@node Chord notation
@section Chord notation
-Intro text.
+Chords can be entered and displayed both as notes on a staff and
+as a chord name. In addition, figured bass notation can be
+displayed.
@menu
-* Modern chords::
-* Figured bass::
+* Entering chords::
+* old Modern chords::
+* Figured bass::
@end menu
-@node Modern chords
-@subsection Modern chords
+@node Entering chords
+@subsection Entering chords
+
+@cindex entering chords
+
+@c I'm testing a @longcode{} that does @w{@code{}}; this should be
+@c easier than writing @code{}@tie[}@code[}... -gp
+@c stay tuned about this
+Chords can be entered explicity through the use of the chord
+constructors @code{<}@tie{}@code{>}. They can also be entered in
+chord mode, which allows chord pitches to be automatically
+added to the specified root.
@menu
-* Chord modes::
-* Entering chord names::
-* Building chords::
-* Lead sheets::
-* Printing chord names::
+* Explicitly stating pitches::
+* Chord mode::
+@end menu
+
+@node Explicitly stating pitches
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Explicitly stating pitches
+
+The simplest method for entering chords is to enclose all of the
+pitches for the chord in angle brackets, with the duration of the
+chord specified outside the @code{<>}.
+
+@c change to lilypond[]; "example" is strongly discouraged. -gp
+@example
+<c e g>2
+@end example
+
+This construction causes all of the notes inside of the @code{<>}
+to occur at the same moment and have the same duration.
+
+In traditional European music, there is more to a chord than just
+the occurence of simultaneous notes. Chords are identified by a
+root, and may have inversions. Standard modifiers to the chords
+are also widely used. Bass notes may be added to a chord. The
+@code{<>} method for entering chords knows only the pitches, and
+is unable to support any of these extra characteristics. If these
+characteristics are important, it is better to follow the method
+described in @ref{Chord mode}.
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{chord}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Chord mode}.
+
+
+@node Chord mode
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Chord mode
+
+@cindex chord names
+@cindex chord mode
+
+Chord mode is an input mode that understands the usage of chords
+in traditional european music. Such chords can be entered like
+notes,
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\chordmode { c2 f4. g8 }
+@end lilypond
+
+Now each pitch is read as the root of a triad instead of a note.
+This mode is switched on with @code{\chordmode}.
+
+@cindex root of chord
+
+@code{\chordmode} is similar to @code{\lyricmode}, etc. Most of
+the commands continue to work, for example, @code{r} and
+@code{\skip} can be used to insert rests and spaces, and property
+commands may be used to change various settings.
+
+Chords entered using chord mode are music elements, and can be
+transposed.
+
+Chord mode is not limited to simple triads. More complex chords
+can be created by adding modifiers after a colon. The following
+example shows a few common modifiers:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\chordmode { c2 f4:m g4:maj7 gis1:dim7 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+Note that the colon and the modifiers follow the duration of the
+chord.
+
+Modifiers can be used to extend a chord, specify the @q{type} of
+the chord, add or remove chord steps, raise or lower chord steps,
+and add a bass note or create an inversion.
+
+The first number following the colon is taken to be the extent of
+the chord. The chord is constructed by sequentially adding thirds
+to the root until the specified number has been reached.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\chordmode { c:3 c:5 c:6 c:7 c:8 c:9 c:10 c:11}
+@end lilypond
+
+Since an unaltered 11 does not sound good when combined with an
+unaltered 13, the 11 is removed from a :13 chord (unless it is
+added explicitly).
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\chordmode { c:13 c:13.11 c:m13 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex additions, in chords
+
+The type of a chord can be set according to standard chord naming
+conventions. The following type modifiers are supported
+
+
+@table @code
+@item m The minor chord. This modifier lowers the 3rd
+and (if present) the 7th step.
+
+@item dim The diminished chord. This modifier lowers the 3rd, 5th
+and (if present) the 7th step.
+
+@item aug
+The augmented chord. This modifier raises the 5th step.
+
+@item maj
+The major 7th chord. This modifier raises the 7th step if
+present.
