Support for ancient notation includes features for mensural notation
and Gregorian Chant notation. There is also limited support for
-figured bass notation.
+figured bass notation, see @ref{Figured bass}.
Many graphical objects provide a @code{style} property, see
@itemize
* Additional note signs for ancient music::
* Pre-defined contexts::
* Musica ficta accidentals::
-* Figured bass::
@end menu
@node Alternative note signs for ancient music
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Accidental_engraver} engraver and
the @internalsref{AccidentalSuggestion} object.
-@node Figured bass
-@subsection Figured bass
-
-@cindex Basso continuo
-
-@c TODO: musicological blurb about FB
-
-
-LilyPond has support for figured bass
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-<<
- \new Voice { \clef bass dis4 c d ais g fis}
- \new FiguredBass \figuremode {
- < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] >
- < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] >
- < _ >4 < 6 5/>4
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an input
-mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, where you can enter bass figures
-as numbers, and there is a context called @internalsref{FiguredBass} that
-takes care of making @internalsref{BassFigure} objects.
-
-In figures input mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by
-@code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>}
-@example
-<4 6>
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { <4 6> }
-@end lilypond
-
-Accidentals are added when you append @code{-}, @code{!}, and @code{+}
-to the numbers. A plus sign is added when you append @code{\+}, and
-diminished fifths and sevenths can be obtained with @code{5/} and @code{7/}.
-
-@example
-<4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/>
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\figures { <4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> }
-@end lilypond
-
-Spaces may be inserted by using @code{_}. Brackets are
-introduced with @code{[} and @code{]}. You can also include text
-strings and text markups, see @ref{Text markup commands}.
-
-@example
-< [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup @{ \number 6 \super (1) @} >
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} > }
-@end lilypond
-
-
-It is also possible to use continuation lines for repeated figures,
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,relative=1]
-<<
- \new Staff {
- \clef bass
- c4 c c
- }
- \figures {
- \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <4 6> <3 6> <3 7>
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-In this case, the extender lines always replace existing figures.
-
-The @code{FiguredBass} context doesn't pay attention to the actual
-bass line. As a consequence, you may have to insert extra figures to
-get extender lines below all notes, and you may have to add @code{\!}
-to avoid getting an extender line, e.g.
-
-@lilypond[relative=1]
-<<
- \new Voice
- \figures {
- \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <6 4->4. <6 4->16. <6 4->32 <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5->
- }
- {
- \clef bass
- f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f8. es16 d8 es
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-When using continuation lines, common figures are always put in the
-same vertical position. When this is unwanted, you can insert a rest
-with @code{r}. The rest will clear any previous alignment. For
-example, you can write
-
-@example
- <4 6>8 r8
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-instead of
-@example
- <4 6>4
-@end example
-
-Accidentals and plus signs can appear before or after the numbers,
-depending on the @code{figuredBassAlterationDirection} and
-@code{figuredBassPlusDirection}
-properties
-
-@lilypond
- \figures {
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #1
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #1
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #-1
- <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- }
-@end lilypond
-
-
-Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord
-support, it is much simpler. The @code{\figuremode} mode simply
-stores the numbers and @internalsref{FiguredBass} context prints them
-as entered. There is no conversion to pitches and no realizations of
-the bass are played in the MIDI file.
-
-Internally, the code produces markup texts. You can use any of the
-markup text properties to override formatting. For example, the
-vertical spacing of the figures may be set with @code{baseline-skip}.
-
-
-Figured bass can also be added to @code{Staff} contexts
-directly. In this case, their vertical position is adjusted
-automatically.
-
-@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote]
-<<
- \new Staff = someUniqueName
- \relative c'' {
- c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c'
- }
-
- %% send to existing Staff.
- \context Staff = someUniqueName
- \figuremode {
- <4>4 <6 10>8 s8
-
- \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <4 6>4 <4 6>
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@snippets
-
-By default, this method produces figures above the notes. To get
-figures below the notes, use
-
-@example
-\override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction = #DOWN
-@end example
-
-
-@knownissues
-
-When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and
-@code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around.
-Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures
-have overlapping extender lines. To avoid this problem, please
-use @code{stacking-dir} on @code{BassFigureAlignment}.
-
-
-@seealso
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{NewBassFigure},
-@internalsref{BassFigureAlignment}, @internalsref{BassFigureLine},
-@internalsref{BassFigureBracket}, and
-@internalsref{BassFigureContinuation} objects and
-@internalsref{FiguredBass} context.
