@ifnottex
@node Top
@top GNU LilyPond --- Learning Manual
+
+@c * Preface:: Preface.
+@c * Introduction:: What, Why, How.
+@menu
+* Introduction:: Begin here.
+* Common notation:: A tutorial introduction.
+* Fundamental concepts:: Basic concepts required for reading the rest of this manual.
+* Tweaking output:: Introduction to modifying output.
+* Working on LilyPond projects:: Discusses real-life usage.
+
+Appendices
+
+* Templates:: Ready-made templates.
+* Scheme tutorial:: Programming inside LilyPond.
+* GNU Free Documentation License:: License of this document.
+* LilyPond index::
+@end menu
@end ifnottex
@uref{http://@/www@/.lilypond@/.org/}. The website contains on-line copies
of this and other documentation.
-@c * Preface:: Preface.
-@c * Introduction:: What, Why, How.
-@menu
-* Generating output:: Begin here.
-* Common notation:: A tutorial introduction.
-* Fundamental concepts:: Basic concepts required for reading the rest of this manual.
-* Tweaking output:: Introduction to modifying output.
-* Working on LilyPond projects:: Discusses real-life usage.
-
-Appendices
-
-* Templates:: Ready-made templates.
-* Scheme tutorial:: Programming inside LilyPond.
-* GNU Free Documentation License:: License of this document.
-* LilyPond index::
-@end menu
@end ifnottex
@contents
@c @include learning/preface.itely
-@c @include learning/introduction.itely
-@include learning/generating.itely
-@include learning/tutorial.itely
+@include learning/introduction.itely
+@include learning/common-notation.itely
@include learning/fundamental.itely
@include learning/tweaks.itely
@include learning/working.itely
--- /dev/null
+@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
+
+@ignore
+ Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
+
+ When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
+ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+@end ignore
+
+@c \version "2.12.0"
+
+@ignore
+Tutorial guidelines: (different from policy.txt!)
+- unless you have a really good reason, use either
+ @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+ or
+ @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+
+ Don't use any other relative=X commands.
+
+- use "aes" and "ees" instead of "as" and "es". I know it's not
+ correct Dutch naming, but let's not confuse people with this
+ until we get to the Basic notation chapter.
+
+- Add "Music Glossary: @rglos{foo}" to the *top* of the relevant
+ portions of the tutorial.
+
+@end ignore
+
+
+@node Common notation
+@chapter Common notation
+
+This chapter explains how to create beautiful printed music
+containing common musical notation, following the material in
+@ref{Introduction}.
+
+@menu
+* Single staff notation::
+* Multiple notes at once::
+* Songs::
+* Final touches::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Single staff notation
+@section Single staff notation
+
+This section introduces common notation that is used for one voice
+on one staff.
+
+@menu
+* Accidentals and key signatures::
+* Ties and slurs::
+* Articulation and dynamics::
+* Adding text::
+* Automatic and manual beams::
+* Advanced rhythmic commands::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Accidentals and key signatures
+@subsection Accidentals and key signatures
+
+@subheading Accidentals
+
+@cindex accidentals
+@cindex accidentals and key signatures
+@cindex sharp
+@cindex double sharp
+@cindex sharp, double
+@cindex flat
+@cindex double flat
+@cindex flat, double
+
+@funindex es
+@funindex is
+@funindex eses
+@funindex isis
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{sharp}, @rglos{flat}, @rglos{double sharp},
+@rglos{double flat}, @rglos{accidental}.
+
+A @notation{sharp} pitch is made by adding @code{is} to the name,
+and a @notation{flat} pitch by adding @code{es}. As you might
+expect, a @notation{double sharp} or @notation{double flat} is
+made by adding @code{isis} or @code{eses}. This syntax is derived
+from note naming conventions in Nordic and Germanic languages,
+like German and Dutch. To use other names for
+@notation{accidentals}, see @ruser{Note names in other languages}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+cis1 ees fisis, aeses
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex key signature, setting
+@subheading Key signatures
+
+@cindex key signature
+@cindex major
+@cindex minor
+@cindex accidentals and key signature
+@cindex content vs. layout
+@cindex layout vs. content
+
+@funindex \key
+@funindex key
+@funindex \major
+@funindex major
+@funindex \minor
+@funindex minor
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{key signature}, @rglos{major},
+@rglos{minor}.