+
+@item sus
+The suspended 4th or 2nd. This modifier removes the 3rd
+step. Append either @code{2} or @code{4} to add the 2nd or 4th
+step to
+the chord.
+@end table
+
+@cindex modifiers, in chords.
+@funindex aug
+@funindex dim
+@funindex maj
+@funindex sus
+@funindex m
+
+
+Individual steps can be added to or removed from a chord.
+Additions are added after the chord type and are prefixed by dots
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
+\chordmode { c:5.6 c:3.7.8 c:3.6.13 }
+@end lilypond
+
+Chord steps can be altered by suffixing a @code{-} or @code{+}
+sign to the number
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
+\chordmode { c:7+ c:5+.3- c:3-.5-.7- }
+@end lilypond
+@cindex chord steps, altering
+
+@cindex removals, in chords
+
+Steps to be removed are listed following the additions and are
+prefixed by a caret.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
+\chordmode { c^3 c:7^5 c:9^3.5 }
+@end lilypond
+@funindex /
+
+Inversions (putting a pitch other than the root on the bottom of
+the chord) and added bass notes, can be specified by appending
+@code{/}@var{pitch} to the chord:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\chordmode { c1 c/g c/f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex /+
+
+A bass note that is part of the chord can be added, instead of
+moved as part of an inversion, by using @code{/+}@var{pitch}.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\chordmode { c1 c/+g c/+f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+Each step can only be present in a chord once. The following
+simply produces the augmented chord, since @code{5+} is
+interpreted last
+
+@cindex clusters
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
+\chordmode { c:5.5-.5+ }
+@end lilypond
+
+
+
+@ignore
+@n ode Displaying chords
+@s ubsection Displaying chords
+
+
+
+@menu
+* Printing chord names::
+* Customizing chord names::
+* Lead sheets::
+@end menu
+
+@n ode Printing chord names
+@u nnumberedsubsubsec Printing chord names
+
+@cindex printing chord names
+@cindex chord names
+@cindex chords
+
+LilyPond has support for printing chord names. Because chords are
+music elements, they can be transposed, and the chord names will be
+transposed along with the chords.
+
+Chords can be entered using @code{< .. >} or through the use of
+chord mode. The displayed chord name will sometimes be different
+depending upon the entry mode:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,ragged-right]
+twoWays = \transpose c c' {
+ \chordmode {
+ c1 f:sus4 bes/f
+ }
+ <c e g>
+ <f bes c'>
+ <f bes d'>
+}
+
+<< \new ChordNames \twoWays
+ \new Voice \twoWays >>
+@end lilypond
+
+This example also shows that the chord printing routines cannot
+correctly identify the root of a chord if it has been entered using
+@code{< .. >} instead of named chord entry. Therefore, the sixth
+chord (@code{f bes d}) is not interpreted as an inversion. In
+contrast, the third chord, which contains the same notes as the sixth
+chord, is correctly identified because it was entered in the named
+chord mode.
+
+For displaying printed chord names, use the @rinternals{ChordNames}
+context.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+harmonies = {
+ \chordmode {a1 b c} <d' f' a'> <e' g' b'>
+}
+<<
+ \new ChordNames \harmonies
+ \new Staff \harmonies
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+The previous examples all show chords over a staff. This is not
+necessary. Chords may also be printed separately. It may be necessary
+to add @rinternals{Volta_engraver} and @rinternals{Bar_engraver}
+for showing repeats.
+
+@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim]
+\new ChordNames \with {
+ \override BarLine #'bar-size = #4
+ \consists Bar_engraver
+ \consists "Volta_engraver"
+}
+\chordmode { \repeat volta 2 {
+ f1:maj7 f:7 bes:7
+ c:maj7
+} \alternative {
+ es e
+}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@code{\chords} is a shortcut method used to change the input mode to
+@code{\chordmode} and create a @code{ChordNames} context, with the
+following result:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\chords { c2 f4.:m g4.:maj7 gis8:dim7 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@c @predefined
+
+@c @snippets
+
+@seealso
+@c Music Glossary:
+@c @rglos{}.
