From: Ralph Palmer Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2008 10:47:41 +0000 (+0100) Subject: LM Index tutorial.itely X-Git-Tag: release/2.11.58-1~30^2~4 X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=8757a7b32fa2173e48f2b06e8649b08888647677;p=lilypond.git LM Index tutorial.itely --- diff --git a/Documentation/user/tutorial.itely b/Documentation/user/tutorial.itely index 0ad6e8f903..acc2cb68ae 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/tutorial.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/tutorial.itely @@ -61,6 +61,11 @@ This section gives a basic introduction to working with LilyPond. @node Compiling a file @subsection Compiling a file +@cindex compiling +@cindex first example +@cindex example, first +@cindex case sensitive + @qq{Compiling} is the term used for processing an input file in LilyPond format to produce a file which can be printed and (optionally) a MIDI file which can be played. LilyPond input @@ -94,7 +99,6 @@ be omitted in some examples in this manual, but don't forget them in your own music! For more information about the display of examples in the manual, see @ref{How to read the manual}.} -@cindex case sensitive In addition, LilyPond input is @strong{case sensitive}. @w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input; @w{@code{@{ C D E @}}} will produce an error message. @@ -105,6 +109,13 @@ produce an error message. @cindex PDF file @cindex viewing music +@cindex text editors +@cindex running LilyPond under MacOS X +@cindex MacOS X, running LilyPond +@cindex running LilyPond under Windows +@cindex Windows, running LilyPond +@cindex running LilyPond under Unix +@cindex Unix, running LilyPond In this section we will explain what commands to run and how to view or print the output. @@ -192,6 +203,9 @@ Converting to `test.pdf'... @node Simple notation @subsection Simple notation +@cindex simple notation +@cindex notation, simple + LilyPond will add some notation elements automatically. In the next example, we have only specified four pitches, but LilyPond has added a clef, time signature, and rhythms. @@ -209,6 +223,18 @@ values are useful. @subheading Pitches +@cindex pitches +@cindex relative mode +@cindex quote, single +@cindex comma +@cindex accidentals and relative mode +@cindex relative mode, and accidentals + +@funindex \relative +@funindex relative +@funindex ' +@funindex , + Music Glossary: @rglos{pitch}, @rglos{interval}, @rglos{scale}, @rglos{middle C}, @rglos{octave}, @rglos{accidental}. @@ -306,6 +332,15 @@ this. @subheading Durations (rhythms) +@cindex note durations +@cindex durations +@cindex rhythms +@cindex whole note +@cindex half note +@cindex quarter note +@cindex dotted note +@cindex notating durations + Music Glossary: @rglos{beam}, @rglos{duration}, @rglos{whole note}, @rglos{half note}, @rglos{quarter note}, @rglos{dotted note}. @@ -341,6 +376,9 @@ explicitly (i.e., with a number). @subheading Rests +@cindex rest +@cindex notating rests + Music Glossary: @rglos{rest}. A @notation{rest} is entered just like a note with the name @@ -356,6 +394,11 @@ A @notation{rest} is entered just like a note with the name @subheading Time signature +@cindex time signature + +@funindex \time +@funindex time + Music Glossary: @rglos{time signature}. The @notation{time signature} can be set with the @code{\time} @@ -375,6 +418,15 @@ command: @subheading Clef +@cindex clef +@cindex treble +@cindex alto +@cindex tenor +@cindex bass + +@funindex \clef +@funindex clef + Music Glossary: @rglos{clef}. The @notation{clef} can be set using the @code{\clef} command: @@ -417,6 +469,21 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Writing pitches}, @node Working on input files @subsection Working on input files +@cindex curly braces +@cindex braces, curly +@cindex comments +@cindex line comment +@cindex comment, line +@cindex block comment +@cindex comment, line +@cindex case sensitive +@cindex whitespace insensitive +@cindex