@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*- @ignore Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore @c \version "2.11.51" @node Fretted string instruments @section Fretted string instruments @lilypondfile[quote]{fretted-headword.ly} This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique to fretted string instruments. @cindex tablature @cindex guitar tablature @menu * Common notation for fretted strings:: * Guitar:: * Banjo:: @end menu @node Common notation for fretted strings @subsection Common notation for fretted strings This section discusses common notation that is unique to fretted string instruments. @menu * References for fretted strings:: * String number indications:: * Default tablatures:: * Custom tablatures:: * Fret diagrams:: * Right-hand fingerings:: @end menu @node References for fretted strings @subsubsection References for fretted strings Music for fretted string instruments is normally notated on a single staff, either in traditional music notation or in tablature. Sometimes the two types are combined, and it is especially common in popular music to use chord diagrams above a staff of traditional notation. The guitar and the banjo are transposing instruments, sounding an octave lower than written. Scores for these instruments should use the @code{"treble_8"} clef. Some other elements pertinent to fretted string instruments are covered elsewhere: @itemize @item Fingerings are indicated with @ref{Fingering instructions}. @item Instructions for @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos is described in @ref{Ties}. @item Instructions on handling multiple voices is described in @ref{Collision resolution}. @end itemize @seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Instrument names}, @ref{Writing music in parallel}, @ref{Fingering instructions}, @ref{Ties}, @ref{Arpeggio}, @ref{List of articulations}, @ref{Clef}. @node String number indications @subsubsection String number indications @cindex String numbers The string on which a note should be played may be indicated by appending @code{\@var{number}} to a note inside a chord construct @code{<>}. @warning{String numbers @strong{must} be defined inside a chord construct even if there is only a single note.} @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=0] \clef "treble_8" 4 2 1 @end lilypond When fingerings and string indications are used together, their placement is controlled by the order in which the two items appear in the code: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] \clef "treble_8" 2 @end lilypond @snippets @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings.ly} @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {allowing-fingerings-to-be-printed-inside-the-staff.ly} @seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Fingering instructions}. Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{StringNumber}, @rinternals{Fingering}. @node Default tablatures @subsubsection Default tablatures @cindex Tablatures, basic @cindex Tablatures, default Tablature notation is used for notating music for plucked string instruments. Pitches are not denoted with note heads, but by numbers indicating on which string and fret a note must be played. LilyPond offers limited support for tablature. The string number associated with a note is given as a backslash followed by a number. By default, string 1 is the highest, and the tuning defaults to the standard guitar tuning (with 6 strings). The notes are printed as tablature, by using @code{TabStaff} and @code{TabVoice} contexts @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \new TabStaff { a,4\5 c'\2 a\3 e'\1 e\4 c'\2 a\3 e'\1 } @end lilypond @funindex minimumFret @cindex fret When no string is specified for a note, the note is assigned to the lowest string that can generate the note with a fret number greater than or equal to @code{minimumFret} is selected. The default value for @code{minimumFret} is 0. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c { \clef "treble_8" c16 d e f g4 c,16 d e f g4 } \new TabStaff \relative c { c16 d e f g4 \set TabStaff.minimumFret = #5 c,16 d e f g4 } >> @end lilypond @snippets The direction of stems is controlled the same way in tablature as in traditional notation. Beams can be made horizontal: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \new TabStaff { \relative c { g16 b d g b d g b \stemDown \override Beam #'damping = #100000 g,,16 b d g b d g b } } @end lilypond Polyphony is created the same way in a @code{TabStaff} as in a regular staff. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] upper = \relative c' { \time 12/8 \key e \minor \voiceOne r4. r8 e, fis g16 b g e e' b c b a g fis e } lower = \relative c { \key e \minor \voiceTwo r16 e d c b a g4 fis8 e fis g a b c } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "tab with traditional" << \new Staff = "guitar traditional" << \clef "treble_8" \context Voice = "upper" \upper \context Voice = "lower" \lower >> \new TabStaff = "guitar tab" << \context TabVoice = "upper" \upper \context TabVoice = "lower" \lower >> >> >> } @end lilypond @seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Stems}. Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{TabNoteHead}, @rinternals{TabStaff}, @rinternals{TabVoice}, @rinternals{Beam}. @knownissues Chords are not handled in a special way, and hence the automatic string selector may easily select the same string for two notes in a chord. In order to handle @code{\partcombine}, a @code{TabStaff} must use specially-created voices: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] melodia = \partcombine { e4 g g g }{ e4 e e e } << \new TabStaff << \new TabVoice = "one" s1 \new TabVoice = "two" s1 \new TabVoice = "shared" s1 \new TabVoice = "solo" s1 { \melodia } >> >> @end lilypond @node Custom tablatures @subsubsection Custom tablatures @cindex Tablatures, custom You can change the tuning of the strings. A string tuning is given as a Scheme list with one integer number for each string, the number being the pitch (measured in semitones relative to middle C) of an open string. The numbers specified for @code{stringTunings} are the numbers of semitones to subtract or add, starting the specified pitch by default middle C, in string order. LilyPond automatically calculates the number of strings by looking at @code{stringTunings}. In the next example, @code{stringTunings} is set for the pitches e, a, d, and g. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \new TabStaff << \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #'(-5 -10 -15 -20) { a,4 c' a e' e c' a e' } >> @end lilypond LilyPond comes with predefined string tunings for banjo, mandolin, guitar and bass guitar. Lilypond automatically sets the correct transposition for predefined tunings. The following example is for bass guitar, which sounds an octave lower than written. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] << \new Staff << \clef "bass_8" \relative c, { c4 d e f } >> \new TabStaff << \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #bass-tuning \relative c, { c4 d e f } >> >> @end lilypond The default string tuning is @code{guitar-tuning} (the standard EADGBE tuning). Some other predefined tunings are @code{guitar-open-g-tuning}, @code{mandolin-tuning} and @code{banjo-open-g-tuning}. @seealso Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. The file @file{scm/@/output@/-lib@/.scm} contains the predefined string tunings. Internals Reference: @rinternals{Tab_note_heads_engraver}. @knownissues No guitar special effects have been implemented. @node Fret diagrams @subsubsection Fret diagrams @cindex fret diagrams @cindex chord diagrams Fret diagrams can be added to music as a markup to the desired note. The markup contains information about the desired fret diagram. There are three different fret-diagram markup interfaces: standard, terse, and verbose. The three interfaces produce equivalent markups, but have varying amounts of information in the markup string. Details about the markup interfaces are found at @ref{Text markup commands}. The following example shows the three fret-diagram markup interfaces, along with examples of common tweaks. For example, the size of the verbose fret diagram is reduced to 0.75, and the finger indications are specified to appear below the diagram. The terse diagram includes tweaks to specify placement of finger code and color of dots. @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] \new Voice { \clef "treble_8" d^\markup \fret-diagram #"6-x;5-x;4-o;3-2;2-3;1-2;" d d d fis^\markup \override #'(size . 0.75) { \override #'(finger-code . below-string) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((place-fret 6 2 1) (barre 6 1 2) (place-fret 5 4 3) (place-fret 4 4 4) (place-fret 3 3 2) (place-fret 2 2 1) (place-fret 1 2 1)) } } fis fis fis c^\markup \override #'(dot-radius . 0.35) { \override #'(finger-code . in-dot) { \override #'(dot-color . white) { \fret-diagram-terse #"x;3-1-(;5-2;5-3;5-4;3-1-);" } } } c c c } @end lilypond You can set a number of graphical properties according to your preference. Details about the property interface to fret diagrams are found at @rinternals{fret-diagram-interface}. @seealso Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. @node Right-hand fingerings @subsubsection Right-hand fingerings Right-hand fingerings @var{p-i-m-a} must be entered within a chord construct @code{<>} for them to be printed in the score, even when applied to a single note. @warning{There @strong{must} be a hyphen after the note and a space before the closing @code{>}.} @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=0] \clef "treble_8" 4 1 @end lilypond For convenience, you can abbreviate @code{\rightHandFinger} to something short, for example @code{RH}, @example #(define RH rightHandFinger) @end example @cindex fingerings, right hand, for guitar @cindex right hand fingerings for guitar @snippets You may exercise greater control over the placement of right-hand fingerings by setting @code{strokeFingerOrientations}, @lilypond[quote,verbatim] #(define RH rightHandFinger) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up down) 4 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up right down) 4 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(left) 2 } @end lilypond This example combines left-hand fingering, string indication, and right-hand fingering @lilypond[quote,verbatim] #(define RH rightHandFinger) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" 4 } @end lilypond @seealso Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{StrokeFinger}. @node Guitar @subsection Guitar @c TODO Make a snippet based on @c http://www.nabble.com/Creating-a-nice-formatted-Chords-%2B-Lyrics-layout-for-guitar-players-to13829430.html @c and include it somewhere -td @menu * Guitar tablatures:: * Indicating position and barring:: * Indicating harmonics and dampened notes:: @end menu @node Guitar tablatures @subsubsection Guitar tablatures @c TODO Add text TBC @node Indicating position and barring @subsubsection Indicating position and barring This example demonstrates how to include guitar position and barring indications. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=0] \clef "treble_8" b16 d g b e \textSpannerDown \override TextSpanner #'bound-details #'left #'text = #"XII " g16\startTextSpan b16 e g e b g\stopTextSpan e16 b g d @end lilypond @node Indicating harmonics and dampened notes @subsubsection Indicating harmonics and dampened notes Special note heads can be used to indicate dampened notes or harmonics. Harmonics are normally further explained with a text markup. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \relative c' { \clef "treble_8" \override Staff.NoteHead #'style = #'cross g8 a b c b4 \override Staff.NoteHead #'style = #'harmonic-mixed d^\markup { \italic { \fontsize #-2 { "harm. 12" }}} 1 } @end lilypond @seealso Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. Notation Reference: @ref{Special note heads}, @ref{Note head styles}. @node Banjo @subsection Banjo @menu * Banjo tablatures:: @end menu @node Banjo tablatures @subsubsection Banjo tablatures @cindex Banjo tablatures LilyPond has basic support for the five-string banjo. When making tablatures for five-string banjo, use the banjo tablature format function to get correct fret numbers for the fifth string: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \new TabStaff << \set TabStaff.tablatureFormat = #fret-number-tablature-format-banjo \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #banjo-open-g-tuning { \stemDown g8 d' g'\5 a b g e d' | g4 d''8\5 b' a'\2 g'\5 e'\2 d' | g4 } >> @end lilypond A number of common tunings for banjo are predefined in LilyPond: @code{banjo-c-tuning} (gCGBD), @code{banjo-modal-tuning} (gDGCD), @code{banjo-open-d-tuning} (aDF#AD) and @code{banjo-open-dm-tuning} (aDFAD). These tunings may be converted to four string banjo tunings using the @code{four-string-banjo} function: @example \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #(four-string-banjo banjo-c-tuning) @end example @seealso Snippets: @rlsr{Fretted strings}. The file @file{scm/@/output@/-lib@/.scm} contains predefined banjo tunings.