+
+The @notation{key signature} is set with the command @code{\key}
+followed by a pitch and @code{\major} or @code{\minor}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\key d \major
+a1
+\key c \minor
+a
+@end lilypond
+
+@smallspace
+
+@subheading Warning: key signatures and pitches
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{accidental}, @rglos{key signature},
+@rglos{pitch}, @rglos{flat}, @rglos{natural}, @rglos{sharp},
+@rglos{transposition}.
+
+To determine whether to print an @notation{accidental}, LilyPond
+examines the pitches and the @notation{key signature}. The key
+signature only affects the @emph{printed} accidentals, not the
+note's @notation{pitch}! This is a feature that often causes
+confusion to newcomers, so let us explain it in more detail.
+
+LilyPond makes a sharp distinction between musical content and
+layout. The alteration (@notation{flat}, @notation{natural sign} or
+@notation{sharp}) of a note is part of the pitch, and is therefore
+musical content. Whether an accidental (a @emph{printed} flat,
+natural or sharp sign) is printed in front of the corresponding
+note is a question of layout. Layout is something that follows
+rules, so accidentals are printed automatically according to those
+rules. The pitches in your music are works of art, so they will
+not be added automatically, and you must enter what you want to
+hear.
+
+In this example:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\key d \major
+d cis fis
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+No note has a printed accidental, but you must still add
+@code{is} and type @code{cis} and @code{fis} in the input file.
+
+The code @code{b} does not mean @qq{print a black dot just on
+the middle line of the staff.} Rather, it means @qq{there is a
+note with pitch B-natural.} In the key of A-flat major, it
+@emph{does} get an accidental:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\key aes \major
+b
+@end lilypond
+
+Adding all alterations explicitly might require a little more
+effort when typing, but the advantage is that
+@notation{transposing} is easier, and accidentals can be printed
+according to different conventions. For some examples how
+accidentals can be printed according to different rules, see
+@ruser{Automatic accidentals}.
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Note names in other languages},
+@ruser{Accidentals}, @ruser{Automatic accidentals},
+@ruser{Key signature}.
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{Pitch names}.
+
+
+@node Ties and slurs
+@subsection Ties and slurs
+
+@cindex tie
+@cindex slur
+@cindex slur, phrasing
+@cindex phrasing slur
+
+@funindex ~
+@funindex ( ... )
+@funindex \( ... \)
+
+@subheading Ties
+
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{tie}.
+
+A @notation{tie} is created by appending a tilde @code{~} to the
+first note being tied.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+g4~ g c2~
+c4 ~ c8 a8 ~ a2
+@end lilypond
+
+@subheading Slurs
+
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}.
+
+A @notation{slur} is a curve drawn across many notes. The
+starting note and ending note are marked with @code{(} and
+@code{)} respectively.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d4( c16) cis( d e c cis d) e( d4)
+@end lilypond
+
+@subheading Phrasing slurs
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}, @rglos{phrasing}.
+
+Slurs to indicate longer @notation{phrasing} can be entered with
+@code{\(} and @code{\)}. You can have both @notation{slurs}
+and phrasing slurs at the same time, but you cannot have
+simultaneous slurs or simultaneous phrasing slurs.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+a8(\( ais b c) cis2 b'2 a4 cis,\)
+@end lilypond
+
+@smallspace
+
+@cindex slurs versus ties
+@subheading Warnings: slurs vs. ties
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{articulation}, @rglos{slur}, @rglos{tie}.
+
+A @notation{slur} looks like a @notation{tie}, but it has a
+different meaning. A tie simply makes the first note longer, and
+can only be used on pairs of notes with the same pitch. Slurs
+indicate the @notation{articulation} of notes, and can be used on
+larger groups of notes. Slurs and ties can be nested.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2~( c8 fis fis4 ~ fis2 g2)
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Ties}, @ruser{Slurs},
+@ruser{Phrasing slurs}.
