the central C, also known as c$^1$, is written as \verb+c'+. A quarter
note duration is written as \verb+4+. So, to print quarter note with
central C pitch, you enter the following
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
c'4
\end{mudela}
The pitch \verb+c'+ actually consists of two parts: one for the note
The note names simply are the letters \verb+a+ to \verb+g+.
For example,
-\begin[fragment,verbatim]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim]
c'4 d'4 e'4 c'4 c''4 d''4 e''4 f''4 g''4 a''4 b''4 c'''4
\end{mudela}
The duration of a note is specified as a number: a whole note is
denoted by 1, the half note by 2, the quarter by 4, and so on. Here
are some random notes to show how it works
-\begin[fragment,verbatim]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim]
'c8 c8 c'16 c''32 d''64 b'64 c'''2 c1 c'4 d'4 e'4 f'4 g'4 a'4
\end{mudela}
This gives us already enough material to make simple songs:
-\begin[fragment,verbatim]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim]
c''4 d''4 e''4 c''4
e''4 f''4 g''2
g''8 a''8 g''8 f''8 e''4 c''4
However, having only quarter notes may get a bit dull.
Durations are entered as their reciproce values
% a1 a2 a4 a a8 a a16 a a32 a a64 a a a a
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
a1 a2 a4 a a8 a a16 a32 a64
\end{mudela}
note that you only have to specify
Lily assumes a note has the same duration as the previous one.
Now we can already write a little tune
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
c d e c | c d e c | e f g2
\end{mudela}
As you'll probably have guessed,
we left-out the last c note of the next octave.
Postfixing the pitch with a quote \verb+'+
produces a note by one octave higher
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
c c' c''
\end{mudela}
Prefixing the pitch with a quote \verb+'+
produces a note by one octave lower
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
a 'a ''a
\end{mudela}
A tie connects two adjacent noteheads
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
e' ~ e
\end{mudela}
Whereas a slur rather connects `chords',
and tries to avoid crossing stems
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
e'( )e
\end{mudela}
And of course, such a (legato) slur can span several notes
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
c( d e )f
\end{mudela}
\section{Beams and Plets}
A beam is
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
[a8 a] [a16 a a a]
\end{mudela}
Here's a beamed triplet
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
[/3 a8 a a]/1
\end{mudela}
a triplet without a beam
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
\[/3 a4 a8\]
\end{mudela}
and a combination
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
[/3 a8 a16 a] a8 \]
\end{mudela}
Abbreviations
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
c1:16 [:16 e1 g]
\end{mudela}
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
c4:32 [:16 c8 d8]
\end{mudela}
The default set are the ones we like best are the Dutch notenames.
A sharp is formed by adding \verb+is+
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
cis dis eis fis gis ais bis
\end{mudela}
and a flat is formed by adding \verb+es+%
%\footnote{Exceptions: \verb+es+ and \verb+as+.}
\footnote{Exceptions: {\tt es} and {\tt as}.}
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
ces des es fes ges as bes
\end{mudela}
With the obvious names for double sharps
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
cisis disis eisis fisis gisis aisis bisis
\end{mudela}
and double flats
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
ceses deses eses feses geses ases beses
\end{mudela}
See why we like-em?
There are two special `notenames', the rest
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
r16 [a a a]
\end{mudela}
and the space
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
a2 s-"diminuendo" | a
\end{mudela}
\section{Commands}
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
\clef "bass"; 'c
\end{mudela}
and a clef-change
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
\clef "violin"; f' e' \clef "alto"; d' c'
\end{mudela}
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
\meter 3/4; c g g |
\end{mudela}
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
\key fis cis;
'g 'a 'b cis d e fis g'
\end{mudela}
A reminder accidental can be forced by
using an exclamation mark \verb+!+
on a pitch a reminder accidental
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
cis d e cis | c! d e c |
\end{mudela}
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
\meter 2/4;
\bar "|:"; c c \bar ":|:"; c c \bar ":|"; c c \bar "|.";
\end{mudela}
\section{Chords and Voices}
Here's a simple chord
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
<c e g>
\end{mudela}
here are a few
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
<
{ c()d()c }
{ e()f()e }
\end{mudela}
and similarly voices
-\begin[fragment,verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim,center]
<
{ \voiceone c g c g }
{ \voicetwo 'c2 'g2 }
A Mudela file needs some red tape
-\begin[verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[verbatim,center]
\score{
\melodic {
\octave c';
\section{Lyrics}
-\begin[verbatim,center]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[verbatim,center]
\score{
<
\melodic{
You enter a note by giving the name and the reciprocal of the duration:
-\begin[fragment,verbatim]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim]
a'4 % Dutch names
\end{mudela}
is a A-1 pitched crotchet. The ' signifies an octave change. A-1 is 440
Hz concert-pitch. \verb+c'+ is also known as the central c. More examples:
-\begin[fragment,verbatim]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[fragment,verbatim]
'a % 110
a % 220
A % 110, uppercase octavates down
These notenames along with duration are enough material to construct
simple melodies:
-\begin[verbatim,fragment]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[verbatim,fragment]
\octave c';
c4 c4 g4 g4 a4 a4 g2
f4 f4 e4 e4 d4 d4 c2
\end{description}
example:
-\begin[verbatim,fragment]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[verbatim,fragment]
\octave c';
[c8 () d8 () e8
e8(] [)g8 <c'8] e'8> % NO nesting!
Ties connect the noteheads of adjacent notes. They are entered as follows:
-\begin[verbatim,fragment]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[verbatim,fragment]
a'4 ~ a''4
\end{mudela}
Slurs connect whole chords, and try to avoid crossing stems. They are
entered as follows:
-\begin[verbatim,fragment]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[verbatim,fragment]
a'4( )a''4
\end{mudela}
Symbols which can be put at either side (above or below) of a staff
are entered as follows:
-\begin[verbatim,fragment]{mudela}
+\begin{mudela}[verbatim,fragment]
a-^ % marcato, direction: default
%a^- % portato, direction: above note
a_. % staccato, direction: below note