From bd762aff5a079bc585a3233c09b62bb2c1c3d312 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Joseph Wakeling Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2009 21:33:41 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Extended documentation on Turkish classical music and Makam. * New section on 'Non-Western note names and accidentals' in the Pitches section of the Notation Reference. Contains table of accidentals for makam.ly. * New section on Turkish classical music in the World Music section of the Notation Reference. --- Documentation/notation/pitches.itely | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- Documentation/notation/world.itely | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely index b02e6da553..7951310b54 100644 --- a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely +++ b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ mode. In most cases, relative mode will be more convenient. * Relative octave entry:: * Accidentals:: * Note names in other languages:: +* Non-Western note names and accidentals:: @end menu @@ -388,9 +389,6 @@ cis @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {preventing-extra-naturals-from-being-automatically-added.ly} -@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] -{makam-example.ly} - @seealso Music Glossary: @@ -573,6 +571,70 @@ Snippets: @rlsr{Pitches}. +@node Non-Western note names and accidentals +@unnumberedsubsubsec Non-Western note names and accidentals + +Many non-Western musics (and some Western folk and +traditional musics) employ alternative or extended tuning +systems that do not fit readily into standard classical +notation. + +In some cases standard notation is still used, with the +pitch differences being implicit. For example, Arabic +music is notated with standard semitone and quarter-tone +accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being +determined by context. Others require extended or unique +notations. + +@notation{Turkish classical music}, or Ottoman music, +employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar}, whose +intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone. +From a modern notational point of view, it is convenient +to use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...) +with special accidentals unique to Turkish music. These +accidentals are defined in @file{makam.ly} (see the +Learning Manual 2.12.2, section 4.6.3, `Other sources of +information', for the location of this file). The +following table gives their names, the accidental suffix +that must be added to notes, and their pitch alteration +as a fraction of one whole tone. + +@c TODO: can we include the actual accidentals in this table? +@quotation +@multitable {@b{büyük mücenneb (sharp)}} {@b{suffix}} {@b{pitch alteration}} +@headitem Accidental name + @tab suffix @tab pitch alteration + +@item büyük mücenneb (sharp) + @tab -bm @tab +8/9 +@item kücük mücenneb (sharp) + @tab -k @tab +5/9 +@item bakiye (sharp) + @tab -b @tab +4/9 +@item koma (sharp) + @tab -c @tab +1/9 + +@item koma (flat) + @tab -fc @tab -1/9 +@item bakiye (flat) + @tab -fb @tab -4/9 +@item kücük mücenneb (flat) + @tab -fk @tab -5/9 +@item büyük mücenneb (flat) + @tab -fbm @tab -8/9 +@end multitable +@end quotation + +For further information on Turkish classical music and +makamlar, see @ref{Turkish classical music}. + + +@snippets + +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{makam-example.ly} + + @node Changing multiple pitches @subsection Changing multiple pitches diff --git a/Documentation/notation/world.itely b/Documentation/notation/world.itely index 0d7d5a5013..26b38fe63f 100644 --- a/Documentation/notation/world.itely +++ b/Documentation/notation/world.itely @@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ that are relevant to traditions outside the Western tradition. @menu * Arabic music:: +* Turkish classical music:: @end menu @node Arabic music @@ -381,3 +382,64 @@ George Farah Ibrahim Ali Darwish Al-masri @end itemize @end enumerate + + +@node Turkish classical music +@subsection Turkish classical music + +This section highlights issues that are relevant to notating Turkish +classical music. + +@menu +* References for Turkish classical music:: +* Turkish note names:: +@c TODO * Turkish key signatures:: +@c TODO * Turkish time signatures:: +@c TODO * Turkish music example:: +@c TODO * Further reading:: +@end menu + + +@node References for Turkish classical music +@unnumberedsubsubsec References for Turkish classical music + +@cindex Turkish music +@cindex Ottoman music +@cindex comma intervals +@cindex makam +@cindex makamlar + +Turkish classical music developed in the Ottoman Empire in a +period roughly contemporaneous with classical music in Europe, +and has continued on into the 20th and 21st centuries as a +vibrant and distinct tradition with its own compositional +forms, theory and performance styles. Among its striking +features is the use of microtonal intervals based on `commas' +of 1/9 of a tone, from which are constructed the melodic +forms known as @notation{makam} (plural @notation{makamlar}). + + +@node Turkish note names +@unnumberedsubsubsec Turkish note names + +@cindex Turkish note names +@cindex makam +@cindex makamlar + +Pitches in Turkish classical music traditionally have unique +names, and the basis of pitch on 1/9-tone divisions means +makamlar employ a completely different set of intervals from +Western scales and modes: @notation{koma} (1/9 of a tone), +@notation{eksik bakiye} (3/9), @notation{bakiye} (4/9), +@notation{kücük mücenneb} (5/9), @notation{büyük mücenneb} +(8/9), @notation{tanîni} (a whole tone) and +@notation{artık ikili} (12/9 or 13/9 of a tone). + +From a modern notational point of view it is convenient to +use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...) with +special accidentals that raise or lower notes by intervals +of 1/9, 4/9, 5/9 and 8/9 of a tone. These accidentals are +defined in the file @file{makam.ly} (see the Learning Manual +2.12.2, section 4.6.3, `Other sources of information', for +the location of this file) and are described in more detail +in @ref{Non-Western note names and accidentals}. -- 2.39.2