+
+
+@node Articulation and dynamics
+@subsection Articulation and dynamics
+
+
+@subheading Articulations
+
+@cindex articulation
+@cindex accent
+@cindex staccato
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{articulation}.
+
+Common @notation{articulations} can be added to a note using a
+dash @code{-} and a single character:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c-. c-- c-> c-^ c-+ c-_
+@end lilypond
+
+@subheading Fingerings
+
+@cindex fingering
+
+@funindex ^
+@funindex _
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{fingering}.
+
+Similarly, @notation{fingering} indications can be added to a note
+using a dash (@code{-}) and the digit to be printed:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c-3 e-5 b-2 a-1
+@end lilypond
+
+Articulations and fingerings are usually placed automatically, but
+you can specify a direction by replacing the dash (@code{-}) with
+@code{^} (up) or @code{_} (down). You can also use multiple
+articulations on the same note. However, in most cases it is best
+to let LilyPond determine the articulation directions.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c_-^1 d^. f^4_2-> e^-_+
+@end lilypond
+
+@subheading Dynamics
+
+@cindex dynamics
+@cindex decrescendo
+@cindex crescendo
+
+@funindex \f
+@funindex \ff
+@funindex \mp
+@funindex \p
+@funindex \mf
+@funindex \pp
+@funindex \<
+@funindex <
+@funindex \>
+@funindex >
+@funindex \!
+@funindex !
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{dynamics}, @rglos{crescendo},
+@rglos{decrescendo}.
+
+@notation{Dynamic} signs are made by adding the markings (with a
+backslash) to the note:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c\ff c\mf c\p c\pp
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} are started with
+the commands @code{\<} and @code{\>}. The next dynamics sign, for
+example @code{\f}, will end the (de)crescendo, or the command
+@code{\!} can be used:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2\< c2\ff\> c2 c2\!
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Articulations and ornamentations},
+@ruser{Fingering instructions}, @ruser{Dynamics}.
+
+
+@node Adding text
+@subsection Adding text
+
+@cindex text, adding
+@cindex adding text
+@cindex markup
+
+@funindex \markup
+@funindex markup
+
+Text may be added to your scores:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1^"espr" a_"legato"
+@end lilypond
+
+Extra formatting may be added with the @code{\markup} command:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1^\markup{ \bold espr}
+a1_\markup{
+ \dynamic f \italic \small { 2nd } \hspace #0.1 \dynamic p
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Writing text}.
+
+
+@node Automatic and manual beams
+@subsection Automatic and manual beams
+
+@cindex beaming
+@cindex automatic beams
+@cindex manual beams
+@cindex beams, automatic
+@cindex beams, manual
+@cindex beams, by hand
+
+@funindex [ ... ]
+@funindex [
+@funindex ]
+@funindex \autoBeamOff
+@funindex autoBeamOff
+@funindex \autoBeamOn
+@funindex autoBeamOn
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{beam}.
+
+All @notation{beams} are drawn automatically:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+a8 ais d ees r d c16 b a8
+@end lilypond
+
+If you do not like the automatic beams, they may be overridden
+manually. To correct just an occasional beam mark the first note
+to be beamed with @code{[} and the last one with @code{]}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+a8[ ais] d[ ees r d] a b
+@end lilypond
+
+If you want to turn off automatic beaming entirely or for an
+extended section of music, use the command @code{\autoBeamOff}
+to turn off automatic beaming and @code{\autoBeamOn} to turn it
+on again.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\autoBeamOff
+a8 c b4 d8. c16 b4
+\autoBeamOn
+a8 c b4 d8. c16 b4
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Automatic beams}, @ruser{Manual beams}.
+
+
+@node Advanced rhythmic commands
+@subsection Advanced rhythmic commands
+
+@subheading Partial measure
+
+@cindex pickup
+@cindex anacrusis
+@cindex partial measure
+
+@funindex \partial
+@funindex partial
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{anacrusis}.
+
+A pickup (or @notation{anacrusis}) is entered with the keyword
+@code{\partial}. It is followed by a duration: @code{\partial 4}
+is a quarter note pickup and @code{\partial 8} an eighth note.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\partial 8
+f8 c2 d
+@end lilypond
+
+@subheading Tuplets
+
+@cindex tuplets
+@cindex triplets
+
+@funindex \times
+@funindex times
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{note value}, @rglos{triplet}.
