This section discusses rhythms, rests, durations, beaming and bars.
@menu
-* Writing rhythms::
-* Writing rests::
-* Displaying rhythms::
-* Beams::
-* Bars::
-* Special rhythmic concerns::
+* Writing rhythms::
+* Writing rests::
+* Displaying rhythms::
+* Beams::
+* Bars::
+* Special rhythmic concerns::
@end menu
@subsection Writing rhythms
@menu
-* Durations::
-* Tuplets::
-* Scaling durations::
-* Ties::
+* Durations::
+* Tuplets::
+* Scaling durations::
+* Ties::
@end menu
@node Durations
@funindex \dotsNeutral
Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in
-polyphonic situations. Predefined commands are available to
+polyphonic situations. Predefined commands are available to
force a particular direction manually, for details
see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
a2 \times 2/3 { b4 b b }
c4 c \times 2/3 { b4 a g }
-
@end lilypond
@funindex \tupletUp
@knownissues
@cindex grace notes within tuplet brackets
-When the very first note on a staff is a grace note followed by a
+When the first note on a staff is a grace note followed by a
tuplet the grace note must be placed before the @code{\times}
command to avoid errors. Anywhere else, grace notes may be
placed within tuplet brackets.
@cindex compressing music
@funindex \compressMusic
-Longer stretches of music may be compressed by a fraction in
-the same way, as if every note, chord or rest had the fraction
-as a multiplier. The general syntax of the command to do this
-is:
-
-@example
-\compressMusic #'(@emph{num} . @emph{den}) @{ @emph{music} @}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-This will leave the appearance of @emph{music} unchanged but
+Longer stretches of music may be compressed by a fraction in the
+same way, as if every note, chord or rest had the fraction as a
+multiplier. This leaves the appearance of the music unchanged but
the internal duration of the notes will be multiplied by the
-fraction @emph{num}/@emph{den}. The spaces around the dot
-are required. Here is an example showing how music can be
-compressed and expanded:
+fraction @emph{num}/@emph{den}. The spaces around the dot are
+required. Here is an example showing how music can be compressed
+and expanded:
@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
\time 2/4
A tie is entered using the tilde symbol @code{~}
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
-e' ~ e'
+e'2 ~ e'
@end lilypond
be entered as follows:
@lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-<c f g>\laissezVibrer
+<c f g>1\laissezVibrer
@end lilypond
@cindex ties, placement
@subsection Writing rests
@menu
-* Rests::
-* Skips::
-* Full measure rests::
+* Rests::
+* Skips::
+* Full measure rests::
@end menu
@node Rests
@end lilypond
However, the predefined skip command behaves differently: it is
-merely an empty musical placeholder. It does not create any
-contexts and does not cause anything to be printed, not even
+merely an empty musical placeholder. It does not create any
+contexts and does not cause anything to be printed, not even
transparently. On its own it does not even print an
empty page:
@subsection Displaying rhythms
@menu
-* Time signature::
-* Upbeats::
-* Unmetered music::
-* Polymetric notation::
-* Automatic note splitting::
-* Showing melody rhythms::
+* Time signature::
+* Upbeats::
+* Unmetered music::
+* Polymetric notation::
+* Automatic note splitting::
+* Showing melody rhythms::
@end menu
@node Time signature
Time signatures by default are printed at the start of every line
and whenever the time signature changes. If a change takes place
-at the end of a line a warning time signature sign is printed
-there. This default behavior may be changed, see
+at the end of a line a warning time signature sign is printed
+there. This default behavior may be changed, see
@ref{Controlling visibility of objects}.
@funindex \numericTimeSignature
@subsection Beams
@menu
-* Automatic beams::
-* Setting automatic beam behavior::
-* Manual beams::
-* Feathered beams::
+* Automatic beams::
+* Setting automatic beam behavior::
+* Manual beams::
+* Feathered beams::
@end menu
@node Automatic beams
The beams of consecutive 16th (or shorter) notes are, by default,
not sub-divided. That is, the three (or more) beams stretch
unbroken over entire groups of notes. This behavior can
-be modified to sub-divide the beams into sub-groups by setting
-the property @code{subdivideBeams}. When set, multiple beams
+be modified to sub-divide the beams into sub-groups by setting
+the property @code{subdivideBeams}. When set, multiple beams
will be sub-divided at intervals defined by the current value of
@code{beatLength} by reducing the multiple beams to just one beam
between the sub-groups. Note that @code{beatLength} lives in the
@cindex line breaks
Line breaks are normally forbidden when beams cross bar lines.
