From: Heikki Junes Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2004 20:28:25 +0000 (+0000) Subject: * Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely: remove the missing norwegian X-Git-Tag: release/2.1.28~47 X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=23fd45db04d531c1616bd9e6459b06a44c104681;p=lilypond.git * Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely: remove the missing norwegian translation; they can be put in later properly. --- diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog index 38430fe566..4308762d57 100644 --- a/ChangeLog +++ b/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,8 @@ +2004-02-23 Heikki Junes + + * Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely: remove the missing norwegian + translation; they can be put in later properly. + 2004-02-23 Han-Wen Nienhuys * lily/recording-group-engraver.cc (start_translation_timestep): diff --git a/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely b/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely index f3bedcb418..49004324e8 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely +++ b/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely @@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ PostScript} and @uref{music-glossary.pdf,PDF}. @author Heikki Junes @c Finnish glossary @c Fixes by Jean-Pierre Coulon and `Dirk' -@c Norwegian? Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2004 by the authors @@ -179,8 +178,7 @@ D: A, a, NL: a, DK: a, S: a, -FI: A, a, -N: a. +FI: A, a. @aitem{accent} ES: acento, @@ -190,8 +188,7 @@ D: Akzent, NL: accent, DK: accent, S: accent, -FI: aksentti, korostus, -N: ?. +FI: aksentti, korostus. The stress of one tone over others. @@ -205,8 +202,7 @@ D: Vorzeichen, Versetzungszeichen, NL: voorteken, DK: l@o{}st fortegn, S: tillf@"alligt f@"ortecken, -FI: tilap@"ainen etumerkki, -N: ?. +FI: tilap@"ainen etumerkki. @c F: alt@'eration accidentelle, D: Vorzeichen, Versetzungszeichen, @c Akzidenz, NL: toevallig teken, I: accidento. @@ -237,8 +233,7 @@ D: accelerando, schneller werden, NL: accelerando, DK: accelerando, S: accelerando, -FI: accelerando, kiihdytt@"aen, -N: ?. +FI: accelerando, kiihdytt@"aen. Increase tempo. @@ -250,8 +245,7 @@ D: Adagio, Langsam, NL: adagio, DK: adagio, S: adagio, -FI: adagio, hitaasti, -N: adagio. +FI: adagio, hitaasti. It. comfortable, easy. 1. Slow tempo, slower -- especially in even meter -- than @@ -267,8 +261,7 @@ D: Allegro, Schnell, Fr@"ohlich, Lustig, NL: allegro, DK: allegro, S: allegro, -FI: allegro, nopeasti, -N: allegro. +FI: allegro, nopeasti. It. cheerful. Quick tempo. Also used as a title for pieces in a quick tempo, especially the first and last movements of a @aref{sonata}. @@ -281,8 +274,7 @@ D: Alt, NL: alt, DK: alt, S: alt, -FI: altto, matala nais@"a@"ani, -N: alt. +FI: altto, matala nais@"a@"ani. A female voice of low range (@emph{contralto}). Originally the alto was a high male voice (hence the name) which by the use of falsetto reached the height of @@ -297,8 +289,7 @@ D: Altschl@"ussel, Bratschenschl@"ussel, NL: alt sleutel, DK: altn@o{}gle, S: altklav, -FI: alttoavain, -N: ?. +FI: alttoavain. C clef setting central C on the middle line of the staff @aref{C clef}. @@ -311,8 +302,7 @@ D: ambitus, NL: ambitus, DK: ambitus, S: ambitus, -FI: ambitus, @"a@"aniala, soitinala, -N: ?. +FI: ambitus, @"a@"aniala, soitinala. The term ambitus denotes a range of pitches for a given voice in a part of music. It also may denote the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of playing. @@ -323,8 +313,7 @@ D: reines Moll, NL: authentieke mineurtoonladder, DK: ren mol, S: ren mollskala, -FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko, -N: ?. +FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko. @lilypond[notime] \set Score.automaticBars = ##f @@ -340,8 +329,7 @@ D: Andante, Gehend, NL: andante, DK: andante, S: andante, -FI: andante, k@"ayden, -N: andante. +FI: andante, k@"ayden. Walking tempo/character. @@ -353,8 +341,7 @@ D: Vorschlag, NL: voorslag, DK: forslag, S: f@"orslag, -FI: appoggiatura, etuhele, -N: ?. +FI: appoggiatura, etuhele. Ornamental note, usually a second, that is melodically connected with the main note that follows it. In music before the 19th century a. were usually @@ -410,8 +397,7 @@ D: Arpeggio, Akkordbrechungen, gebrochener Akkord, NL: gebroken akoord, DK: arpeggio, akkordbrydning, S: arpeggio, -FI: arpeggio, murtosointu, -N: ?. +FI: arpeggio, murtosointu. @lilypond \notes \context PianoStaff << @@ -441,8 +427,7 @@ D: steigendes Intervall, NL: stijgend interval, DK:@w{ }stigende interval, S: stigande intervall, -FI: nouseva intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: nouseva intervalli. A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note. @@ -454,8 +439,7 @@ D: @"uberm@"a@ss{}iges Intervall, NL: overmatig interval, DK: forst@o{}rret interval, S: @"overstigande intervall, -FI: ylinouseva intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: ylinouseva intervalli. @aref{interval}. @@ -466,8 +450,7 @@ D: Autograph, Handschrift, NL: manuscript, DK: h@aa{}ndskrift, autograf, S: handskrift, -FI: k@"asinkirjoitettu nuotti, -N: ?. +FI: k@"asinkirjoitettu nuotti. 1. A manuscript in the composer's own hand. 2. Music prepared for photoreproduction by freehand drawing, @@ -483,8 +466,7 @@ D: H, h, NL: b, DK: h, S: h, -FI: H, h, -N: h. +FI: H, h. @aitemii{backfall,forefall} @aref{appoggiatura}. @@ -497,8 +479,7 @@ D: Taktstrich, NL: maatstreep, DK: taktstreg, S: taktstreck, -FI: tahtiviiva, -N: ?. +FI: tahtiviiva. @aitem{bar} ES: comp@'as, @aref{measure}. @@ -511,8 +492,7 @@ D: Bariton, NL: bariton, DK: baryton, S: baryton, -FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen mies@"a@"ani, -N: baryton. +FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen mies@"a@"ani. The male voice intermediate between the @aref{bass} and the @aref{tenor}. @@ -527,8 +507,7 @@ D: Baritonschl@"ussel, NL: baritonsleutel, DK: barytonn@o{}gle, S: barytonklav, -FI: baritoniavain, -N: ?. +FI: baritoniavain. C or F clef setting central C on the upper staff line. @aref{C clef}, @aref{F clef}. @@ -541,8 +520,7 @@ D: Bassschl@"ussel, NL: bassleutel, DK: basn@o{}gle, S: basklav, -FI: bassoavain, -N: ?. +FI: bassoavain. A clef setting with central C on the first top ledger line. @aref{F clef}. @@ -554,8 +532,7 @@ D: Bass, NL: bas, DK: bas, S: bas, -FI: basso, matala mies@"a@"ani, -N: bas. +FI: basso, matala mies@"a@"ani. 1. The lowest of men's voices. 