+
+@notation{Tuplets} are made with the @code{\times} keyword. It
+takes two arguments: a fraction and a piece of music. The
+duration of the piece of music is multiplied by the fraction.
+Triplets make notes occupy 2/3 of their notated duration, so a
+@notation{triplet} has 2/3 as its fraction
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\times 2/3 { f8 g a }
+\times 2/3 { c r c }
+\times 2/3 { f,8 g16[ a g a] }
+\times 2/3 { d4 a8 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@subheading Grace notes
+
+@cindex grace notes
+@cindex acciaccatura
+@cindex appoggiatura
+
+@funindex \grace
+@funindex grace
+@funindex \acciaccatura
+@funindex acciaccatura
+@funindex \appoggiatura
+@funindex acciaccatura
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{grace notes}, @rglos{acciaccatura},
+@rglos{appoggiatura}.
+
+@notation{Grace notes} are created with the @code{\grace} command,
+although they can also be created by prefixing a music expression
+with the keyword @code{\appoggiatura} or @code{\acciaccatura}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2 \grace { a32[ b] } c2
+c2 \appoggiatura b16 c2
+c2 \acciaccatura b16 c2
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Grace notes}, @ruser{Tuplets},
+@ruser{Upbeats}.
+
+
+@node Multiple notes at once
+@section Multiple notes at once
+
+This section introduces having more than one note at the same
+time: multiple instruments, multiple staves for a single
+instrument (i.e. piano), and chords.
+
+Polyphony in music refers to having more than one voice occurring
+in a piece of music. Polyphony in LilyPond refers to having more
+than one voice on the same staff.
+
+@menu
+* Music expressions explained::
+* Multiple staves::
+* Staff groups::
+* Combining notes into chords::
+* Single staff polyphony::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Music expressions explained
+@subsection Music expressions explained
+
+@cindex music expression
+@cindex expression, music
+@cindex compound music expression
+@cindex music expression, compound
+
+In LilyPond input files, music is represented by @emph{music
+expressions}. A single note is a music expression:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+a4
+@end lilypond
+
+Enclosing a note in braces creates a @emph{compound music
+expression}. Here we have created a compound music expression
+with two notes:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+{ a4 g4 }
+@end lilypond
+
+Putting a group of music expressions (e.g. notes) in braces means
+that they are in sequence (i.e. each one follows the previous
+one). The result is another music expression:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+{ { a4 g } f g }
+@end lilypond
+
+@subheading Analogy: mathematical expressions
+
+This mechanism is similar to mathematical formulas: a big formula
+is created by composing small formulas. Such formulas are called
+expressions, and they can contain other expressions, so you can
+make arbitrarily complex and large expressions. For example,
+
+@example
+1
+
+1 + 2
+
+(1 + 2) * 3
+
+((1 + 2) * 3) / (4 * 5)
+@end example
+
+This is a sequence of expressions, where each expression is
+contained in the next (larger) one. The simplest expressions are
+numbers, and larger ones are made by combining expressions with
+operators (like @code{+}, @code{*} and @code{/}) and parentheses.
+Like mathematical expressions, music expressions can be nested
+arbitrarily deep, which is necessary for complex music like
+polyphonic scores.
+
+
+@subheading Simultaneous music expressions: multiple staves
+
+@cindex multiple staves
+@cindex staves, multiple
+@cindex polyphony
+@cindex combining expressions in parallel
+@cindex parallel expressions
+@cindex expressions, parallel
+@cindex relative notes and simultaneous music
+@cindex relative notes and parallel expressions
+@cindex simultaneous music and relative notes
+@cindex parallel expressions and relative notes
+
+@funindex <<
+@funindex >>
+@funindex << ... >>
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{polyphony}.
