"));
812 if (stem && to_boolean (stem->get_property ("cross-staff")))
819 ADD_INTERFACE (Tuplet_bracket,
820 "A bracket with a number in the middle, used for tuplets."
821 " When the bracket spans a line break, the value of"
822 " @code{break-overshoot} determines how far it extends"
823 " beyond the staff. At a line break, the markups in the"
824 " @code{edge-text} are printed at the edges.",
829 "bracket-visibility "
831 "connect-to-neighbor "
835 "full-length-padding "
836 "full-length-to-extent "