@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
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@c \version "2.15.10"

@node Percussion
@section Percussion

@menu
* Common notation for percussion::
@end menu

@node Common notation for percussion
@subsection Common notation for percussion

Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can
also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.

@menu
* References for percussion::
* Basic percussion notation::
* Drum rolls::
* Pitched percussion::
* Percussion staves::
* Custom percussion staves::
* Ghost notes::
@end menu

@node References for percussion
@unnumberedsubsubsec References for percussion

@c TODO add more references.

@itemize

@item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
@ref{Instantiating new staves}.

@item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.

@end itemize


@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Showing melody rhythms},
@ref{Instantiating new staves}.
@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Percussion}.


@node Basic percussion notation
@unnumberedsubsubsec Basic percussion notation

@cindex percussion
@cindex drums

Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
similar to the standard mode for entering notes.  The simplest way
to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\drums {
  hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
}
@end lilypond

This is shorthand for:

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new DrumStaff {
  \drummode {
    hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
  }
}
@end lilypond

Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
and both can be used in input files.  The full list of percussion
note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.

@cindex clef, percussion
@cindex percussion clef

Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in a
@code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message.  Percussion clefs
are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff} context but they can also
be set explicitly.  Other clefs may be used as well.

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\drums {
  \clef percussion
  bd4 bd bd bd
  \clef treble
  hh4 hh hh hh
}
@end lilypond


There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.


@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Percussion in MIDI},
@ref{Percussion notes}.

File:
@file{ly/drumpitch-init.ly}

Snippets:
@rlsr{Percussion}.


@node Drum rolls
@unnumberedsubsubsec Drum rolls

Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem.  For
quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
supplement the beams.  This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\drums {
  \time 2/4
  sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32 ~
  sn8 sn8 sn4:32 ~
  sn4 sn8 sn16 sn16
  sn4 r4
}
@end lilypond

Sticking can be indicated by placing a markup for @code{"R"}
or @code{"L"} above or below notes, as discussed in
@ref{Direction and placement}.  The @code{staff-padding} property
may be overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\drums {
  \repeat unfold 2 {
    sn16^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R"
    \stemUp
    sn16_"L" sn_"R" sn_"L" sn_"L" sn_"R" sn_"L" sn_"R" sn_"R"
  }
}
@end lilypond


@seealso

Notation Reference:
@ref{Tremolo repeats}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Percussion}.


@node Pitched percussion
@unnumberedsubsubsec Pitched percussion

Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves.
This is covered in other sections of the manual.


@seealso
@c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
@c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
@c pitched percussion sounds.  -gp
Notation Reference:
@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Percussion}.


@node Percussion staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Percussion staves

@cindex percussion
@cindex drums

A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
piece of percussion.  To typeset the music, the notes must be
interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
up = \drummode {
  crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
}
down = \drummode {
  bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
}
\new DrumStaff <<
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
>>
@end lilypond

The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation.  The short
polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
can also be used.
For example,

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new DrumStaff <<
  \drummode {
    bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
    << {
      \repeat unfold 16 hh16
    } \\ {
      bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
    } >>
  }
>>
@end lilypond

There are also other layout possibilities.  To use these, set the
property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}.  The
following variables have been predefined:

@c TODO: decide what to do about this table.  (ie verbatim or not)
@table @code

@item drums-style
This is the default.  It typesets a typical drum kit on a
five-line staff:

@lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
nam = \lyricmode {
  cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp
  cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl }
mus = \drummode {
  cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp \break
  cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl s16 }
\score {
  << \new DrumStaff \with {
       \remove Bar_engraver
       \remove Time_signature_engraver
       \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
       \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
       \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
     } \mus
     \new Lyrics \nam
  >>
  \layout {
    \context {
      \Score
      \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
      \override BarNumber #'transparent =##T
    }
  }
}
@end lilypond

The drum scheme supports six different toms.  When there are fewer
toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result.  For
example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
@code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.

@item timbales-style
This typesets timbales on a two line staff:

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
mus = \drummode { timh ssh timl ssl cb s16 }

<<
  \new DrumStaff \with {
    \remove Bar_engraver
    \remove Time_signature_engraver
    \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
    \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
    \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
    \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
    \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
    \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3.0 . 4.0)
    drumStyleTable = #timbales-style
  } \mus
  \new Lyrics {
    \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
    \nam
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@item congas-style
This typesets congas on a two line staff:

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
mus = \drummode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl s16 }

<<
  \new DrumStaff \with {
    \remove Bar_engraver
    \remove Time_signature_engraver
    drumStyleTable = #congas-style
    \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2

    %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
    \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
    \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
    \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
    \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
  } \mus
  \new Lyrics {
    \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
    \nam
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@item bongos-style
This typesets bongos on a two line staff:

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
mus = \drummode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl s16 }