2. Sometimes, especially in jazz music, used as @@ -569,8 +546,7 @@ D: Balken, NL: waardestreep, DK: bj@ae{}lke, S: balk, -FI: palkki, -N: ?. +FI: palkki. Line connecting a series of notes (shorter than a quarter note). The number of beams determine the note value of the connected notes. @@ -593,8 +569,7 @@ D: Takt, Taktschlag, Zeit (im Takt), NL: tel, DK: (takt)slag, S: taktslag, -FI: aika-arvo, -N: ?. +FI: aika-arvo. Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and eighth notes. The base counting value and the number of them per measure is indicated at @@ -619,8 +594,7 @@ D: Klammer, Akkolade, NL: accolade, teksthaak, DK: klamme, S: klammer, -FI: yhdist@"av@"a sulkumerkki, -N: ?. +FI: yhdist@"av@"a sulkumerkki. Symbol at the start of a system connecting staves. Curly braces are used for connecting piano staves, angular brackets for connecting parts in an @@ -647,8 +621,7 @@ NL: koper (blazers), F: cuivres, DK: messingbl@ae{}sere, S: brassinstrument, m@"assingsinstrument, -FI: vaskisoitin, -N: ?. +FI: vaskisoitin. A family of blown musical instruments made of brass all using a cup formed mouth piece. The brass instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are @@ -661,8 +634,7 @@ D: Atemzeichen, Trennungszeichen, NL: repercussieteken, DK: vejrtr@ae{}kningstegn, S: andningstecken, -FI: hengitysmerkki, -N: ?. +FI: hengitysmerkki. Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts. @@ -674,8 +646,7 @@ D: Brevis, NL: brevis, DK: brevis, S: brevis, -FI: brevis, -N: ?. +FI: brevis. @aref{note value} twice as long as a whole note. Mainly used in pre-1650 music. @@ -693,8 +664,7 @@ D: C, c, NL: c, DK: c, S: c, -FI: C, c, -N: c. +FI: C, c. @aitem{C clef} ES: Clave de do, @@ -704,8 +674,7 @@ D: C-Schl@"ussel, NL: C-sleutel, DK: c-n@o{}gle, S: c-klav, -FI: C-avain, -N: ?. +FI: C-avain. Clef symbol indicating the position of the central C. Used on all note lines. @@ -736,8 +705,7 @@ D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK: kadence, S: kadens, -FI: kadenssi, lopuke, -N: ?. +FI: kadenssi, lopuke. @aref{harmonic cadence}, @aref{functional harmony}. @@ -749,8 +717,7 @@ D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK: kadence, S: kadens, -FI: kadenssi, lopuke, -N: ?. +FI: kadenssi, lopuke. An extended, improvisatory style section inserted near the end of movement. The purpose of a cadenza is to give the singer or player a chance to @@ -766,8 +733,7 @@ D: Kanon, NL: canon, DK: kanon, S: kanon, -FI: kaanon, tarkka j@"aljittely, -N: ?. +FI: kaanon, tarkka j@"aljittely. @aref{counterpoint}. @@ -779,8 +745,7 @@ D: Cent, NL: cent, DK: cent, S: cent, -FI: sentti, puolis@"avelaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisess@"a viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a, -N: ?. +FI: sentti, puolis@"avelaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisess@"a viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a. Logarithmic unit of measurement. 1 cent is 1/1200 of an octave (1/100 of an equally tempered @aref{semitone}). @@ -797,8 +762,7 @@ D: Akkord, NL: akkoord, DK: akkord, S: ackord, -FI: sointu, -N: ?. +FI: sointu. Three or more tones sounding simultaneously. In traditional European music the base chord is a @emph{triad} consisting of 2@w{ }thirds. @emph{Major} (major + @@ -836,10 +800,9 @@ D: chromatische Tonleiter, NL: chromatische toonladder, DK: kromatisk skala, S: kromatisk skala, -FI: kromaattinen asteikko, -N: ?. +FI: kromaattinen asteikko. -A scale consisting of all 11 @aref{semitone}s. +A scale consisting of all 12 @aref{semitone}s. @lilypond[notime] \set Score.automaticBars = ##f @@ -854,8 +817,7 @@ D: Chromatik, NL: chromatiek, DK: kromatik, S: kromatik, -FI: kromatiikka, -N: ?. +FI: kromatiikka. Use of tones extraneous to a @aref{diatonic scale} (minor, major). @@ -867,8 +829,7 @@ D: Kirchentonart, NL: kerktoonladder, DK: kirketoneart, S: kyrkotonart, -FI: moodi, kirkkos@"avellaji, -N: ?. +FI: moodi, kirkkos@"avellaji. @aref{diatonic scale}. @@ -880,8 +841,7 @@ D: Schl@"ussel, Notenschl@"ussel, NL: sleutel, DK: n@o{}gle, S: klav, -FI: avain, nuottiavain, -N: ?. +FI: avain, nuottiavain. @aref{C clef}, @aref{F clef}, @aref{G clef}. @@ -892,8 +852,7 @@ D: Komma, NL: komma, DK: komma, S: komma, -FI: komma, korvinkuultava ero @"a@"anenkorkeudessa, -N: ?. +FI: komma, korvinkuultava ero @"a@"anenkorkeudessa. Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and the same note derived from some other tuning method. @aref{temperament}. @@ -909,8 +868,7 @@ D: weites Intervall, NL: samengesteld interval, DK: sammensat interval, S: sammansatt intervall, -FI: oktaavia laajempi intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: oktaavia laajempi intervalli. Intervals larger than an octave. @@ -923,8 +881,7 @@ D: Komplement@"arintervall, NL: complementair interval, DK: komplement@ae{}rinterval, S: komplement@"arintervall (?), -FI: t@"aydent@"av@"a intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: t@"aydent@"av@"a intervalli. @aref{inverted interval}. @@ -936,8 +893,7 @@ D: schrittweise, stufenweise Bewegung, NL: stapsgewijze, trapsgewijze beweging, DK: trinvis bev@ae{}gelse, S: stegvis r@"orelse, -FI: asteittainen liike, -N: ?. +FI: asteittainen liike. Melody moving in the narrow steps of the scale. @@ -954,8 +910,7 @@ D: Konsonanz, NL: consonant, DK: konsonans, S: konsonans, -FI: konsonanssi, sopusointi, -N: ?. +FI: konsonanssi, sopusointi. @aref{harmony}. @@ -967,8 +922,7 @@ D: Alt, NL: contralto, DK: alt, S: alt, -FI: kontra-altto, -N: ?. +FI: kontra-altto. @aref{alto}. @@ -980,8 +934,7 @@ D: Kontrapunkt, NL: contrapunt, DK: kontrapunkt, S: kontrapunkt, -FI: kontrapunkti, @"a@"ani @"a@"ant@"a vastaan, -N: ?. +FI: kontrapunkti, @"a@"ani @"a@"ant@"a vastaan. From latin @emph{punctus contra punctum}, note against note. The combination into a single musical fabric of lines or parts which have distinct melodic @@ -1036,8 +989,7 @@ D: Countertenor, NL: contratenor, DK: kontratenor, S: kontratenor, counter tenor, -FI: kontratenori, -N: kontratenor. +FI: kontratenori. @aref{contralto}. @@ -1056,8 +1008,7 @@ D: Crescendo, lauter werden, NL: crescendo, DK: crescendo, S: crescendo, -FI: cresendo, voimistuen, -N: crescendo. +FI: cresendo, voimistuen. Increasing volume. Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal wedge or the abbreviation ``cresc.''