toplevel scores, and combined as a single @code{\book}.
This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
@code{toplevel-score-handler} at toplevel. The default handler is
-defined in the init file @file{scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
+defined in the init file @file{../scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
@item
A @code{\book} block logically combines multiple movements
or @code{\markup} in the same example. This behavior can be
changed by setting the variable @code{toplevel-book-handler} at
toplevel. The default handler is defined in the init file
-@file{scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
+@file{../scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
@item
A compound music expression, such as
This behavior can be changed by setting the variable
@code{toplevel-music-handler} at toplevel. The default handler is
-defined in the init file @file{scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
+defined in the init file @file{../scm/@/lily@/.scm}.
@item
A markup text, a verse for example
A more advanced option is to change the definitions of the following
variables in the @code{\paper} block. The init file
-@file{ly/titling-init.ly} lists the default layout.
+@file{../ly/titling-init.ly} lists the default layout.
@table @code
@funindex bookTitleMarkup
@seealso
-Init files: @file{ly/@/toc@/-init@/.ly}.
+Init files: @file{../ly/@/toc@/-init@/.ly}.
@predefined
* MIDI block::
* MIDI instrument names::
* Repeats in MIDI::
+* Controlling MIDI dynamics::
* What else goes into the MIDI output?::
@end menu
of specifying the inital or overall MIDI tempo is described below,
see @ref{MIDI block}.
-@ignore
-@c TODO Investigate dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction and the two
-@c midi..Volume properties, then document properly.
-
-The fractions can be adjusted by setting
-@code{dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction} in @rinternals{Voice} context.
-For each type of MIDI instrument, a volume range can be defined. This
-gives a basic equalizer control, which can enhance the quality of
-the MIDI output remarkably. The equalizer can be controlled by
-setting @code{instrumentEqualizer}, or by setting
-
-@example
-\set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.2
-\set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #0.8
-@end example
-
-@end ignore
-
@knownissues
@c In 2.11 the following no longer seems to be a problem -td
Context definitions follow precisely the same syntax as those
within a @code{\layout} block. Translation modules for sound are
called performers. The contexts for MIDI output are defined in
-@file{ly/@/performer@/-init@/.ly},
+@file{../ly/@/performer@/-init@/.ly},
see @rlearning{Other sources of information}.
For example, to remove the effect of dynamics
from the MIDI output, insert the following lines in the
@}
@end example
+@node Controlling MIDI dynamics
+@subsection Controlling MIDI dynamics
+
+MIDI dynamics are implemented by the Dynamic_performer which lives
+by default in the Voice context. It is possible to control the
+overall MIDI volume, the relative volume of dynamic markings and
+the relative volume of different instruments.
+
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamic marks
+
+Dynamic marks are translated to a fixed fraction of the available
+MIDI volume range. The default fractions range from 0.25 for
+@notation{ppppp} to 0.95 for @notation{fffff}. The set of dynamic
+marks and the associated fractions can be seen in
+@file{../scm/midi.scm}, see @rlearning{Other sources of information}.
+This set of fractions may be changed or extended by providing a
+function which takes a dynamic mark as its argument and returns the
+required fraction, and setting
+@code{Score.dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction} to this function.
+
+For example, if a @notation{rinforzando} dynamic marking, rfz,
+has been defined with @code{make-dynamic-script}, this will not
+have any effect on the MIDI volume, as this dynamic marking is not
+included in the default set. The following example shows how the
+MIDI volume for this new dynamic marking can be added. The Scheme
+function sets the fraction to 0.9 if a dynamic mark of rfz is
+found, or calls the default function otherwise.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+#(define (myDynamics dynamic)
+ (if (equal? dynamic "rfz")
+ 0.9
+ (default-dynamic-absolute-volume dynamic)))
+
+rfz = #(make-dynamic-script "rfz")
+
+\score {
+ \new Staff {
+ \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
+ \set Score.dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction = #myDynamics
+ \new Voice {
+ \relative c'' {
+ a\pp b c-\rfz
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ \layout {}
+ \midi {}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Alternatively, if the whole table of fractions needs to be
+redefined, it would be better to use the
+@notation{default-dynamic-absolute-volume} procedure in
+@file{../scm/midi.scm} and the associated table as a model.
+The final example in this section shows how this might be done.