expressions + +@funindex { ... } +@funindex % +@funindex %{ ... %} + LilyPond input files are similar to source files in many common programming languages. They are case sensitive, and white-space is generally ignored. Expressions are formed with curly braces @@ -428,7 +495,6 @@ explain what all these terms mean: @itemize -@cindex case sensitive @item @strong{Case sensitive}: it matters whether you enter a letter in lower case (e.g. @@ -514,6 +580,16 @@ comments: @node How to read the manual @subsection How to read the manual +@cindex how to read the manual +@cindex manual, reading +@cindex reading the manual +@cindex examples, clickable +@cindex clickable examples +@cindex tips for constructing files +@cindex templates +@cindex constructing files, tips +@cindex files, tips for constructing + LilyPond input must be surrounded by @{ @} marks or a @w{@code{\relative c'' @{ ... @}}}, as we saw in @ref{Working on input files}. For the rest of this manual, most examples will @@ -587,6 +663,20 @@ on one staff. @subheading Accidentals +@cindex accidentals +@cindex accidentals and key signatures +@cindex sharp +@cindex double sharp +@cindex sharp, double +@cindex flat +@cindex double flat +@cindex flat, double + +@funindex es +@funindex is +@funindex eses +@funindex isis + Music Glossary: @rglos{sharp}, @rglos{flat}, @rglos{double sharp}, @rglos{double flat}, @rglos{accidental}. @@ -605,6 +695,20 @@ cis1 ees fisis, aeses @cindex key signature, setting @subheading Key signatures +@cindex key signature +@cindex major +@cindex minor +@cindex accidentals and key signature +@cindex content vs. layout +@cindex layout vs. content + +@funindex \key +@funindex key +@funindex \major +@funindex major +@funindex \minor +@funindex minor + Music Glossary: @rglos{key signature}, @rglos{major}, @rglos{minor}. @@ -683,9 +787,18 @@ Music Glossary: @rglos{Pitch names}. @node Ties and slurs @subsection Ties and slurs -@cindex ties +@cindex tie +@cindex slur +@cindex slur, phrasing +@cindex phrasing slur + +@funindex ~ +@funindex ( ... ) +@funindex \( ... \) + @subheading Ties + Music Glossary: @rglos{tie}. A @notation{tie} is created by appending a tilde @code{~} to the @@ -696,9 +809,9 @@ g4~ g c2~ c4 ~ c8 a8 ~ a2 @end lilypond -@cindex slurs @subheading Slurs + Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}. A @notation{slur} is a curve drawn across many notes. The @@ -709,8 +822,6 @@ starting note and ending note are marked with @code{(} and d4( c16) cis( d e c cis d) e( d4) @end lilypond -@cindex slurs, phrasing -@cindex phrasing slurs @subheading Phrasing slurs Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}, @rglos{phrasing}. @@ -750,10 +861,12 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Ties}, @ruser{Slurs}, @node Articulation and dynamics @subsection Articulation and dynamics + +@subheading Articulations + @cindex articulation -@cindex accents +@cindex accent @cindex staccato -@subheading Articulations Music Glossary: @rglos{articulation}. @@ -764,9 +877,13 @@ dash @code{-} and a single character: c-. c-- c-> c-^ c-+ c-_ @end lilypond -@cindex fingering @subheading Fingerings +@cindex fingering + +@funindex ^ +@funindex _ + Music Glossary: @rglos{fingering}. Similarly, @notation{fingering} indications can be added to a note @@ -788,6 +905,23 @@ c_-^1 d^. f^4_2-> e^-_+ @subheading Dynamics +@cindex dynamics +@cindex decrescendo +@cindex crescendo + +@funindex \f +@funindex \ff +@funindex \mp +@funindex \p +@funindex \mf +@funindex \pp +@funindex \< +@funindex < +@funindex \> +@funindex > +@funindex \! +@funindex ! + Music Glossary: @rglos{dynamics}, @rglos{crescendo}, @rglos{decrescendo}. @@ -798,9 +932,6 @@ backslash) to the note: c\ff c\mf c\p c\pp @end lilypond -@cindex dynamics -@cindex decrescendo -@cindex crescendo @notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} are started with the commands @code{\<} and @code{\>}. The next dynamics sign, for @@ -820,6 +951,13 