-
Intro text.
@menu
-* Chords sections::
+* Modern chords::
+* Figured bass::
@end menu
-@node Chords sections
-@subsection Chords sections
+@node Modern chords
+@subsection Modern chords
@menu
-* A lead sheet::
-* Introducing chord names::
-* Chords mode::
-* Printing chord names::
+* Chord modes::
+* Entering chord names::
+* Building chords::
+* Lead sheets::
+* Printing chord names::
@end menu
-@c really awkward; I just shoved this in here from the tutorial.
-@node A lead sheet
-@subsubsection A lead sheet
-
-@cindex Lead sheets
@cindex chords
@cindex chord names
+@node Chord modes
+@subsubsection Chord modes
+
In popular music it is common to denote accompaniment with chord
names. Such chords can be entered like notes,
\chordmode { c2 f4:m g4:maj7 gis1:dim7 }
@end lilypond
-For lead sheets, chords are not printed on staves, but as names on
-a line for themselves. This is achieved by using @code{\chords}
-instead of @code{\chordmode}. This uses the same syntax as
+@cindex Chords mode
+
+In chord mode sets of pitches (chords) are entered with normal note
+names. A chord is entered by the root, which is entered like a
+normal pitch
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+\chordmode { es4. d8 c2 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+The mode is introduced by the keyword @code{\chordmode}.
+
+@cindex chord entry
+@cindex chord mode
+
+Chords is a mode similar to @code{\lyricmode}, etc. Most
+of the commands continue to work, for example, @code{r} and
+@code{\skip} can be used to insert rests and spaces, and property
+commands may be used to change various settings.
+It uses the same syntax as
@code{\chordmode}, but renders the notes in a @code{ChordNames}
context, with the following result:
\chords { c2 f4.:m g4.:maj7 gis8:dim7 }
@end lilypond
-@cindex lead sheet
-When put together, chord names, lyrics and a melody form a lead
-sheet,
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
-<<
- \chords { c2 g:sus4 f e }
- \relative c'' {
- a4 e c8 e r4
- b2 c4( d)
- }
- \addlyrics { One day this shall be free __ }
->>
-@end lilypond
+@knownissues
-@seealso
-@quotation
-A complete list of modifiers and other options for layout can be
-found in @ruser{Chords}.
-@end quotation
+Each step can only be present in a chord once. The following
+simply produces the augmented chord, since @code{5+} is interpreted
+last
+@cindex clusters
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
+\chordmode { c:5.5-.5+ }
+@end lilypond
-@node Introducing chord names
-@subsubsection Introducing chord names
+@node Entering chord names
+@subsubsection Entering chord names
@cindex chord names
LilyPond has support for printing chord names. Chords may be entered
<c e g>2
@end example
-
-@node Chords mode
-@subsubsection Chords mode
-@cindex Chords mode
-
-In chord mode sets of pitches (chords) are entered with normal note
-names. A chord is entered by the root, which is entered like a
-normal pitch
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
-\chordmode { es4. d8 c2 }
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-The mode is introduced by the keyword @code{\chordmode}.
-
-@cindex chord entry
-@cindex chord mode
+@node Building chords
+@subsubsection Building chords
Other chords may be entered by suffixing a colon and introducing a
modifier (which may include a number if desired)
\chordmode { c1 c/+g c/+f }
@end lilypond
-Chords is a mode similar to @code{\lyricmode}, etc. Most
-of the commands continue to work, for example, @code{r} and
-@code{\skip} can be used to insert rests and spaces, and property
-commands may be used to change various settings.
+@node Lead sheets
+@subsubsection Lead sheets
+@cindex lead sheet
-@knownissues
+For lead sheets, chords are not printed on staves, but as names on
+a line for themselves. This is achieved by using @code{\chords}
+instead of @code{\chordmode}.
-Each step can only be present in a chord once. The following
-simply produces the augmented chord, since @code{5+} is interpreted
-last
-@cindex clusters
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-\chordmode { c:5.5-.5+ }
+When put together, chord names, lyrics and a melody form a lead
+sheet,
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+<<
+ \chords { c2 g:sus4 f e }
+ \relative c'' {
+ a4 e c8 e r4
+ b2 c4( d)
+ }
+ \addlyrics { One day this shall be free __ }
+>>
@end lilypond
+
@node Printing chord names
@subsubsection Printing chord names
@code{< .. >} syntax.
