Extended documentation on Turkish classical music and Makam.

 * New section on 'Non-Western note names and accidentals'
   in the Pitches section of the Notation Reference.
   Contains table of accidentals for makam.ly.

 * New section on Turkish classical music in the World
   Music section of the Notation Reference.

diff --git a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely
index b02e6da55362bd0bc37b2dc51fb447e3e0a9d494..7951310b542a500470d601a9401506ddcc52666e 100644 (file)
--- a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely
+++ b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ mode.  In most cases, relative mode will be more convenient.
 * Relative octave entry::
 * Accidentals::
 * Note names in other languages::
+* Non-Western note names and accidentals::
 @end menu
 
 
@@ -388,9 +389,6 @@ cis
 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
 {preventing-extra-naturals-from-being-automatically-added.ly}
 
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{makam-example.ly}
-
 
 @seealso
 Music Glossary:
@@ -573,6 +571,70 @@ Snippets:
 @rlsr{Pitches}.
 
 
+@node Non-Western note names and accidentals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Non-Western note names and accidentals
+
+Many non-Western musics (and some Western folk and
+traditional musics) employ alternative or extended tuning
+systems that do not fit readily into standard classical
+notation.
+
+In some cases standard notation is still used, with the
+pitch differences being implicit.  For example, Arabic
+music is notated with standard semitone and quarter-tone
+accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being
+determined by context.  Others require extended or unique
+notations.
+
+@notation{Turkish classical music}, or Ottoman music,
+employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar}, whose
+intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone.
+From a modern notational point of view, it is convenient
+to use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...)
+with special accidentals unique to Turkish music.  These
+accidentals are defined in @file{makam.ly} (see the
+Learning Manual 2.12.2, section 4.6.3,  `Other sources of
+information', for the location of this file).  The
+following table gives their names, the accidental suffix
+that must be added to notes, and their pitch alteration
+as a fraction of one whole tone.
+
+@c TODO: can we include the actual accidentals in this table?
+@quotation
+@multitable {@b{büyük mücenneb (sharp)}} {@b{suffix}} {@b{pitch alteration}}
+@headitem Accidental name
+  @tab suffix @tab pitch alteration
+
+@item büyük mücenneb (sharp)
+  @tab -bm @tab +8/9
+@item kücük mücenneb (sharp)
+  @tab -k @tab +5/9
+@item bakiye (sharp)
+  @tab -b @tab +4/9
+@item koma (sharp)
+  @tab -c @tab +1/9
+
+@item koma (flat)
+  @tab -fc @tab -1/9
+@item bakiye (flat)
+  @tab -fb @tab -4/9
+@item kücük mücenneb (flat)
+  @tab -fk @tab -5/9
+@item büyük mücenneb (flat)
+  @tab -fbm @tab -8/9
+@end multitable
+@end quotation
+
+For further information on Turkish classical music and
+makamlar, see @ref{Turkish classical music}.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{makam-example.ly}
+
+
 @node Changing multiple pitches
 @subsection Changing multiple pitches
 

diff --git a/Documentation/notation/world.itely b/Documentation/notation/world.itely
index 0d7d5a501397898770135fb138c04342c6dca7cc..26b38fe63f739c83f37aa2317299ec7e319ac7c8 100644 (file)
--- a/Documentation/notation/world.itely
+++ b/Documentation/notation/world.itely
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ that are relevant to traditions outside the Western tradition.
 
 @menu
 * Arabic music::
+* Turkish classical music::
 @end menu
 
 @node Arabic music
@@ -381,3 +382,64 @@ George Farah
 Ibrahim Ali Darwish Al-masri
 @end itemize
 @end enumerate
+
+
+@node Turkish classical music
+@subsection Turkish classical music
+
+This section highlights issues that are relevant to notating Turkish
+classical music.
+
+@menu
+* References for Turkish classical music::
+* Turkish note names::
+@c TODO * Turkish key signatures::
+@c TODO * Turkish time signatures::
+@c TODO * Turkish music example::
+@c TODO * Further reading::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node References for Turkish classical music
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for Turkish classical music
+
+@cindex Turkish music
+@cindex Ottoman music
+@cindex comma intervals
+@cindex makam
+@cindex makamlar
+
+Turkish classical music developed in the Ottoman Empire in a
+period roughly contemporaneous with classical music in Europe,
+and has continued on into the 20th and 21st centuries as a
+vibrant and distinct tradition with its own compositional
+forms, theory and performance styles.  Among its striking
+features is the use of microtonal intervals based on `commas'
+of 1/9 of a tone, from which are constructed the melodic
+forms known as @notation{makam} (plural @notation{makamlar}).
+
+
+@node Turkish note names
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Turkish note names
+
+@cindex Turkish note names
+@cindex makam
+@cindex makamlar
+
+Pitches in Turkish classical music traditionally have unique
+names, and the basis of pitch on 1/9-tone divisions means
+makamlar employ a completely different set of intervals from
+Western scales and modes: @notation{koma} (1/9 of a tone),
+@notation{eksik bakiye} (3/9), @notation{bakiye} (4/9),
+@notation{kücük mücenneb} (5/9), @notation{büyük mücenneb}
+(8/9), @notation{tanîni} (a whole tone) and
+@notation{artık ikili} (12/9 or 13/9 of a tone).
+
+From a modern notational point of view it is convenient to
+use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...) with
+special accidentals that raise or lower notes by intervals
+of 1/9, 4/9, 5/9 and 8/9 of a tone.  These accidentals are
+defined in the file @file{makam.ly} (see the Learning Manual
+2.12.2, section 4.6.3,  `Other sources of information', for
+the location of this file) and are described in more detail
+in @ref{Non-Western note names and accidentals}.