. @@ -1075,8 +1026,7 @@ D: Stichnoten, NL: stichnoten, DK: stiknoder, S: inprickningar, -FI: vihjenuotit, -N: ?. +FI: vihjenuotit. In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the purpose of hinting when to start playing. Usually printed in a smaller type. @@ -1124,8 +1074,7 @@ D: D, d, NL: d, DK: d, S: d, -FI: D, d, -N: d. +FI: D, d. @aitem{da capo} ES: da capo, @@ -1135,8 +1084,7 @@ D: da capo, von Anfang, NL: da capo, DK: da capo, S: da capo, -FI: da capo, alusta, -N: ?. +FI: da capo, alusta. The term indicates repetition of the piece from the beginning to the end or to a certain place marked @emph{fine}. Mostly abbreviated as ``D.C.''. @@ -1149,8 +1097,7 @@ D: dal segno, NL: dal segno, DK: dal segno, S: dal segno, -FI: dal segno, merkkiin asti, -N: ?. +FI: dal segno, merkkiin asti. Abbreviated ``d.s.''. Repetition, not from the beginning, but from another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign: @@ -1169,8 +1116,7 @@ D: Decrescendo, leiser werden, NL: decrescendo, DK: decrescendo, S: decrescendo, -FI: decresendo, hiljentyen, -N: decrescendo. +FI: decresendo, hiljentyen. Decreasing tone volume. Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal wedge or the abbreviation ``decresc.''. @@ -1190,8 +1136,7 @@ D: fallendes Intervall, absteigendes Intervall, NL: dalend interval, DK: faldende interval, S: fallande intervall, -FI: laskeva intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: laskeva intervalli. A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note. @@ -1203,8 +1148,7 @@ D: diatonische Tonleiter, NL: diatonische toonladder, DK: diatonisk skala, S: diatonisk skala, -FI: diatoninen asteikko, -N: ?. +FI: diatoninen asteikko. A scale consisting of 5@w{ }@aref{whole tone}s and 2@w{ }@aref{semitone}s (S). Scales played on the white keys @@ -1375,8 +1319,7 @@ D: vermindertes Intervall, NL: verminderd interval, DK: formindsket interval, S: f@"orminskat intervall, -FI: v@"ahennetty intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: v@"ahennetty intervalli. @aref{interval}. @@ -1388,8 +1331,7 @@ D: Diminuendo, NL: diminuendo, DK: diminuendo, S: diminuendo, -FI: diminuendo, hiljentyen, -N: diminuendo. +FI: diminuendo, hiljentyen. @aref{decrescendo}. @@ -1401,8 +1343,7 @@ D: sprunghafte Bewegung, NL: sprongsgewijze beweging, DK: springende bev@ae{}gelse, S: hoppande r@"orelse, -FI: melodian hyppiv@"a liike, -N: ?. +FI: melodian hyppiv@"a liike. Melody moving in steps greater than those of the scale. Opposite of @aref{conjunct movement}. @@ -1424,8 +1365,7 @@ D: Dissonanz, NL: dissonant interval; dissonant, DK: dissonerende interval, dissonans, S: dissonans, -FI: dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi, -N: ?. +FI: dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi. @aref{harmony}. @@ -1436,8 +1376,7 @@ D: Dominantnoneakkord, NL: dominant noon akkoord, DK: dominantnoneakkord, S: dominantnonackord, -FI: dominanttinoonisointu, -N: ?. +FI: dominanttinoonisointu. @aref{chord}, @aref{functional harmony}. @@ -1449,8 +1388,7 @@ D: Dominantseptakkord, NL: dominant septiem akkoord, DK: dominantseptimakkord, S: dominantseptimackord, -FI: dominanttiseptimisointu, -N: ? +FI: dominanttiseptimisointu. @aref{chord}, @aref{functional harmony}. @@ -1462,8 +1400,7 @@ D: Dominante, NL: dominant, DK: dominant, S: dominant, -FI: dominantti, huippusointu, -N: ?. +FI: dominantti, huippusointu. The fifth @aref{scale degree}, @aref{functional harmony}. @@ -1476,8 +1413,7 @@ D: dorisch, dorischer Kirchenton, NL: dorische toonladder, DK: dorisk skala, S: dorisk tonart, -FI: doorinen moodi, -N: ?. +FI: doorinen moodi. @aref{diatonic scale}. @@ -1489,8 +1425,7 @@ D: Punkt (Verl@"angerungspunkt), NL: punt, DK: punkt, S: punkt, -FI: piste, -N: ?. +FI: piste. @aref{dotted note}. @@ -1502,8 +1437,7 @@ D: punktierte Note, NL: gepuncteerde noot, DK: punkteret node, S: punkterad not, -FI: pisteellinen nuotti, -N: ?. +FI: pisteellinen nuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -1515,8 +1449,7 @@ D: doppelter Vorschlag, NL: dubbele voorslag, DK: dobbelt forslag, S: dubbelslag, -FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele. @aref{appoggiatura}. @@ -1527,8 +1460,7 @@ D: Doppelstrich, NL: dubbele maatstreep, DK: dobbeltstreg, S: dubbelstreck, -FI: kaksoistahtiviiva, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoistahtiviiva. Indicates the end of a section within a movement. @@ -1540,8 +1472,7 @@ D: doppelt punktierte Note, NL: dubbelgepuncteerde noot, DK: dob@-belt@-punk@-te@-ret node, S: dub@-bel@-punk@-te@-rad not, -FI: kaksoispisteellinen nuotti, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoispisteellinen nuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -1553,8 +1484,7 @@ D: Doppel-B, NL: dubbelmol, DK: dob@-belt-b, S: dubbelbe, -FI: kaksoisalennusmerkki, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoisalennusmerkki. @aref{accidental}. @@ -1566,8 +1496,7 @@ D: Doppelkreuz, NL: dubbelkruis, DK: dob@-belt@-kryds, S: dubbelkors, -FI: kaksoisylennysmerkki, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoisylennysmerkki. @aref{accidental}. @@ -1579,8 +1508,7 @@ D: Doppeltriller, NL: dubbele triller, DK: dobbelttrille, S: dubbeldrill, -FI: kaksoistrilli, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoistrilli. A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a third. @@ -1592,8 +1520,7 @@ D: in zwei, NL: tweedelige maatsoort, DK: todelt takt, S: tv@aa{}takt, -FI: kaksoistempo, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoistempo. @aref{meter}. @@ -1605,8 +1532,7 @@ D: Duole, NL: duool, DK: duol, S: duol, -FI: duoli, -N: ?. +FI: duoli. @aref{note value}. @@ -1618,8 +1544,7 @@ D: Dauer, L@"ange, NL: duur, lengte, DK: varighed, S: tonl@"angd, -FI: kesto, aika-arvo, -N: ?. +FI: kesto, aika-arvo. @aref{note value}. @@ -1634,8 +1559,7 @@ D: E, e, NL: e, DK: e, S: e, -FI: E, e, -N: e. +FI: E, e. @aitem{eighth note} ES: corchea, @@ -1646,8 +1570,7 @@ D: Achtel, Achtelnote, NL: achtste noot, DK: ottendedelsnode, S: @aa{}ttondelsnot, -FI: kahdeksasosanuotti, -N: ?. +FI: kahdeksasosanuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -1660,8 +1583,7 @@ D: Achtelpause, NL: achtste rust, DK: ottendedelspause, S: @aa{}ttonddelspaus, -FI: kahdeksasosatauko, -N: ?. +FI: kahdeksasosatauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -1673,8 +1595,7 @@ D: Notenstechen, Notendruck NL: steken, DK: nodestik, S: nottryck, -FI: painatus, -N: ?. +FI: painatus. Engraving means incising or etching a metal plate for printing. Photoengraving means drawing music with ink in a manner @@ -1691,8 +1612,7 @@ D: enharmonisch, NL: enharmonisch, DK: enharmonisk, S: enharmonisk, -FI: enharmoninen, -N: ?. +FI: enharmoninen. Two notes, intervals, or scales are enharmonic if they have different names but equal pitch. @@ -1718,8 +1638,7 @@ D: gleichschwebende Stimmung, NL: ge@-lijk@-zwe@-ven@-de