+
+@c Learning Manual:
+@c @rlearning{}.
+
+@c Notation Reference:
+@c @ruser{}.
+
+@c Application Usage:
+@c @rprogram{}.
+
+@c Installed Files:
+@c @file{}.
+
+@c Snippets:
+@c @rlsr{}.
+
+@c Internals Reference:
+@c @rinternals{}.
+
+@c @knownissues
+
+
+@n ode Customizing chord names
+@u nnumberedsubsubsec Customizing chord names
+
+@cindex customizing chord names
+
+There is no unique system for naming chords. Different musical
+traditions use different names for the same set of chords. There are
+also different symbols displayed for a given chord name. The names
+and symbols displayed for chord names are customizable.
+
+The default chord name layout is a system for Jazz music, proposed
+by Klaus Ignatzek (see @ref{Literature list}). There are also two
+other chord name schemes implemented: an alternate Jazz chord
+notation, and a systematic scheme called Banter chords. The
+alternate Jazz notation is also shown on the chart in @ref{Chord
+name chart}.
+
+In addition to the different naming systems, different note names
+are used for the root in different languages. The predefined
+variables @code{\germanChords}, @code{\semiGermanChords},
+@code{\italianChords} and @code{\frenchChords} set these variables.
+The effect is demonstrated here:
+
+@lilypondfile[ragged-right]{chord-names-languages.ly}
+
+If none of the default settings give the desired output, the chord
+name display can be tuned through the following properties.
+
+@c TODO Generate snippet based on the following
+@c and add explanation -td
+
+@table
+@item
+@funindex chordNameExceptions
+
+@code{chordNameExceptions} contains a list of markups used to follow
+the root note name based on the pitches in the chord. Creating the
+list requires four steps.
+
+The first step is to define sequential music that has the chords to
+be named with the desired markup (except for the root name) attached
+to the chord:
+
+@example
+FGGChordNames = @{
+ <c e g b d'>1-\markup @{ \super "maj9" @}
+ <c e g a d'>1-\markup @{ \super "6(add9)" @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+The second step is to convert the music from the first step to an
+exceptions list:
+
+@example
+FGGExceptions = #(sequential-music-to-chord-exceptions
+FGGChordNames #t)
+@end example
+
+The third step is to append the default exceptions list (in this
+case, the Ignatzek exceptions) to the newly-defined exceptions list:
+
+@example
+chExceptions = #(append FGGExceptions ignatzekExceptions)
+@end example
+
+The final step is to set @code{chordNameExceptions} to the
+newly-created exceptions list:
+
+@example
+\set chordNameExceptions = #chExceptions
+@end example
+
+The entire process is illustrated below:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,ragged-right]
+FGGChordNames = {
+ <c e g b d'>1-\markup { \super "maj9" }
+ <c e g a d'>1-\markup { \super "6(add9)" }
+}
+FGGExceptions = #(sequential-music-to-chord-exceptions
+FGGChordNames #t)
+chExceptions = #(append FGGChordNames
+ ignatzekExceptions)
+
+chordStuff = \chordmode
+{
+% standard names
+g1:maj9
+g1:6.9
+% names with FGG's custom exceptions
+\set chordNameExceptions = #chExceptions
+g1:maj9
+g1:6.9
+}
+
+\score
+{
+\new ChordNames \chordStuff
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@funindex majorSevenSymbol
+@item majorSevenSymbol
+This property contains the markup object used as part of the printed
+chord name to identify a major 7 chord. Predefined options are
+@code{whiteTriangleMarkup} and @code{blackTriangleMarkup}.
+
+@funindex chordNameSeparator
+@item chordNameSeparator
+Different parts of a chord name are normally separated by a slash.
+By setting @code{chordNameSeparator}, you can use any desired markup
+for a separator, e.g.,
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\new ChordNames \chordmode {
+ c:7sus4
+ \set chordNameSeparator
+ = \markup { \typewriter "|" }
+ c:7sus4
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex chordRootNamer
+@item chordRootNamer
+The chord name is usually printed as a letter for the root with an
+optional alteration. The transformation from pitch to letter is
+done by this function. Special note names (for example, the German
+@q{H} for a B-chord) can be produced by storing a new function in
+this property.