+
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Overall MIDI volume
+
+The minimum and maximum overall volume of MIDI dynamic markings is
+controlled by setting the properties @code{midiMinimumVolume} and
+@code{midiMaximumVolume} at the @code{Score} level. Note that
+these properties have an effect only on dynamic marks, so if they
+are to apply from the start of the score a dynamic mark must be
+placed there. The fraction corresponding to each dynamic mark is
+modified by multiplying it with
+
+midiMinimumVolume + (midiMaximumVolume - midiMinimumVolume) * fraction
+
+In the following example the dynamic range of the overall MIDI
+volume is limited to the range 0.2 - 0.5.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\score {
+ <<
+ \new Staff {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 2/2
+ \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
+ \new Voice \relative c''' {
+ r2 g\mp g fis ~
+ fis4 g8 fis e2 ~
+ e4 d8 cis d2
+ }
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ \key g \major
+ \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet"
+ \new Voice \relative c'' {
+ b1\p a2. b8 a
+ g2. fis8 e
+ fis2 r
+ }
+ }
+ >>
+ \layout { }
+ \midi {
+ \context {
+ \Score
+ tempoWholesPerMinute = #(ly:make-moment 72 2)
+ midiMinimumVolume = #0.2
+ midiMaximumVolume = #0.5
+ }
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Equalizing different instruments (i)
+
+If the minimum and maximum MIDI volume properties are set in
+the @code{Staff} context the relative volumes of the MIDI
+instruments can be controlled. This gives a basic instrument
+equalizer, which can enhance the quality of the MIDI output
+remarkably.
+
+In this example the volume of the clarinet is reduced relative
+to the volume of the flute. Again, note, there must be a dynamic
+mark on the first note of each instrument for this to work
+correctly.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\score {
+ <<
+ \new Staff {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 2/2
+ \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
+ \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7
+ \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #0.9
+ \new Voice \relative c''' {
+ r2 g\mp g fis ~
+ fis4 g8 fis e2 ~
+ e4 d8 cis d2
+ }
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ \key g \major
+ \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet"
+ \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.3
+ \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #0.6
+ \new Voice \relative c'' {
+ b1\p a2. b8 a
+ g2. fis8 e
+ fis2 r
+ }
+ }
+ >>
+ \layout { }
+ \midi {
+ \context {
+ \Score
+ tempoWholesPerMinute = #(ly:make-moment 72 2)
+ }
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Equalizing different instruments (ii)
+
+If the MIDI minimum and maximum volume properties are not set
+LilyPond will, by default, apply a small degree of equalization
+to a few instruments. The instruments and the equalization
+applied are shown in the table @notation{instrument-equalizer-alist}
+in @file{../scm/midi.scm}.
+
+This basic default equalizer can be replaced by setting
+@code{instrumentEqualizer} in the @code{Score} context to a new
+Scheme procedure which accepts a MIDI instrument name as its only
+argument and returns a pair of fractions giving the minimum and
+maximum volumes to be applied to that instrument. This replacement
+is done in the same way as shown for resetting the
+@code{dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction} at the start of this section.
+The default equalizer, @notation{default-instrument-equalizer}, in
+@file{../scm/midi.scm} shows how such a procedure might be written.
+
+The following example sets the relative flute and clarinet volumes
+to the same values as the previous example.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+#(define my-instrument-equalizer-alist '())
+
+#(set! my-instrument-equalizer-alist
+ (append
+ '(
+ ("flute" . (0.7 . 0.9))
+ ("clarinet" . (0.3 . 0.6)))
+ my-instrument-equalizer-alist))
+
+#(define (my-instrument-equalizer s)
+ (let ((entry (assoc s my-instrument-equalizer-alist)))
+ (if entry
+ (cdr entry))))
+
+\score {
+ <<
+ \new Staff {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 2/2
+ \set Score.instrumentEqualizer = #my-instrument-equalizer
+ \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute"
+ \new Voice \relative c''' {
+ r2 g\mp g fis ~
+ fis4 g8 fis e2 ~
+ e4 d8 cis d2
+ }
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ \key g \major
+ \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet"
+ \new Voice \relative c'' {
+ b1\p a2. b8 a
+ g2. fis8 e
+ fis2 r
+ }
+ }
+ >>
+ \layout { }
+ \midi {
+ \context {
+ \Score
+ tempoWholesPerMinute = #(ly:make-moment 72 2)
+ }
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
@node What else goes into the MIDI output?
@subsection What else goes into the MIDI output?
Many musically interesting effects, such as swing, articulation,
slurring, etc., are not translated to midi. Also, figured bass,
-chords, and lyrics have no effect on MIDI.
+chords, tremolos entered with @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} and lyrics
+have no effect on MIDI.
projects / lilypond.git / commitdiff