-This behavior can be changed by setting the @code{breakable}
+This behavior can be changed by setting the @code{breakable}
property: @code{\override Beam #'breakable = ##t}.
@lilypond[ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim,quote]
Kneed beams are inserted automatically when a large gap is
detected between the note heads. This behavior can be tuned
through the @code{auto-knee-gap} property. A kneed beam is
-drawn if the gap is larger than the value of
+drawn if the gap is larger than the value of
@code{auto-knee-gap} plus the width of the beam object (which
depends on the duration of the notes and the slope of the beam).
By default @code{auto-knee-gap} is set to 5.5 staff spaces.
@subsubsection Feathered beams
@cindex beams, feathered
-@funindex \featherDurations
+@funindex \featherDurations
Feathered beams are used to indicate that a small group of notes
should be played at an increasing (or decreasing) tempo, without
-changing the overall tempo of the piece. The extent of the
+changing the overall tempo of the piece. The extent of the
feathered beam must be indicated manually using @code{[} and
-@code{]}, and the beam feathering is turned on by specifying a
+@code{]}, and the beam feathering is turned on by specifying a
direction to the @code{Beam} property @code{grow-direction}.
If the placement of the notes and the sound in the MIDI output
The square brackets
show the extent of the beam and the braces show
-which notes are to have their durations modified. Normally
+which notes are to have their durations modified. Normally
these would delimit the same group of notes, but this is not
-required: the two commands are independent.
+required: the two commands are independent.
In the following example the eight 16th notes occupy exactly the
same time as a half note, but the first note is one half as long
@end lilypond
@noindent
-The spacing in the printed output represents the
+The spacing in the printed output represents the
note durations only approximately, but the midi output is exact.
@knownissues
@menu
-* Bar lines::
-* Bar numbers::
-* Bar and bar number checks::
-* Rehearsal marks::
+* Bar lines::
+* Bar numbers::
+* Bar and bar number checks::
+* Rehearsal marks::
@end menu
@node Bar lines
Bar lines delimit measures, and are also used to indicate
repeats. Normally, simple bar lines are automatically inserted
-into the printed output at places based on the current time
-signature.
+into the printed output at places based on the current time
+signature.
-The simple bar lines inserted automatically can be changed to
+The simple bar lines inserted automatically can be changed to
other types with the @code{\bar} command. For example, a closing
double bar line is usually placed at the end of a piece:
@warning{An incorrect duration can lead to poorly formatted
music.}
-
-It is not invalid if the final note in a measure does not
-end on the automatically entered bar line: the note is assumed
+
+It is not invalid if the final note in a measure does not
+end on the automatically entered bar line: the note is assumed
to carry over into the next measure. But if a long sequence
of such carry-over measures appears the music can appear compressed
or even flowing off the page. This is because automatic line
-breaks happen only at the end of complete measures, i.e., where
+breaks happen only at the end of complete measures, i.e., where
the end of a note coincides with the end of a measure.
@cindex line breaks
@cindex measure lines, invisible
Line breaks are also permitted at manually inserted bar lines
-even within incomplete measures. To allow a line break without
+even within incomplete measures. To allow a line break without
printing a bar line, use
@example
@noindent
This will insert an invisible bar line and allow (but not
-force) a line break to occur at this point. The bar number
-counter is not increased. To force a line break see
+force) a line break to occur at this point. The bar number
+counter is not increased. To force a line break see
@ref{Line breaking}.
This and other special bar lines may be inserted manually at any
point. When they coincide with the end of a measure they replace
-the simple bar line which would have been inserted there
+the simple bar line which would have been inserted there
automatically. When they do not coincide
with the end of a measure the specified bar line is inserted at that
point in the printed output. Such insertions do not affect
-the calculation and placement of subsequent automatic bar lines.
+the calculation and placement of subsequent automatic bar lines.
The simple bar line and four types of double bar line are available
for manual insertion:
In addition, you can specify @code{"||:"}, which is equivalent to
@code{"|:"} except at line breaks, where it gives a double bar
line at the end of the line and a start repeat at the beginning of
-the next line.
+the next line.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
\override Score.RehearsalMark #'padding = #3
c c c c
-\bar "||:"
+\bar "||:"
c c c c \break
-\bar "||:"
+\bar "||:"
c c c c
@end lilypond
@funindex defaultBarType
The command @code{\bar }@var{bartype} is a shortcut for
-@code{\set Timing.whichBar = }@var{bartype}. A bar line is
+@code{\set Timing.whichBar = }@var{bartype}. A bar line is
created whenever the @code{whichBar} property is
-set.