temperatuur, DK: ligesv@ae{}vende temperatur, S: liksv@"avande temperatur, -FI: tasavireinen, -N: ?. +FI: tasavireinen. Tuning system dividing the octave into 12 equal @aref{semitone}s (precisely 100 @aref{cent}s). @aref{temperament}. @@ -1732,8 +1651,7 @@ D: Vortragszeichen, NL: voordrachtsteken, DK: foredragsbetegnelse, S: f@"oredragsbeteckning, -FI: nyanssiosoitus, esitysmerkki, -N: ?. +FI: nyanssiosoitus, esitysmerkki. Performance indications concerning 1. volume, dynamics (for example @aref{forte}, @aref{crescendo}), 2. tempo (for example @@ -1747,8 +1665,7 @@ D: F, f, NL: f, DK: f, S: f, -FI: F, f, -N: f. +FI: F, f. @aitem{F clef} ES: Clave de Fa, @@ -1758,8 +1675,7 @@ D: F-Schl@"ussel, NL: F-sleutel, DK: F-n@o{}gle, S: f-klav, -FI: F-avain, -N: ?. +FI: F-avain. The position between the dots of the key symbol is the line of the F below central@w{ }C. Used on the third, fourth and fifth note line. A @@ -1805,8 +1721,7 @@ D: Fermate, NL: fermate, DK: fermat, S: fermat, -FI: fermaatti, pid@"ake, -N: ?. +FI: fermaatti, pid@"ake. Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration. @@ -1825,8 +1740,7 @@ D: Quinte, NL: kwint, DK: kvint, S: kvint, -FI: kvintti, -N: kvint. +FI: kvintti. @aref{interval}. @@ -1841,8 +1755,7 @@ D: Fingersatz, NL: vingerzetting, DK: fingers@ae{}tning, S: fingers@"attning, -FI: sormitus, -N: ?. +FI: sormitus. The methodical use of fingers in the playing of instruments. @@ -1854,8 +1767,7 @@ D: Fahne, F@"ahnchen, NL: vlaggetje, DK: fane, S: flagga, -FI: lippu, viiri, -N: ?. +FI: lippu, viiri. Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with values less than a quarter note. The number of flags determines the @@ -1880,8 +1792,7 @@ D: B, b, NL: mol, DK: b, S: bef@"ortecken, -FI: alennusmerkki, -N: ?. +FI: alennusmerkki. @aref{accidental}. @@ -1896,8 +1807,7 @@ D: forte, laut, NL: forte, DK: forte, S: forte, -FI: forte, voimakkaasti, -N: ?. +FI: forte, voimakkaasti. Loud, abbreviated @b{f}, @emph{fortissimo} (@b{ff}) very loud, @emph{mezzoforte} (@b{mf}) medium loud. @@ -1910,8 +1820,7 @@ D: Quarte, NL: kwart, DK: kvart, S: kvart, -FI: kvartti, -N: ?. +FI: kvartti. @aref{interval}. @@ -1923,8 +1832,7 @@ D: Fuge, NL: fuga, DK: fuga, S: fuga, -FI: fuuga, -N: ?. +FI: fuuga. @aref{counterpoint}. @@ -1936,8 +1844,7 @@ D: Funktionslehre, NL: functionele harmonie, DK: funktionsanalyse, funktionsharmonik, S: funktionsl@"ara, -FI: harmoniaj@"arjestelm@"a, -N: ?. +FI: harmoniaj@"arjestelm@"a. A system of harmonic analysis. It is based on the idea that, in a given key, there are only three functionally different chords: tonic (T, the chord on the @@ -1964,8 +1871,7 @@ D: G, g, NL: g, DK: g, S: g, -FI: G, g, -N: g. +FI: G, g. @aitem{G clef} ES: Clave de sol, @@ -1975,8 +1881,7 @@ D: G-Schl@"ussel, Violinschl@"ussel, NL: G-sleutel, DK: g-n@o{}gle, S: g-klav, -FI: G-avain, -N: ?. +FI: G-avain. A clef symbol indicating the G above central@w{ }C. Used on the first and second note lines. A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that @@ -2016,8 +1921,7 @@ D: Glissando, NL: glissando, DK: glissando, S: glissando, -FI: glissando, liukuen, -N: glissando. +FI: glissando, liukuen. Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other. @@ -2029,8 +1933,7 @@ D: Verzierungen, Vorschl@"age, Vorschlagsnoten, NL: versieringen, DK: forsiringer, S: ornament, -FI: korunuotit, -N: ?. +FI: korunuotit. Notes printed in small types to indicate that their time values are not counted in the rhythm of the bar. @aref{appoggiatura}. @@ -2042,8 +1945,7 @@ D: Akkolade, NL: piano systeem, DK: klaversystem, S: ackolad, b@"ojd klammer, -FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto, -N: ?. +FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto. @aref{brace}. @@ -2057,8 +1959,7 @@ D: grave, langsam, NL: grave, ernstig, DK: grave, S: grave, -FI: grave, raskaasti, -N: ?. +FI: grave, raskaasti. Slow, solemn. @@ -2071,8 +1972,7 @@ D: Halbe, halbe Note, NL: halve noot, DK: halvnode, S: halvnot, -FI: puolinuotti, -N: ?. +FI: puolinuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -2085,8 +1985,7 @@ D: halbe Pause, NL: halve, rust, DK: halvnodespause, S: halvpaus, -FI: puolitauko, -N: ?. +FI: puolitauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -2098,8 +1997,7 @@ D: Schlusskadenz, NL: harmonische cadens, DK: harmonisk kadence, S: (harmonisk) kadens, -FI: harmoninen kadenssi, -N: ?. +FI: harmoninen kadenssi. Sequence of chords that terminate a musical phrase or section. @aref{functional harmony}. @@ -2134,8 +2032,7 @@ D: Harmonie, Zusammenklang, NL: harmonie, DK: samklang, S: samklang, -FI: harmonia, yhteissointi, -N: ?. +FI: harmonia, yhteissointi. Tones sounding simultaneously. Two note harmonies fall into the categories @emph{consonances} and @emph{dissonances}. @@ -2178,8 +2075,7 @@ D: Homophonie, NL: homofonie, DK: homofoni, S: homofoni, -FI: homofonia, yksi@"a@"anisyys, -N: ?. +FI: homofonia, yksi@"a@"anisyys. Music in which one voice leads melodically followed by the other voices more or less in the same rhythm. In contrast to @aref{polyphony}. @@ -2192,8 +2088,7 @@ D: Intervall, NL: interval, DK: interval, S: intervall, -FI: intervalli, kahden s@"avelen korkeusero, -N: ?. +FI: intervalli, kahden s@"avelen korkeusero. Difference in pitch between two notes. Intervals may be perfect, minor, major, diminished, or augmented. The augmented fourth and the diminished fifth are @@ -2272,8 +2167,7 @@ D: umgekehrtes Intervall, NL: interval inversie, DK: omvendingsinterval, S: intervallets omv@"andning, -FI: k@"a@"anteisintervalli, -N: ?. +FI: k@"a@"anteisintervalli. The difference between an interval and an octave. @@ -2294,8 +2188,7 @@ D: reine Stimmung, NL: reine stemming, DK: ren stemning, S: ren st@"amning, -FI: puhdas viritys, -N: ?. +FI: puhdas viritys. Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and subtracting natural fifths and thirds. @aref{temperament}. @@ -2308,8 +2201,7 @@ D: Tonart, NL: toonsoort, DK: toneart, S: tonart, -FI: tonaliteetti, -N: ?. +FI: tonaliteetti. According to the 12@w{ }tones of the @aref{chromatic scale} there are 12@w{ }keys, one on@w{ }c, one on c-sharp, etc. @@ -2323,8 +2215,7 @@ D: Vorzeichen, Tonart, NL: toon@-soort (voortekens), DK: faste fortegn, S: tonartssignatur, -FI: s@"avellajiosoitus, -N: ?. +FI: s@"avellajiosoitus. The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff indicating the key of the music. @aref{accidental}. @@ -2337,8 +2228,7 @@ D: Largo, Langsam, Breit, NL: largo, DK: largo, S: largo, -FI: largo, hitaasti, leve@"asti, -N: largo. +FI: largo, hitaasti, leve@"asti. Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great expressiveness. @emph{Larghetto} is less slow than largo. @@ -2351,8 +2241,7 @@ D: Leitton, NL: leidtoon, DK: ledetone, S: ledton, -FI: johtos@"avel, -N: ?. +FI: johtos@"avel. The seventh @aref{scale degree}, a @aref{semitone} below the tonic; so called because of its strong tendency to ``lead up'' (resolve @@ -2366,8 +2255,7 @@ D: Hilfslinie, NL: hulplijntje, DK: hj@ae{}lpelinie, S: hj@"alplinje, -FI: apuviiva, -N: ?. +FI: apuviiva. A ledger line is an extension of the staff. @@ -2384,8 +2272,7 @@ D: legato, NL: legato, DK: legato, S: legato, -FI: legato, sitoen, -N: ?. +FI: legato, sitoen. To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between the notes unlike (b) @emph{leggiero} or @emph{non-legato}, (c) @emph{portato} and @@ -2421,8 +2308,7 @@ D: Seerosenteich, NL: le@-lie@-vij@-ver, DK: liliedam, S: liljedamm, -FI: liljalampi, -N: ?. +FI: liljalampi. A pond with lilies floating in it, also the name of a music typesetter. @@ -2434,8 +2320,7 @@ D: Linie, Notenlinie, NL: lijn, DK: nodelinie, S: notlinje, -FI: viiva, nuottiviiva, -N: ?. +FI: viiva, nuottiviiva. @aref{staff}. @@ -2447,8 +2332,7 @@ D: langer Vorschlag, NL: Lange voorslag, DK: langt forslag, S: l@aa{}ngt f@"orslag, -FI: pitk@"a appoggiatura, pitk@"a etuhele, -N: ?. +FI: pitk@"a appoggiatura, pitk@"a etuhele. @aref{appoggiatura}. @@ -2460,8 +2344,7 @@ D: Longa, NL: longa, DK: longa, S: longa, -FI: longa, -N: longa. +FI: longa. Note value: double length of @aref{breve}. @aref{note value}. @@ -2483,7 +2366,6 @@ NL: liedtekst, DK: ., S: ., FI, sanoitus, -N: .. @aitem{major interval} ES: intervalo mayor, @@ -2493,8 +2375,7 @@ D: gro@ss{}es Intervall, NL: groot interval, DK: stort interval, S: stort intervall, -FI: suuri intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: suuri intervalli. @aref{interval}. @@ -2506,8 +2387,7 @@ D: Dur, NL: majeur, DK: dur, S: dur, -FI: duuri, -N: dur. +FI: duuri. @aref{diatonic scale}. @@ -2518,8 +2398,7 @@ D: mittelt@"onige Stimmung, NL: middenstemming, middentoonstemming, DK: middeltonetemperatur, S: medeltonstemperatur, -FI: keskis@"avelviritys, -N: ?. +FI: keskis@"avelviritys. Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the natural fifth by 16@w{ }@aref{cent}s. Due to the non-circular character of this @@ -2534,8 +2413,7 @@ D: Takt, NL: maat, DK: takt, S: takt, -FI: tahti, -N: takt. +FI: tahti. A group of @aref{beat}s (units of musical time) the first of which bears an accent. Such groups in numbers of two or more recur consistently @@ -2550,8 +2428,7 @@ NL: mediant, D: Mediante, DK: mediant, S: mediant, -FI: keskis@"avel, -N: ?. +FI: keskis@"avel. 1. The third @b{scale degree}. 2. A @aref{chord} having its base tone @@ -2562,7 +2439,7 @@ harmony}, @aref{relative key}. @aitem{melisma} NL: melisma, -FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun s@"avelkuvio, +FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun s@"avelkuvio. A melisma (plural: melismata) is a group of notes or tones sung on one syllable in plainsong @@ -2578,8 +2455,7 @@ D: Taktart, Metrum, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktart, S: taktart, -FI: aika-arvo, -N: ?. +FI: aika-arvo. The basic scheme of @aref{note value}s and @aref{accent}s which remains unaltered throughout a composition @@ -2621,8 +2497,7 @@ D: Metronom, NL: metronoom, DK: me@-tro@-nom, S: me@-tro@-nom, -FI: metronomi, -N: metronom. +FI: metronomi. Device indicating the exact tempo of a piece. @aref{metronomic indication}. @@ -2635,8 +2510,7 @@ D: Metronomangabe, NL: metronoom aanduiding, DK: metronomtal, S: metronomangivelse, -FI: metronomiosoitus, -N: ?. +FI: metronomiosoitus. Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Also denoted by M.M. (M@"alzels Metronom). @@ -2649,8 +2523,7 @@ D: Mezzosopran, NL: mezzosopraan, DK: mezzosopran, S: mezzosopran, -FI: mezzosopraano, -N: mezzosopran. +FI: mezzosopraano. The female voice between @aref{soprano} and @aref{contralto}. @@ -2663,8 +2536,7 @@ D: eingestrichenes@w{ }c, NL: centrale@w{ }c, DK: enstreget@w{ }c, S: ettstruket@w{ }c, -FI: keski-C, -N: ?. +FI: keski-C. First C below the 440 Hz A. @@ -2686,8 +2558,7 @@ D: Moll, NL: mineur, DK: mol, S: moll, -FI: molli, -N: ?. +FI: molli. @aref{diatonic scale}. @@ -2699,8 +2570,7 @@ D: kleines Intervall, NL: klein interval, DK: lille interval, S: litet intervall, -FI: pieni intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: pieni intervalli. @aref{interval}. @@ -2712,8 +2582,7 @@ D: Modus, NL: modus, DK: skala, S: modus, skala, -FI: moodi, kirkkos@"avelasteikko, -N: ?. +FI: moodi, kirkkos@"avelasteikko. @aref{church mode}, @aref{diatonic scale}. @@ -2725,8 +2594,7 @@ D: Modulation, NL: modulatie, DK: modulation, S: modulering, -FI: modulaatio, s@"avellajin vaihdos, -N: ?. +FI: modulaatio, s@"avellajin vaihdos. Moving from one @aref{key} to another. For example, the second subject of a @aref{sonata form} movement modulates to the dominant @@ -2740,8 +2608,7 @@ D: Mordent, NL: mordent, DK: mordent, S: mordent, -FI: mordent, korukuvio, -N: ?. +FI: mordent, korukuvio. @aref{ornament}. @@ -2753,8 +2620,7 @@ D: Motiv, NL: motief, DK: motiv, S: motiv, -FI: teema, s@"avelaihe, -N: ?. +FI: teema, s@"avelaihe. The briefest intelligible and self-contained fragment of a musical theme or subject. @@ -2779,8 +2645,7 @@ D: Satz, NL: deel, DK: sats, S: sats, -FI: osa, -N: ?. +FI: osa. Greater musical works like @aref{symphony} and @aref{sonata} most often consist of several -- more or less -- @@ -2794,8 +2659,7 @@ NL: meermaats rust, D: mehrtaktige Pause, DK: flertaktspause, S: flertaktspaus, -FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko, -N: ?. +FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko. @lilypond \notes\relative c'' { @@ -2816,8 +2680,7 @@ D: Aufl@"osungszeichen, NL: herstellingsteken, DK: op@-l@o{}sningstegn, S: @aa{}terst@"allningstecken, -FI: palautusmerkki, -N: ?. +FI: palautusmerkki. @aref{accidental}. @@ -2832,8 +2695,7 @@ D: None, NL: noon, DK: none, S: nona, -FI: nooni, -N: ?. +FI: nooni. @aref{interval}. @@ -2848,8 +2710,7 @@ D: Note, NL: noot, DK: node, S: not, -FI: nuotti, -N: ?, +FI: nuotti. Notes are signs by means of which music is fixed in writing. The term is also used for the sound indicated by a note, and even for the key of the piano @@ -2865,8 +2726,7 @@ D: Notenkopf, NL: nootballetje, DK: nodehovede, S: nothuvud, -FI: nuotin p@"a@"a, -N: ?. +FI: nuotin p@"a@"a. A head like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a @aref{staff} provided with a @aref{clef}, and duration @@ -2883,8 +2743,7 @@ D: Notenwert, NL: nootwaarde, DK nodev@ae{}rdi, S: notv@"arde, -FI: nuotin aika-arvo, -N: ?. +FI: nuotin aika-arvo. Note values (durations) are measured as fractions, normally 1/2, of the next higher note value. The longest duration normally used is called @emph{brevis}, @@ -2957,8 +2816,7 @@ D: Oktave, NL: octaaf, DK: oktav, S: oktav, -FI: oktaavi, -N: ?. +FI: oktaavi. @aref{interval}. @@ -2970,8 +2828,7 @@ D: Verzierung, Ornament, NL: versiering, DK: forsiring, S: ornament, -FI: koru, hele, -N: ?. +FI: koru, hele. Most commonly used is the @emph{trill}, the rapid alternation of a given note with the diatonic @aref{second} above it. In the music from the @@ -3026,8 +2883,7 @@ D: Ossia, NL: alternatief, DK: ossia, S: ossia, -FI: ossia, vaihtoehtoinen esitystapa, -N: ?. +FI: ossia, vaihtoehtoinen esitystapa. Ossia (otherwise) marks an alternative. It is an added staff or piano score, usually only a few measures long, which presents another version @@ -3041,8 +2897,7 @@ D: Stimme, NL: partij, DK: stemme, S: st@"amma, -FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus, -N: ?. +FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus. 1. In instrumental or choral music the music for the single instrument or voice. 2. in contrapuntal music @aref{counterpoint} the single @@ -3056,8 +2911,7 @@ D: Schlagzeug, Schlagwerk, NL: slagwerk, DK: slagt@o{}j, S: slagverk, -FI: ly@"om@"asoittimet, -N: ?. +FI: ly@"om@"asoittimet. A family of musical instruments which are played on by striking or shaking. Percussion instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are @@ -3073,8 +2927,7 @@ D: reines Intervall, NL: rein interval, DK: rent interval, S: rent intervall, -FI: puhdas intervalli, -N: ?. +FI: puhdas intervalli. @aref{interval}. @@ -3086,8 +2939,7 @@ D: Phrase, NL: frase, zin, DK: frase, S: fras, -FI: fraasi, lause, -N: ?. +FI: fraasi, lause. A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of speech. @@ -3099,8 +2951,7 @@ D: Phrasierung, NL: frasering, DK: frasering, S: fra@-se@-ring, -FI: fraseeraus, j@"asent@"aminen, -N: ?. +FI: fraseeraus, j@"asent@"aminen. The clear rendering in musical performance of the @aref{phrase}s of the melody. Phrasing may be indicated by a @aref{slur}. @@ -3114,7 +2965,6 @@ NL: piano, DK: piano, S: piano, FI, piano, hiljaa, -N: ?. @emph{piano} (@b{p}) soft, @emph{pianissimo} (@b{pp}) very soft, @emph{mezzopiano} (@b{mp}) medium soft. @@ -3127,8 +2977,7 @@ D: Tonh@"ohe, NL: toonhoogte, DK: toneh@o{}jde, S: tonh@"ojd, -FI: s@"avelkorkeus, -N: ?. +FI: s@"avelkorkeus. @aitem{pizzicato} ES: pizzicato, @@ -3138,8 +2987,7 @@ D: pizzicato, NL: pizzicato, getokkeld, DK: pizzicato, S: pizzicato, -FI: pizzicato, n@"app@"aillen, -N: ?. +FI: pizzicato, n@"app@"aillen. Play by plucking the strings. @@ -3151,8 +2999,7 @@ D: Polyphonie, NL: polyfonie, DK: polyfoni, S: polyfoni, -FI: polyfonia, moni@"a@"anisyys, -N: ?. +FI: polyfonia, moni@"a@"anisyys. Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices (parts) of a more or less pronounced individuality. @aref{counterpoint}. @@ -3168,8 +3015,7 @@ D: Presto, Sehr schnell, NL: presto, Sehr schnell, DK: presto, S: presto, -FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti, -N: ?. +FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti. Very quick, i.e. quicker than @aref{allegro}. @emph{prestissimo} denotes the highest possible degree of speed. @@ -3182,8 +3028,7 @@ D: Pythagor@"aisches Komma, NL: komma van Pythagoras, DK: pythagor@ae{}isk komma, S: pytagoreiskt komma, -FI: pytagorinen komma, -N: ?. +FI: pytagorinen komma. A sequence of fifths starting on@w{ }C eventually circles back to@w{ }C, but this@w{ }C, obtained by adding 12@w{ }fifths, is @@ -3199,8 +3044,7 @@ D: Quartole, NL: kwartool, DK: kvartol, S: kvartol, -FI: kvartoli, -N: ?. +FI: kvartoli. @aref{note value}. @@ -3213,8 +3057,7 @@ D: Viertel, Viertelnote, NL: kwartnoot, DK: fjerdedelsnode, S: fj@"ardedelsnot, -FI: nelj@"annesosanuotti, -N: ?. +FI: nelj@"annesosanuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -3227,8 +3070,7 @@ D: Viertelpause, NL: kwart rust, DK:@w{ }fjerdedelspause, S: fj@"ardedelspaus, -FI: nelj@"annesosatauko, -N: ?. +FI: nelj@"annesosatauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -3240,8 +3082,7 @@ D: Quintole, NL: kwintool, DK: kvintol, S: kvintol, -FI: kvintoli, -N: ?. +FI: kvintoli. @aref{note value}. @@ -3254,7 +3095,6 @@ NL: rallentando, DK: rallentando, S: rallentando, FI. rallerdando, hidastuen, -N: rallentando. Abbreviation "rall.". @aref{ritardando}. @@ -3266,8 +3106,7 @@ D: Paralleltonart, NL: paralleltoonsoort, DK: paralleltoneart, S: parallelltonart, -FI: rinnakkaiss@"avellaji, -N: ?. +FI: rinnakkaiss@"avellaji. @aref{major} and @aref{minor} @aref{key} with the same @aref{key signature}. @@ -3299,8 +3138,7 @@ D: Wiederholung, NL: herhaling, DK: gen@-ta@-gel@-se, S: repris, -FI: toisto, -N: ?. +FI: toisto. @lilypond \key g \major @@ -3321,8 +3159,7 @@ D: Pause, NL: rust, DK: pause, S: paus, -FI: tauko, -N: ?. +FI: tauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -3334,8 +3171,7 @@ D: Rhythmus, NL: ritme, DK: rytme, S: rytm, -FI: rytmi, -N: ?. +FI: rytmi. (a) Metrical rhythm in which every time value is a multiple or fraction of a fixed unit of time, called @aref{beat}, and in which the normal @@ -3355,7 +3191,6 @@ NL: ritardando, DK: ritardando, S: ritardando, FI. ritardando, hidastuen, -N: ?. Gradually slackening in speed. Mostly abbreviated to rit. or ritard. @@ -3367,8 +3202,7 @@ D: Ritenuto, NL: ritenuto, DK: ritenuto, S: ritenuto, -FI: ritenuto, hidastaen, -N: ?. +FI: ritenuto, hidastaen. Immediate reduction of speed. @@ -3380,8 +3214,7 @@ D: Tonleiter, NL: toonladder, DK: Skala, S: skala, -FI: asteikko, s@"avelasteikko, -N: ?. +FI: asteikko, s@"avelasteikko. @aref{diatonic scale}. @@ -3393,8 +3226,7 @@ D: Tonleiterstufe, NL: trap [van de toonladder], DK: skalatrin, S: skalsteg (?), -FI: s@"avelaste, asteikon s@"avel, -N: ?. +FI: s@"avelaste, asteikon s@"avel. Names and symbols used in harmonic analysis to denote tones of the scale as roots of chords. The most important are degrees I = tonic (T), IV = @@ -3424,8 +3256,7 @@ D: Partitur (full score), Klavierauszug (vocal score) NL: partituur, DK: partitur, S: partitur, -FI: partituuri, -N: ?. +FI: partituuri. A copy of orchestral, choral or chamber music showing what each instrument is to play, each voice to sing, having each part arranged one underneath the @@ -3439,8 +3270,7 @@ D: Sekund, NL: secunde, DK: sekund, S: sekund, -FI: sekunti, -N: ?. +FI: sekunti. The @aref{interval} between two