+
+@funindex chordNoteNamer
+@item chordNoteNamer
+When the chord name contains an additional pitch besides the root
+(e.g., an added bass note), this function is used to print the
+additional pitch. By default the pitch is printed using
+@code{chordRootNamer}. The @code{chordNoteNamer} property can be set
+to a specialized function to change this behavior. For example, the
+bass note can be printed in lower case.
+
+@funindex chordPrefixSpacer
+@item chordPrefixSpacer
+The @q{m} for minor chords is usually printed immediately to the
+right of the root of the chord. By setting
+@code{chordPrefixSpacer}, you can fix a spacer between the root and
+@q{m}. The spacer is not used when the root is altered.
+
+@end table
+
+
+
+
+@cindex Banter
+@cindex jazz chords
+@cindex chords, jazz
+
+@predefined
+@funindex major seven symbols
+@code{\whiteTriangleMarkup}
+@code{\blackTriangleMarkup}
+@funindex \germanChords
+@code{\germanChords},
+@funindex \semiGermanChords
+@code{\semiGermanChords},
+@funindex \italianChords
+@code{\italianChords},
+@funindex \frenchChords
+@code{\frenchChords}.
+
+
+@snippets
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{chord-names-jazz.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{chord-name-exceptions.ly}
+@cindex exceptions, chord names.
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{chord-name-major7.ly}
+
+@seealso
+@c Music Glossary:
+@c @rglos{}.
+
+@c Learning Manual:
+@c @rlearning{}.
+
+@c Notation Reference:
+@c @ruser{}.
+
+@c Application Usage:
+@c @rprogram{}.
+
+Installed Files:
+@file{scm/@/chords@/-ignatzek@/.scm},
+@file{scm/@/chord@/-entry@/.scm},
+@file{ly/@/chord@/-modifier@/-init@/.ly}.
+
+@c Snippets: @c @rlsr{}.
+
+@c Internals Reference:
+@c @rinternals{}.
+
+@knownissues
+
+When chords are entered with the @code{< .. >} syntax, the root and
+any added bass notes are not identified. In this case, chord names
+are determined solely from the list of pitches. This may result in
+strange chord names
+
+@n ode Lead sheets
+@u nnumberedsubsubsec Lead sheets
+
+@cindex lead sheet
+
+For lead sheets, chords are not printed on staves, but as names on a
+line for themselves. This is achieved by using a @code{ChordNames}
+context simultaneously with the @code{Staff} context. The
+@code{\chords} keyword can be used as a shortcut for @code{\new
+ChordNames \chordmode}.
+
+When put together, chord names, a melody, and lyrics form a lead
+sheet:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+<<
+ \chords { c2 g:sus4 f e }
+ \relative c'' {
+ a4 e c8 e r4
+ b2 c4( d)
+ }
+ \addlyrics { One day this shall be free __ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+@c @predefined
+
+@c @snippets
+
+@seealso
+@c Music Glossary:
+@c @rglos{}.
+
+@c Learning Manual:
+@c @rlearning{}.
+
+@c Notation Reference:
+@c @ruser{}.
+
+@c Application Usage:
+@c @rprogram{}.
+
+@c Installed Files:
+@c @file{}.
+
+@c Snippets:
+@c @rlsr{}.
+
+@c Internals Reference:
+@c @rinternals{}.
+
+@c @knownissues
+
+
+
+
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node old Modern chords
+@subsection old Modern chords
+
+@menu
+* Chord modes::
+* Entering chord names::
+* Building chords::
+* Lead sheets::
+* Printing chord names::
@end menu
@cindex chords
@subsection Figured bass
@menu
-* Introduction to figured bass::
-* Entering figures::
-* Repeated figures::
+* Introduction to figured bass::
+* Entering figured bass::
+* Displaying figured bass::
@end menu
@node Introduction to figured bass
>>
@end lilypond
+The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an
+input mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, where you can enter
+bass figures as numbers, and there is a context named
+@rinternals{FiguredBass} that takes care of making
+@rinternals{BassFigure} objects.
