@cindex Petrucci
@cindex mensural
-@c [TODO: write introduction on ancient notation]
+@c [TODO: write more comprehensive introduction on ancient notation]
+
+Support for ancient notation currently includes features for mensural
+notation and Gregorian Chant notation. There is also limited support
+for figured bass notation.
+
+Many graphical objects provide a @code{style} property, see
+@ref{Ancient note heads}, @ref{Ancient accidentals}, @ref{Ancient
+rests}, @ref{Ancient clefs}, @ref{Ancient flags} and @ref{Ancient time
+signatures}. By manipulating such a grob property, the typographical
+appearance of the affected graphical objects can be accomodated for a
+specific notation flavour without need for introducing any new
+notational concept.
@menu
* Ancient note heads::
* Ancient rests::
* Ancient clefs::
* Ancient flags::
+* Ancient time signatures::
+@end menu
+
+Other aspects of ancient notation can not that easily be expressed as
+in terms of just changing a style property of a graphical object.
+Therefore, some notational concepts are introduced specifically for
+ancient notation, see @ref{Custodes}, @ref{Divisiones},
+@ref{Ligatures}, and @ref{Figured bass}.
+
+@menu
* Custodes::
* Divisiones::
* Ligatures::
@cindex note heads
+@syntax
+
For ancient notation, a note head style other than the @code{default}
style may be chosen. This is accomplished by setting the @code{style}
property of the NoteHead object to the desired value (@code{baroque},
such there is no need to explicitly set the note head style. Still,
the note head style can be set e.g. to @code{vaticana_punctum} to
produce punctum neumes. Similarly, a mensural ligature engraver is
-used to automatically assemble mensural ligatures. See section
+used to automatically assemble mensural ligatures. See
@ref{Ligatures} for how ligature engravers work.
@seealso
@cindex accidentals
+@syntax
+
Use the @code{style} property of grob @internalsref{Accidental} to
select ancient accidentals. Currently supported styles are
@code{mensural}, @code{vaticana}, @code{hufnagel} and @code{medicaea}.
controlled by the @code{style} property of the
@internalsref{KeySignature} grob.
+@seealso
+
+@ref{Pitches}, @ref{Chromatic alterations} and @ref{Accidentals} give
+a general introduction into the use of accidentals. @ref{Key
+signature} gives a general introduction into the use of key
+signatures.
+
@node Ancient rests
@subsection Ancient rests
@cindex rests
+@syntax
+
Use the @code{style} property of grob @internalsref{Rest} to select
ancient accidentals. Currently supported styles are @code{classical},
@code{neo_mensural} and @code{mensural}. @code{classical} differs
There are no rests in Gregorian Chant notation; instead, it uses
@ref{Divisiones}.
+@seealso
+
+@ref{Rests} gives a general introduction into the use of rests.
+
@node Ancient clefs
@subsection Ancient clefs
@cindex clefs
-LilyPond supports a variety of clefs, many of them ancient.
+@syntax
-For modern clefs, see section @ref{Clef}. For the percussion clef, see
-section @ref{Percussion staves}. For the @code{TAB} clef, see section
-@ref{Tablatures}.
+LilyPond supports a variety of clefs, many of them ancient.
The following table shows all ancient clefs that are supported via the
@code{\clef} command. Some of the clefs use the same glyph, but
differ only with respect to the line they are printed on. In such
cases, a trailing number in the name is used to enumerate these clefs.
Still, you can manually force a clef glyph to be typeset on an
-arbitrary line, as described in section @ref{Clef}. The note printed
-to the right side of each clef in the example column denotes the
-@code{c'} with respect to that clef.
+arbitrary line, as described in @ref{Clef}. The note printed to the
+right side of each clef in the example column denotes the @code{c'}
+with respect to that clef.
@multitable @columnfractions .3 .3 .3 .1
Petrucci used C clefs with differently balanced left-side vertical
beams, depending on which staffline it is printed.
+@seealso
+
+For modern clefs, see @ref{Clef}. For the percussion clef, see
+@ref{Percussion staves}. For the @code{TAB} clef, see
+@ref{Tablatures}.
+
@node Ancient flags
@subsection Ancient flags
@cindex flags
+@syntax
+
Use the @code{flag-style} property of grob @internalsref{Stem} to
select ancient flags. Besides the @code{default} flag style,
currently only @code{mensural} style is supported:
music, the default flag style should be used. There are no flags in
Gregorian Chant notation.