neigbouring tones of a scale. A @aref{diatonic scale} consists of alternating @@ -3455,8 +3285,7 @@ D: Halbton, NL: halve toon, DK: halvtone, S: halvton, -FI: puolis@"avel, -N: ?. +FI: puolis@"avel. The @aref{interval} of a minor second. The (usually) smallest interval in European composed music. The interval between two neighbouring @@ -3477,8 +3306,7 @@ D: Septime, NL: septiem, DK: septim, S: septim, -FI: septimi, -N: ?. +FI: septimi. @aref{interval}. @@ -3489,8 +3317,7 @@ D: Sextole, NL: sextool, DK: sekstol, S: sextol, -FI: sekstoli, -N: ?. +FI: sekstoli. @aref{note value}. @@ -3502,8 +3329,7 @@ D: Kreuz, NL: kruis, DK: kryds, S: korsf@"ortecken, -FI: korotusmerkki, -N: ?. +FI: korotusmerkki. @aref{accidental}. @@ -3519,8 +3345,7 @@ D: Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote, NL: zes@-ti@-ende noot, DK: sekstendedelsnode, S: sextondelsnot, -FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti, -N: ?. +FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -3533,8 +3358,7 @@ D: Sechzehntelpause, NL: zestiende rust, DK: sekstendedelspause, S: sextondelspaus, -FI: kuudesosatauko, -N: ?. +FI: kuudesosatauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -3546,8 +3370,7 @@ D: Sexte, NL: sext, DK: sekst, S: sext, -FI: seksti, -N: ?. +FI: seksti. @aref{interval}. @@ -3560,8 +3383,7 @@ D: Vierundsechzigstel, Vierundsechzigstelnote, NL: vierenzestigste noot, DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-no@-de, S: sextiofj@"ardedelsnot, -FI: kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosanuotti, -N: ?. +FI: kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosanuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -3574,8 +3396,7 @@ D: Vierundsechzigstelpause, NL: vierenzestigste rust, DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-pau@-se, S: sextiofj@"ardedelspaus, -FI: kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosatauko, -N: ?. +FI: kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosatauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -3587,8 +3408,7 @@ D: Bogen, Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen, NL: fraseringsboog, legatoboog, streekboog, DK: legatobue, fraseringsbue, S: b@aa{}ge, -FI: kaari, -N: ?. +FI: kaari. A slur above or below a group of notes indicates that they are to be played @aref{legato}, e.g., with one stroke of the violin bow or with one @@ -3601,8 +3421,7 @@ D: Solmisation, NL: solmizatie, DK: solmisation, S: solmisation, -FI: suhteelliset laulunimet, -N: ?. +FI: suhteelliset laulunimet. General term for systems of designating the degrees of the @aref{scale}, not by letters, but by syllables (@emph{do} @@ -3617,8 +3436,7 @@ D: Sonate, NL: sonate, DK: sonate, S: sonat, -FI: sonaatti, -N: ?. +FI: sonaatti. In its present-day meaning a sonata denotes an instrumental composition for piano or for some other instrument with piano accompaniment, which consists of @@ -3632,8 +3450,7 @@ D: Sonatenform, NL: hoofdvorm, sonatevorm, DK: sonateform, S: sonatform, -FI: sonaattimuoto, -N: ?. +FI: sonaattimuoto. A form used frequently for single movements of the @aref{sonata}, @aref{symphony}, quartet, etc. A movement written in sonata form @@ -3657,8 +3474,7 @@ D: Sopran, NL: sopraan, DK: sopran, S: sopran, -FI: sopraano, korkea nais@"a@"ani, -N: ?. +FI: sopraano, korkea nais@"a@"ani. The highest female voice. @@ -3670,8 +3486,7 @@ D: staccato, NL: staccato, DK: staccato, S: staccato, -FI: staccato, lyhyesti, ter@"av@"asti, -N: ?. +FI: staccato, lyhyesti, ter@"av@"asti. Playing the note(s) short. Staccato is indicated by a dot above or below the notehead. @@ -3694,8 +3509,7 @@ D: Notenzeile, NL: (noten)balk, partij, DK: nodesystem, S: notsystem, -FI: nuottiviivasto, -N: ?. +FI: nuottiviivasto. pl. staves. A series of (normally@w{ }5) horizontal lines upon and between which the musical notes are written, thus indicating (in connection @@ -3710,8 +3524,7 @@ D: Hals, Notenhals, Stiel, NL: stok, DK: hals, S: skaft, -FI: nuottipalkki, -N: ?. +FI: nuottipalkki. Vertical line above or below a @aref{note head} shorter than a whole note. @aref{beam}. @@ -3736,8 +3549,7 @@ D: Streicher, NL: strijkers, DK: strygere, S: str@aa{}kar, -FI: jouset, -N: ?. +FI: jouset. A family of stringed musical instruments played with a bow. Strings commonly used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass. @@ -3750,8 +3562,7 @@ D: betonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag, NL: thesis, D: betonet taktslag, S: betonat taktslag, -FI: tahdin vahva isku, -N: ?. +FI: tahdin vahva isku. @aref{beat}, @aref{accent}, @aref{measure}, @aref{rhythm}. @@ -3764,8 +3575,7 @@ D: Subdominante, NL: subdominant, DK: subdominant, S: subdominant, -FI: subdominantti, alidominantti, -N: ?. +FI: subdominantti, alidominantti. The fourth @aref{scale degree}. @aref{functional harmony}. @@ -3778,8 +3588,7 @@ D: Submediante, NL: submediant, DK: Submediant, S: submediant, -FI: alikeskis@"avel, -N: ?. +FI: alikeskis@"avel. The sixth @aref{scale degree}. @@ -3791,8 +3600,7 @@ D: Subtonika, NL: subtonica, DK: Subtonika, S: subtonika, -FI: subtoonika, alitoonika, -N: ?. +FI: subtoonika, alitoonika. The seventh @aref{scale degree}. @@ -3804,8 +3612,7 @@ D: Superdominante, NL: superdominant, DK: superdominant, S: superdominant, -FI: ylidominantti, -N: ?. +FI: ylidominantti. The sixth @aref{scale degree}. @@ -3817,8 +3624,7 @@ D: Supertonika, NL: supertonica, DK: supertonika, S: supertonika, -FI: ylitoonika, -N: ?. +FI: ylitoonika. The second @aref{scale degree}. @@ -3830,8 +3636,7 @@ D: Sinfonie, Symphonie, NL: symfonie, DK: symfoni, S: symfoni, -FI: sinfonia, -N: ?. +FI: sinfonia. A symphony may be defined as a @aref{sonata} for orchestra. @@ -3843,8 +3648,7 @@ D: Synkope, NL: syncope, DK: synkope, S: synkop, -FI: synkooppi, -N: ?. +FI: synkooppi. Any deliberate upsetting of the normal pulse of @aref{meter}, @aref{accent} and @aref{rhythm}. Our system of musical @@ -3869,8 +3673,7 @@ D: syntonisches Komma, NL: syntonische komma, DK: syntonisk komma, S: syntoniskt komma, -FI: syntoninen komma, terssin taajuusero luonnollisessa ja Pytagorisessa viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a, -N: ?. +FI: syntoninen komma, terssin taajuusero luonnollisessa ja Pytagorisessa viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a. Difference between the natural third and the third obtained by Pythagorean tuning (@aref{Pythagorean comma}), equal to 22@w{ }cents. @@ -3882,8 +3685,7 @@ D: Notensystem, NL: systeem, DK: system, S: system, -FI: nuottij@"arjestelm@"a, -N: ?. +FI: nuottij@"arjestelm@"a. The collection of staves @aref{staff}, two or more, as used for writing down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music. @@ -3896,8 +3698,7 @@ D: Stimmung, Temperatur, NL: stemming, temperatuur, DK: temperatur, S: temperatur, -FI: viritysj@"arjestelm@"a, -N: ?. +FI: viritysj@"arjestelm@"a. Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the acoustically pure intervals. @aref{meantone temperament}, @aref{equal @@ -3911,8 +3712,7 @@ D: Zeitma@ss{}, Tempobezeichnung, NL: tempo aanduiding, DK: tempobetegelse, S: tempobeteckning, -FI: tempomerkint@"a, -N: ?. +FI: tempomerkint@"a. The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging from the slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as @@ -3927,8 +3727,7 @@ D: Tenor, NL: tenor, DK: tenor, S: tenor, -FI: tenori, korkea mies@"a@"ani, -N: ?. +FI: tenori, korkea mies@"a@"ani. The highest voice of men (apart from @aref{counter tenor}). @@ -3940,8 +3739,7 @@ D: Dezime, NL: deciem, DK: decim, S: decima, -FI: desimi, -N: ?. +FI: desimi. @aref{note value}. @@ -3953,8 +3751,7 @@ D: Terz, NL: terts, DK: terts, S: ters, -FI: terssi, -N: ?. +FI: terssi. @aref{interval}. @@ -3967,8 +3764,7 @@ D: Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote, NL: twee-endertig@-ste noot, DK: toogtredivtedelsnode, S: trettiotv@aa{}ondelsnot, -FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosanuotti, -N: ?. +FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosanuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -3981,8 +3777,7 @@ D: Zweiunddreissigstel@-pause, NL: 32e rust, DK: toogtredivtedelspause, S: trettiotv@aa{}ondelspaus, -FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosatauko, -N: ?. +FI: kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosatauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -3994,8 +3789,7 @@ D: Generalbass, bezifferter Bass, NL: basso continuo, becijferde bas DK: generalbas, S: generalbas, -FI: kenraalibasso, numeroitu basso, -N: ?. +FI: kenraalibasso, numeroitu basso. A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only, together with figures designating the chief @aref{interval}s and @@ -4037,8 +3831,7 @@ D: Haltebogen, NL: overbinding, bindingsboog, DK: bindebue, S: bindeb@aa{}ge, @"overbindning, -FI: sitominen, -N: ?. +FI: sitominen. A curved line, identical in appearance with the @aref{slur}, which connects two succesive notes of the same pitch, and which has the function of @@ -4057,8 +3850,7 @@ D: Taktangabe, Angabe der Taktart, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktangivelse, S: taktartssignatur, -FI: tahtiosoitus, -N: ?. +FI: tahtiosoitus. @aref{meter}. @@ -4070,8 +3862,7 @@ D: Ton, NL: toon, DK: tone, S: ton, -FI: @"a@"ani, -N: ?. +FI: @"a@"ani. A sound of definite pitch and duration, as distinct from @emph{noise}. Tone is a primary building material of music. @@ -4085,8 +3876,7 @@ D: Tonika, NL: tonica, DK: tonika, S: tonika, -FI: toonika, -N: ?. +FI: toonika. The first @aref{scale degree}. @aref{functional harmony}. @@ -4099,8 +3889,7 @@ D: Transposition, NL: transpositie, DK: transposition, S: transponering, -FI: transponointi, -N: ?. +FI: transponointi. Shifting a melody up or down in pitch, while keeping the same relative pitches. @@ -4133,8 +3922,7 @@ D: Violinschl@"ussel, Sopranschl@"ussel, NL: viool sleutel, DK:@w{ }diskantn@o{}gle, S: diskantklav, -FI: diskanttiavain, -N: ?. +FI: diskanttiavain. @aref{G clef}. @@ -4146,8 +3934,7 @@ D: Tremolo, NL: tremolo, DK: tremolo, S: tremolo, -FI: tremolo, -N: ?. +FI: tremolo. On stringed instruments (@aref{strings}) the quick reiteration of the same tone, produced by a rapid up-and-down movement movement of the bow @@ -4173,8 +3960,7 @@ D: Dreiklang, NL: drieklank, DK: treklang, S: treklang, -FI: kolmisointu, -N: ?. +FI: kolmisointu. @aref{chord}. @@ -4186,8 +3972,7 @@ D: Triller, NL: triller, DK: trille, S: drill, -FI: trilli, -N: ?. +FI: trilli. @aref{ornament}. @@ -4199,8 +3984,7 @@ D: in drei, NL: driedelige maatsoort, DK: tredelt takt, S: tretakt, -FI: kolmijakoinen, -N: ?. +FI: kolmijakoinen. @aref{meter}. @@ -4212,8 +3996,7 @@ D: Triole, NL: triool, DK: triol, S: triol, -FI: trioli, -N: ?. +FI: trioli. @aref{note value}. @@ -4225,8 +4008,7 @@ D: Tritonus, NL: tritoon, DK: tritonus, S: tritonus, -FI: tritonus, -N: ?. +FI: tritonus. @aref{interval}. @@ -4238,8 +4020,7 @@ D: Stimmgabel, NL: stemvork, DK: stemmegaffel, S: st@"amgaffel, -FI: viritysavain, -N: ?. +FI: viritysavain. A two-pronged piece of steel used to indicate absolute pitch. Tuning forks give the international pitch for the tone @emph{a} (440 vibrations per second.) @@ -4252,8 +4033,7 @@ D: Doppelschlag, NL: dubbelslag, DK: dobbeltslag, S: dubbelslag, -FI: korukuvio, -N: ?. +FI: korukuvio. ??? @@ -4265,8 +4045,7 @@ D: unisono, NL: unisono, DK: unison, S: unison, -FI: unisono, yksi@"a@"anisesti, -N: ?. +FI: unisono, yksi@"a@"anisesti. Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various instruments (voices) or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at exactly the same pitch or in a @@ -4280,8 +4059,7 @@ D: Auftakt, NL: opmaat, DK: optakt, S: upptakt, -FI: kohotahti, -N: ?. +FI: kohotahti. Initial note(s) of a melody occurring before the first bar line. @aref{measure}, @aref{meter}. @@ -4302,8 +4080,7 @@ D: Stimme, NL: stem, DK: stemme, S: st@"amma, -FI: @"a@"ani, laulu@"a@"ani, -N: ?, +FI: @"a@"ani, laulu@"a@"ani. 1. Human voices: @aref{soprano}, @aref{mezzo-soprano}, @aref{contralto}, @aref{tenor}, @@ -4318,8 +4095,7 @@ D: unbetonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag, NL: arsis, DK: ubetonet taktslag, S: obetonat taktslag, -FI: tahdin heikko isku, -N: ?. +FI: tahdin heikko isku. @aref{beat}, @aref{measure}, @aref{rhythm}. @@ -4332,8 +4108,7 @@ D: Ganze, ganze Note, NL: hele noot, DK: helnode, S: helnot, -FI: kokonuotti, -N: ?. +FI: kokonuotti. @aref{note value}. @@ -4346,8 +4121,7 @@ D: ganze Pause, ganztaktige Pause, NL: hele rust, DK: helnodespause, S: helpaus, -FI: kokotauko, -N: ?. +FI: kokotauko. @aref{note value}. @@ -4359,8 +4133,7 @@ D: Ganzton, NL: hele toon, DK: heltone, S: helton, -FI: kokoaskel, -N: ?. +FI: kokoaskel. The @aref{interval} of a major second. The interval between two tones on the piano keyboard with exactly one key between them -- including @@ -4374,8 +4147,7 @@ D: Holzbl@"aser, NL: houtblazers, DK tr@ae{}bl@ae{}sere, S: tr@"abl@aa{}sare, -FI: puupuhaltimet, -N: ?. +FI: puupuhaltimet. A family of blown wooden musical instruments. Today some of these instruments are actually made from metal. The woodwind instruments commonly used in a