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Articulations and ornamentations}, @node Adding text @subsection Adding text +@cindex text, adding +@cindex adding text +@cindex markup + +@funindex \markup +@funindex markup + Text may be added to your scores: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] @@ -844,9 +982,23 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Writing text}. @node Automatic and manual beams @subsection Automatic and manual beams +@cindex beaming +@cindex automatic beams +@cindex manual beams +@cindex beams, automatic +@cindex beams, manual +@cindex beams, by hand + +@funindex [ ... ] +@funindex [ +@funindex ] +@funindex \autoBeamOff +@funindex autoBeamOff +@funindex \autoBeamOn +@funindex autoBeamOn + Music Glossary: @rglos{beam}. -@cindex beams, by hand All @notation{beams} are drawn automatically: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] @@ -881,10 +1033,14 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Automatic beams}, @ruser{Manual beams}. @node Advanced rhythmic commands @subsection Advanced rhythmic commands +@subheading Partial measure + @cindex pickup @cindex anacrusis @cindex partial measure -@subheading Partial measure + +@funindex \partial +@funindex partial Music Glossary: @rglos{anacrusis}. @@ -897,9 +1053,13 @@ is a quarter note pickup and @code{\partial 8} an eighth note. f8 c2 d @end lilypond +@subheading Tuplets + @cindex tuplets @cindex triplets -@subheading Tuplets + +@funindex \times +@funindex times Music Glossary: @rglos{note value}, @rglos{triplet}. @@ -916,10 +1076,18 @@ Triplets make notes occupy 2/3 of their notated duration, so a \times 2/3 { d4 a8 } @end lilypond +@subheading Grace notes + @cindex grace notes @cindex acciaccatura @cindex appoggiatura -@subheading Grace notes + +@funindex \grace +@funindex grace +@funindex \acciaccatura +@funindex acciaccatura +@funindex \appoggiatura +@funindex acciaccatura Music Glossary: @rglos{grace notes}, @rglos{acciaccatura}, @rglos{appoggiatura}. @@ -963,6 +1131,11 @@ than one voice on the same staff. @node Music expressions explained @subsection Music expressions explained +@cindex music expression +@cindex expression, music +@cindex compound music expression +@cindex music expression, compound + In LilyPond input files, music is represented by @emph{music expressions}. A single note is a music expression: @@ -986,8 +1159,6 @@ one). The result is another music expression: { { a4 g } f g } @end lilypond -@cindex expression -@cindex music expression @subheading Analogy: mathematical expressions This mechanism is similar to mathematical formulas: a big formula @@ -1016,6 +1187,21 @@ polyphonic scores. @subheading Simultaneous music expressions: multiple staves +@cindex multiple staves +@cindex staves, multiple +@cindex polyphony +@cindex combining expressions in parallel +@cindex parallel expressions +@cindex expressions, parallel +@cindex relative notes and simultaneous music +@cindex relative notes and parallel expressions +@cindex simultaneous music and relative notes +@cindex parallel expressions and relative notes + +@funindex << +@funindex >> +@funindex << ... >> + Music Glossary: @rglos{polyphony}. This technique is useful for @notation{polyphonic} music. To @@ -1064,6 +1250,22 @@ than one staff. @node Multiple staves @subsection Multiple staves +@cindex multiple staves +@cindex staves, multiple +@cindex context +@cindex context, notation +@cindex notation context + +@funindex \new Staff +@funindex new Staff +@funindex Staff +@funindex \new +@funindex new +@funindex Score +@funindex Voice +@funindex Lyrics +@funindex ChordNames + LilyPond input files are constructed out of music expressions, as we saw in @ref{Music expressions explained}. If the score begins with simultaneous music expressions, LilyPond creates multiples @@ -1121,8 +1323,16 @@ than polyrhythmic scores. @subsection Staff groups @cindex piano staff +@cindex staff, piano @cindex choir staff +@cindex