+
Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord
support, it is much simpler. The @code{\figuremode} mode simply
stores the numbers and @rinternals{FiguredBass} context prints them
vertical spacing of the figures may be set with @code{baseline-skip}.
-@node Entering figures
-@subsubsection Entering figures
+@menu
+* Entering figured bass::
+* Displaying figured bass::
+@end menu
+
+@node Entering figured bass
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Entering figured bass
-The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an input
-mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, where you can enter bass figures
-as numbers, and there is a context called @rinternals{FiguredBass} that
-takes care of making @rinternals{BassFigure} objects.
In figures input mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by
@code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>}
@example
-<4 6>
+<4 6>2
@end example
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { <4 6> }
+\figuremode { <4 6>2 }
@end lilypond
Accidentals are added when you append @code{-}, @code{!}, and @code{+}
diminished fifths and sevenths can be obtained with @code{5/} and @code{7/}.
@example
-<4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/>
+<4- 6+ 7!>3 <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/>
@end example
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\figures { <4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> }
+\figures { <4- 6+ 7!>4 <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> }
@end lilypond
Spaces may be inserted by using @code{_}. Brackets are
strings and text markups, see @ref{Text markup commands}.
@example
-< [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup @{ \number 6 \super (1) @} >
+< [4 6] 8 [_! 12] >4 < 5 \markup @{ \number 6 \super (1) @} >
@end example
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} > }
+\figuremode { < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] >4 < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} > }
@end lilypond
-@node Repeated figures
-@subsubsection Repeated figures
-
-
It is also possible to use continuation lines for repeated figures,
@lilypond[verbatim,relative=1]
}
\figures {
\set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <4 6> <3 6> <3 7>
+ <4 6>4 <3 6> <3 7>
}
>>
@end lilypond
example, you can write
@example
- <4 6>8 r8
+<4 6>8 r8
@end example
@noindent
instead of
@example
- <4 6>4
+<4 6>4
@end example
Accidentals and plus signs can appear before or after the numbers,
>>
@end lilypond
+@c @predefined
-@snippets
+@c @snippets
+
+@seealso
+@c Music Glossary:
+@c @rglos{}.
+
+@c Learning Manual:
+@c @rlearning{}.
+
+@c Notation Reference:
+@c @ruser{}.
+
+@c Application Usage:
+@c @rprogram{}.
+
+@c Installed Files:
+@c @file{}.
+
+@c Snippets:
+@c @rlsr{}.
+
+@c Internals Reference:
+@c @rinternals{}.
+
+@c @knownissues
+
+@node Displaying figured bass
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Displaying figured bass
+
+Figured bass is displayed using the @code{FiguredBass} context.
+
+@c @predefined
+
+@c @snippets
+
+@seealso
+@c Music Glossary:
+@c @rglos{}.
+
+@c Learning Manual:
+@c @rlearning{}.
+
+@c Notation Reference:
+@c @ruser{}.
+
+@c Application Usage:
+@c @rprogram{}.
+
+@c Installed Files:
+@c @file{}.
+
+@c Snippets:
+@c @rlsr{}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{NewBassFigure},
+@rinternals{BassFigureAlignment},
+@rinternals{BassFigureLine},
+@rinternals{BassFigureBracket},
+@rinternals{BassFigureContinuation},
+@rinternals{FiguredBass}.
+
+@knownissues
By default, this method produces figures above the notes. To get
figures below the notes, use
\override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction = #DOWN
@end example
-
-@knownissues
-
When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and
@code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around.
Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures
@seealso
-
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{NewBassFigure},
-@rinternals{BassFigureAlignment}, @rinternals{BassFigureLine},
-@rinternals{BassFigureBracket}, and
-@rinternals{BassFigureContinuation} objects and
-@rinternals{FiguredBass} context.
-
projects / lilypond.git / commitdiff