+@node Figured bass
+@subsection Figured bass
+
+@menu
+* Introduction to figured bass::
+* Entering figures::
+* Repeated figures::
+@end menu
+
+@node Introduction to figured bass
+@subsubsection Introduction to figured bass
+
+@cindex Basso continuo
+
+@c TODO: musicological blurb about FB
+
+LilyPond has support for figured bass
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
+<<
+ \new Voice { \clef bass dis4 c d ais g fis}
+ \new FiguredBass \figuremode {
+ < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] >
+ < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] >
+ < _ >4 < 6 5/>4
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord
+support, it is much simpler. The @code{\figuremode} mode simply
+stores the numbers and @internalsref{FiguredBass} context prints them
+as entered. There is no conversion to pitches and no realizations of
+the bass are played in the MIDI file.
+
+Internally, the code produces markup texts. You can use any of the
+markup text properties to override formatting. For example, the
+vertical spacing of the figures may be set with @code{baseline-skip}.
+
+
+@node Entering figures
+@subsubsection Entering figures
+
+The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an input
+mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, where you can enter bass figures
+as numbers, and there is a context called @internalsref{FiguredBass} that
+takes care of making @internalsref{BassFigure} objects.
+
+In figures input mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by
+@code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>}
+@example
+<4 6>
+@end example
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\new FiguredBass
+\figuremode { <4 6> }
+@end lilypond
+
+Accidentals are added when you append @code{-}, @code{!}, and @code{+}
+to the numbers. A plus sign is added when you append @code{\+}, and
+diminished fifths and sevenths can be obtained with @code{5/} and @code{7/}.
+
+@example
+<4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/>
+@end example
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\figures { <4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> }
+@end lilypond
+
+Spaces may be inserted by using @code{_}. Brackets are
+introduced with @code{[} and @code{]}. You can also include text
+strings and text markups, see @ref{Text markup commands}.
+
+@example
+< [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup @{ \number 6 \super (1) @} >
+@end example
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\new FiguredBass
+\figuremode { < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} > }
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@node Repeated figures
+@subsubsection Repeated figures
+
+
+It is also possible to use continuation lines for repeated figures,
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,relative=1]
+<<
+ \new Staff {
+ \clef bass
+ c4 c c
+ }
+ \figures {
+ \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
+ <4 6> <3 6> <3 7>
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+In this case, the extender lines always replace existing figures.
+
+The @code{FiguredBass} context doesn't pay attention to the actual
+bass line. As a consequence, you may have to insert extra figures to
+get extender lines below all notes, and you may have to add @code{\!}
+to avoid getting an extender line, e.g.
+
+@lilypond[relative=1]
+<<
+ \new Voice
+ \figures {
+ \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
+ <6 4->4. <6 4->16. <6 4->32 <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5->
+ }
+ {
+ \clef bass
+ f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f8. es16 d8 es
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+When using continuation lines, common figures are always put in the
+same vertical position. When this is unwanted, you can insert a rest
+with @code{r}. The rest will clear any previous alignment. For
+example, you can write
+
+@example
+ <4 6>8 r8
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+instead of
+@example
+ <4 6>4
+@end example
+
+Accidentals and plus signs can appear before or after the numbers,
+depending on the @code{figuredBassAlterationDirection} and
+@code{figuredBassPlusDirection}
+properties
+
+@lilypond
+ \figures {
+ <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
+ \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #1
+ <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
+ \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #1
+ <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
+ \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #-1
+ <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
+ }
+@end lilypond
+
+
+Figured bass can also be added to @code{Staff} contexts
+directly. In this case, their vertical position is adjusted
+automatically.
+
+@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote]
+<<
+ \new Staff = someUniqueName
+ \relative c'' {
+ c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c'
+ }
+
+ %% send to existing Staff.
+ \context Staff = someUniqueName
+ \figuremode {
+ <4>4 <6 10>8 s8
+
+ \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
+ <4 6>4 <4 6>
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@snippets
+
+By default, this method produces figures above the notes. To get
+figures below the notes, use
+
+@example
+\override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction = #DOWN
+@end example
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and
+@code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around.
+Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures
+have overlapping extender lines. To avoid this problem, please
+use @code{stacking-dir} on @code{BassFigureAlignment}.
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{NewBassFigure},
+@internalsref{BassFigureAlignment}, @internalsref{BassFigureLine},
+@internalsref{BassFigureBracket}, and
+@internalsref{BassFigureContinuation} objects and
+@internalsref{FiguredBass} context.
+
projects / lilypond.git / commitdiff