staff, choir @cindex grand staff +@cindex staff, grand +@cindex staff group + +@funindex PianoStaff +@funindex GrandStaff +@funindex ChoirStaff Music Glossary: @rglos{brace}. @@ -1166,6 +1376,11 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Keyboard instruments}, @subsection Combining notes into chords @cindex chords +@cindex note durations in chords + +@funindex < +@funindex > +@funindex < ... > Music Glossary: @rglos{chord}. @@ -1197,7 +1412,16 @@ r4 8( \> 4 \!) @cindex polyphony @cindex multiple voices -@cindex voices, more -- on a staff +@cindex voices, more on one staff +@cindex single staff polyphony +@cindex spacer rest +@cindex rest, spacer + +@funindex << ... \\ ... >> +@funindex << +@funindex \\ +@funindex >> + When different melodic lines are combined on a single staff they are printed as polyphonic voices; each voice has its own stems, slurs and beams, and the top voice has the stems up, while the @@ -1267,6 +1491,9 @@ This section introduces vocal music and simple song sheets. @cindex lyrics @cindex songs +@funindex \addlyrics +@funindex addlyrics + Music Glossary: @rglos{lyrics}. Here is the start of the melody to a nursery @@ -1305,12 +1532,16 @@ same time. @node Aligning lyrics to a melody @subsection Aligning lyrics to a melody -Music Glossary: @rglos{melisma}, @rglos{extender line}. - @cindex melisma @cindex extender line @cindex hyphens @cindex underscore +@cindex lyrics, aligning +@cindex aligning lyrics +@cindex lyrics, multi-syllable words +@cindex words with multiple syllables in lyrics + +Music Glossary: @rglos{melisma}, @rglos{extender line}. The next line in the nursery rhyme is @notation{The moon doth shine as bright as day}. Let's extend it: @@ -1472,6 +1703,9 @@ Notation Reference: @ruser{Vocal music}. @node Lyrics to multiple staves @subsection Lyrics to multiple staves +@cindex lyrics and multiple staves +@cindex multiple staves and lyrics + The simple approach using @code{\addlyrics} can be used for placing lyrics under more than one staff. Here is an example from Handel's @notation{Judas Maccabæus}: @@ -1529,6 +1763,16 @@ introduction to the rest of the manual. @node Organizing pieces with variables @subsection Organizing pieces with variables +@cindex variables +@cindex variables, defining +@cindex identifiers +@cindex macros +@cindex assigning variables +@cindex using variables +@cindex variables, using +@cindex variables, characters allowed in +@cindex characters allowed in variables + When all of the elements discussed earlier are combined to produce larger files, the music expressions get a lot bigger. In polyphonic music with many staves, the input files can become very @@ -1613,6 +1857,17 @@ places. The following example uses the above variables: @subsection Version number @cindex versioning +@cindex version +@cindex version number +@cindex upgrades +@cindex future upgrades +@cindex updating files +@cindex files, updating + +@funindex \version +@funindex version +@funindex convert-ly + The @code{\version} statement records the version of LilyPond that was used to write the file: @@ -1633,6 +1888,13 @@ determine what rules to apply. For details, see @node Adding titles @subsection Adding titles +@cindex title +@cindex headers +@cindex header block + +@funindex \header +@funindex header + The title, composer, opus number, and similar information are entered in the @code{\header} block. This exists outside of the main music expression; the @code{\header} block is usually placed @@ -1659,6 +1921,13 @@ above the music. More information on titling can be found in @node Absolute note names @subsection Absolute note names +@cindex note names +@cindex note names, absolute +@cindex absolute mode +@cindex absolute values for pitches +@cindex pitches, absolute values +@cindex absolute note names + So far we have always used @code{\relative} to define pitches. This is the easiest way to enter most music, but another way of defining pitches exists: absolute mode.