+set.
The default bar type used for automatically inserted bar lines is
@code{"|"}. This may be changed at any time
-with @code{\set Timing.defaultBarType = }@var{bartype}.
+with @code{\set Timing.defaultBarType = }@var{bartype}.
@seealso
@cindex bar number, format
The size of the bar number may be changed. This is illustrated
-in the following example, which also shows how to enclose bar
+in the following example, which also shows how to enclose bar
numbers in boxes and circles, and shows an alternative way
of specifying @code{#(#f #t #t)} for @code{break-visibility}.
\override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility
= #end-of-line-invisible
-% Increase the size of the bar number by 2
+% Increase the size of the bar number by 2
\override Score.BarNumber #'font-size = #2
\repeat unfold 3 { c1 } \bar "|"
Bar numbers by default are left-aligned to their parent object.
This is usually the left edge of a line or, if numbers are printed
within a line, the left bar line of the measure. The numbers may also
-be positioned directly on the bar line or right-aligned to the
+be positioned directly on the bar line or right-aligned to the
bar line:
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative]
@funindex |
Bar checks help detect errors in the entered durations.
-A bar check may be entered using the bar symbol, @code{|},
-at any place where a bar line is expected to fall.
-If bar check lines are encountered at other places,
+A bar check may be entered using the bar symbol, @code{|},
+at any place where a bar line is expected to fall.
+If bar check lines are encountered at other places,
a list of warnings is printed in the log file,
-showing the line numbers and lines
+showing the line numbers and lines
in which the bar checks failed. In the next
example, the second bar check will signal an error.
@funindex |
@funindex pipeSymbol
-It is also possible to redefine the action taken when a bar check
-or pipe symbol, @code{|}, is encountered in the input, so that
-it does something other than a bar check. This is done by
-assigning a music expression to @code{pipeSymbol}.
-In the following example @code{|} is set to insert a double bar
-line wherever it appears in the input, rather than checking
+It is also possible to redefine the action taken when a bar check
+or pipe symbol, @code{|}, is encountered in the input, so that
+it does something other than a bar check. This is done by
+assigning a music expression to @code{pipeSymbol}.
+In the following example @code{|} is set to insert a double bar
+line wherever it appears in the input, rather than checking
for end of bar.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
pipeSymbol = \bar "||"
-{
+{
c'2 c'2 |
c'2 c'2
c'2 | c'2
@menu
-* Grace notes::
-* Aligning to cadenzas::
-* Time administration::
+* Grace notes::
+* Aligning to cadenzas::
+* Time administration::
@end menu
@node Grace notes
example:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim,fragment]
-b4 \acciaccatura d8 c4
+b4 \acciaccatura d8 c4
\appoggiatura e8 d4
\acciaccatura { g16[ f] } e4
@end lilypond
@noindent
-@code{\acciaccatura} and @code{\appoggiatura} start a slur,
+@code{\acciaccatura} and @code{\appoggiatura} start a slur,
@code{\grace} does not.
The placement of grace notes is synchronized between different
c'4
{ c'16[ c'8 c'16] }
c'4
- }
+ }
\new Staff {
c'16[ c'16 c'16 c'16]
c'16[ c'16 c'16 c'16]
@knownissues
-A multi-note beamed @emph{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash,
+A multi-note beamed @emph{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash,
and looks exactly the same as a multi-note beamed
@emph{appoggiatura}.
@c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available
The following properties of @code{Timing} are used
to keep track of timing within the score.
-
+
@cindex bar number
@cindex measure number
@item measurePosition
The point within the measure where we currently are. This
quantity is reset by subtracting @code{measureLength} whenever
-@code{measureLength} is reached or exceeded. When that happens,
+@code{measureLength} is reached or exceeded. When that happens,
@code{currentBarNumber} is incremented.
@item timing
@end table
Timing can be changed by setting any of these variables
-explicitly. In the next example, the default 4/4 time
+explicitly. In the next example, the default 4/4 time
signature is printed, but @code{measureLength} is set to 5/4.
At 4/8 through the third measure, the @code{measurePosition} is
advanced by 1/8 to 5/8, shortening that bar by 1/8.
Internals Reference: @rinternals{Timing_translator},
@rinternals{Score}
-
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