<<
  \new DrumStaff \with {
    \remove Bar_engraver
    \remove Time_signature_engraver
    \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
    drumStyleTable = #bongos-style

    %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
    \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
    \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
    \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
    \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
  } \mus
  \new Lyrics {
    \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
    \nam
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@item percussion-style
To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
mus = \drummode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc s16 }

<<
  \new DrumStaff \with{
    \remove Bar_engraver
    drumStyleTable = #percussion-style
    \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #1
    \remove Time_signature_engraver
    \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
    \override Flag #'transparent = ##t
    \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
  } \mus
  \new Lyrics {
    \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
    \nam
  }
>>
@end lilypond
@end table


@node Custom percussion staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Custom percussion staves

If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
own list at the top of your file.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '(
         (bassdrum        default   #f           -1)
         (snare           default   #f           0)
         (hihat           cross     #f           1)
         (halfopenhihat   cross     "halfopen"   1)
         (pedalhihat      xcircle   "stopped"    2)
         (lowtom          diamond   #f           3)))
up = \drummode { hh8 hh hhho hhho hhp4 hhp }
down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml }

\new DrumStaff <<
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
  \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
>>
@end lilypond


@snippets

@c TODO: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR!  -gp

Here are some examples:

Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
% These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave;
% if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads
% for the woodblocks.
#(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t  3)
                   (lowoodblock default #t -2)))

woodstaff = {
  % This defines a staff with only two lines.
  % It also defines the positions of the two lines.
  \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)

  % This is necessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short!
  \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
}

\new DrumStaff {
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)

  % with this you load your new drum style table
  \woodstaff

  \drummode {
    \time 2/4
    wbl8 wbl16 wbl wbh8-> wbl |
    wbl8 wbl16 wbh-> ~ wbh wbl16 r8 |
  }
}
@end lilypond

Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent #'(from . to)}.
Otherwise it would be too short.  And you have also to define the
positions of the two stafflines.  For more information about these
delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.

A tambourine, entered with @q{tamb}:

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0)))

tambustaff = {
  \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
  \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
  \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tambourine"
}

\new DrumStaff {
  \tambustaff
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)

  \drummode {
    \time 6/8
    tamb8. tamb16 tamb8 tamb tamb tamb |
    tamb4. tamb8 tamb tamb |
    % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest
    % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
    tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
  }
}
@end lilypond

Music for Tam-Tam (entered with @q{tt}):

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0)))

tamtamstaff = {
  \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
  \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
  \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tamtam"
}

\new DrumStaff {
  \tamtamstaff
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)

  \drummode {
    tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
  }
}
@end lilypond

Two different bells, entered with @q{cb} (cowbell) and @q{rb} (ridebell)

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t  3)
                   (cowbell  default #t -2)))

bellstaff = {
  \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
  \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
  \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5)
  \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Different Bells"
}

\new DrumStaff {
  \bellstaff
  \drummode {
    \time 2/4
    rb8 rb cb cb16 rb-> ~ |
    rb16 rb8 rb16 cb8 cb |
  }
}
@end lilypond

Here a short example taken from Stravinsky's @q{L'histoire du Soldat}.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '((bassdrum   default #t  4)
                   (snare      default #t -4)
                   (tambourine default #t  0)))

global = {
  \time 3/8 s4.
  \time 2/4 s2*2
  \time 3/8 s4.
  \time 2/4 s2
}

drumsA = {
  \context DrumVoice <<
    { \global }
    { \drummode {
        \autoBeamOff
        \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
        sn4 \stemDown sn4 |
        \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
        \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
        \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb
      }
    }
  >>
}

drumsB = {
  \drummode {
    s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8
  }
}

\layout {
  indent = #40
}

\score {
  \new StaffGroup <<
    \new DrumStaff {
      \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = \markup {
        \column {
          "Tambourine"
          "et"
          "caisse claire s. timbre"
        }
      }
      \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
      \drumsA
    }

   \new DrumStaff {
     \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse"
     \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
     \drumsB }
  >>
}
@end lilypond


@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Percussion}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{DrumStaff},
@rinternals{DrumVoice}.


@c TODO: check name -gp
@node Ghost notes
@unnumberedsubsubsec Ghost notes

Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
@code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the
@code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this.

@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new DrumStaff \with {
  \consists "Parenthesis_engraver"
}
<<
  \context DrumVoice  = "1" { s1 }
  \context DrumVoice  = "2" { s1 }
  \drummode {
    <<
      {
        hh8[ hh] <hh sn> hh16
        < \parenthesize sn > hh
        < \parenthesize sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
      } \\
      {
        bd4 r4 bd8 bd r8 bd
      }
    >>
  }
>>
@end lilypond

@noindent
Also note that you must add chords (@code{< >} brackets)
around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.


@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Percussion}.