+
+@node Ancient time signatures
+@subsection Ancient time signatures
+
+@cindex time signatures
+
+@syntax
+
+There is limited support for mensural time signatures. Currently, the
+glyphs are hard-wired to particular time fractions. In other words,
+to get a particular mensural signature glyph with the @code{\time n/m}
+command, @code{n} and @code{m} have to be chosen according to the
+following table:
+
+@lilypond
+\score {
+ \notes {
+ \property Score.timing = ##f
+ \property Score.barAlways = ##t
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 4/4" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural4/4" }
+ s
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 2/2" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural2/2" }
+ s
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 6/4" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural6/4" }
+ s
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 6/8" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural6/8" }
+ \break
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 3/2" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural3/2" }
+ s
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 3/4" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural3/4" }
+ s
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 9/4" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural9/4" }
+ s
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 9/8" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural9/8" }
+ \break
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 4/8" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural4/8" }
+ s
+ s_\markup { "$\\backslash$time 2/4" }
+ ^\markup { " " \musicglyph #"timesig-neo\_mensural2/4" }
+ \break
+ }
+ \paper {
+ indent = 0.0
+ raggedright = ##t
+ \translator {
+ \StaffContext
+ \remove Staff_symbol_engraver
+ \remove Clef_engraver
+ \remove Time_signature_engraver
+ }
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Use the @code{style} property of grob @internalsref{TimeSignature} to
+select ancient time signatures. Currently supported styles are
+@code{neo_mensural} and @code{mensural}. The above table uses the
+@code{neo_mensural} style. This style is appropriate e.g. for the
+incipit of transcriptions of mensural pieces. The @code{mensural}
+style mimicks the look of historical printings of the 16th century.
+
+@inputfileref{input/test,time.ly} gives an overview over all available
+ancient and modern styles.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{Time signature} gives a general introduction into the use of time
+signatures.
+
+@refbugs
+
+Mensural signature glyphs are currently mapped to time fractions in a
+hard-wired way. This mapping is sensible, but still arbitrary: given
+a mensural time signature, the time fraction represents a modern meter
+that usually will be a good choice when transcribing a mensural piece
+of music. For a particular piece of mensural music, however, the
+mapping may be unsatisfactory. In particular, the mapping assumes a
+fixed transcription of durations (e.g. brevis = half note in 2/2,
+i.e. 4:1). Some glyphs (such as the alternate glyph for 6/8 meter)
+are currently not at all accessible through the @code{\time} command.
+
+Mensural time signatures are supported typographically, but not yet
+musically. The internal representation of durations is currently
+based on a purely binary system; a ternary division such as 1 brevis =
+3 semibrevis (tempus perfectum) or 1 semibrevis = 3 minima (prolatio
+perfectum) is not correctly handled: event times in ternary modes will
+be badly computed, resulting e.g. in horizontally misaligned note
+heads, and bar checks are likely to erroneously fail.
+
+The syntax and semantics of the @code{\time} command for mensural
+music is subject to change.
+
@node Custodes
@subsection Custodes
like the @emph{editio vaticana}. There are different custos glyphs
used in different flavours of notational style.
+@syntax
+
For typesetting custodes, just put a @internalsref{Custos_engraver} into the
@internalsref{Staff} context when declaring the @code{\paper} block,
as shown in the following example:
@seealso
-
@internalsref{Custos} and @inputfileref{input/regression,custos.ly}.
Therefore, @code{gregorian-init.ly} also defines @code{\virgula} and
@code{\caesura}:
-
@lilypondfile[notexidoc]{divisiones.ly}
+@refcommands
+
+@cindex @code{\virgula}
+@code{\virgula},
+@cindex @code{\caesura}
+@code{\caesura},
+@cindex @code{\divisioMinima}
+@code{\divisioMinima},
+@cindex @code{\divisioMaior}
+@code{\divisioMaior},
+@cindex @code{\divisioMaxima}
+@code{\divisioMaxima},
+@cindex @code{\finalis}
+@code{\finalis}.
+
@seealso
@internalsref{BreathingSign}, @internalsref{BreathingSignEvent},
There is limited support for white mensural ligatures. The
implementation is still experimental; it currently may output strange
warnings or even crash in some cases or produce weird results on more
-complex ligatures. To engrave white mensural ligatures, in the paper
-block the @internalsref{Mensural_ligature_engraver} has to be put into
-the @internalsref{Voice} context, and remove the
+complex ligatures.
+
+@syntax
+
+To engrave white mensural ligatures, in the paper block the
+@internalsref{Mensural_ligature_engraver} has to be put into the
+@internalsref{Voice} context, and remove the
@internalsref{Ligature_bracket_engraver}:
@example
}
@end lilypond
+
@node Gregorian square neumes ligatures
@subsubsection Gregorian square neumes ligatures
@end multitable
+@syntax
Unlike most other neumes notation systems, the input language for
neumes does not necessarily reflect directly the typographical
@end multitable
+@refcommands
+
+The following head prefixes are supported:
+
+@cindex @code{\virga}
+@code{\virga},
+@cindex @code{\stropha}
+@code{\stropha},
+@cindex @code{\inclinatum}
+@code{\inclinatum},
+@cindex @code{\auctum}
+@code{\auctum},
+@cindex @code{\descendens}
+@code{\descendens},
+@cindex @code{\ascendens}
+@code{\ascendens},
+@cindex @code{\oriscus}
+@code{\oriscus},
+@cindex @code{\quilisma}
+@code{\quilisma},
+@cindex @code{\deminutum}
+@code{\deminutum}.
+
+Head prefixes can be accumulated, though restrictions apply. For
+example, either @code{\descendens} or @code{\ascendens} can be applied
+to a head, but not both to the same head.
+
+@cindex @code{\pes}
+@cindex @code{\flexa}
+Two adjacent heads can be tied together with the @code{\pes} and
+@code{\flexa} infix commands for a rising and falling line of melody,
+respectively.
+
@refbugs
Scandicus Deminutus: Punctum Auctum Ascendens overlaps with
projects / lilypond.git / commitdiff