+
+This technique is useful for @notation{polyphonic} music. To
+enter music with more voices or more staves, we combine
+expressions in parallel. To indicate that two voices should play
+at the same time, simply enter a simultaneous combination of music
+expressions. A @q{simultaneous} music expression is formed by
+enclosing expressions inside @code{<<} and @code{>>}. In the
+following example, three sequences (all containing two separate
+notes) are combined simultaneously:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ <<
+ { a4 g }
+ { f e }
+ { d b }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Note that we have indented each level of the input with a
+different amount of space. LilyPond does not care how much (or
+little) space there is at the beginning of a line, but indenting
+LilyPond code like this makes it much easier for humans to read.
+
+@warning{each note is relative to the previous note in
+the input, not relative to the @code{c''} in the initial
+@code{@bs{}relative} command.}
+
+
+@subheading Simultaneous music expressions: single staff
+
+To determine the number of staves in a piece, LilyPond looks at
+the beginning of the first expression. If there is a single note,
+there is one staff; if there is a simultaneous expression, there
+is more than one staff. The following example shows a complex
+expression, but as it begins with a single note it will be set
+out on a single staff.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ c2 <<c e>>
+ << { e f } { c <<b d>> } >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@node Multiple staves
+@subsection Multiple staves
+
+@cindex multiple staves
+@cindex staves, multiple
+@cindex context
+@cindex context, notation
+@cindex notation context
+
+@funindex \new Staff
+@funindex new Staff
+@funindex Staff
+@funindex \new
+@funindex new
+@funindex Score
+@funindex Voice
+@funindex Lyrics
+@funindex ChordNames
+
+LilyPond input files are constructed out of music expressions, as
+we saw in @ref{Music expressions explained}. If the score begins
+with simultaneous music expressions, LilyPond creates multiples
+staves. However, it is easier to see what happens if we create
+each staff explicitly.
+
+To print more than one staff, each piece of music that makes up a
+staff is marked by adding @code{\new Staff} before it. These
+@code{Staff} elements are then combined in parallel with @code{<<}
+and @code{>>}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ <<
+ \new Staff { \clef treble c }
+ \new Staff { \clef bass c,, }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The command @code{\new} introduces a @q{notation context.} A
+notation context is an environment in which musical events (like
+notes or @code{\clef} commands) are interpreted. For simple
+pieces, such notation contexts are created automatically. For
+more complex pieces, it is best to mark contexts explicitly.
+
+There are several types of contexts. @code{Score}, @code{Staff},
+and @code{Voice} handle melodic notation, while @code{Lyrics} sets
+lyric texts and @code{ChordNames} prints chord names.
+
+In terms of syntax, prepending @code{\new} to a music expression
+creates a bigger music expression. In this way it resembles the
+minus sign in mathematics. The formula @math{(4+5)} is an
+expression, so @math{-(4+5)} is a bigger expression.
+
+Time signatures entered in one staff affects all other staves by
+default. On the other hand, the key signature of one staff does
+@emph{not} affect other staves. This different default behavior
+is because scores with transposing instruments are more common
+than polyrhythmic scores.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ <<
+ \new Staff { \clef treble \key d \major \time 3/4 c }
+ \new Staff { \clef bass c,, }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+
+
+@node Staff groups
+@subsection Staff groups
+
+@cindex piano staff
+@cindex staff, piano
+@cindex choir staff
+@cindex staff, choir
+@cindex grand staff
+@cindex staff, grand
+@cindex staff group
+
+@funindex PianoStaff
+@funindex GrandStaff
+@funindex ChoirStaff
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{brace}.
+
+Piano music is typeset in two staves connected by a
+@notation{brace}.
+Printing such a staff is similar to the polyphonic example in
+@ref{Multiple staves}. However, now this entire expression is
+inserted inside a @code{PianoStaff}:
+
+@example
+\new PianoStaff <<
+ \new Staff @dots{}
+ \new Staff @dots{}
+>>
+@end example
+
+Here is a small example:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ \new PianoStaff <<
+ \new Staff { \time 2/4 c4 e g g, }
+ \new Staff { \clef bass c,, c' e c }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Other staff groupings are introduced with @code{\new GrandStaff},
+suitable for orchestral scores, and @w{@code{\new ChoirStaff}},
+suitable for vocal scores. These staff groups each form another
+type of context, one that generates the brace at the left end of
+every system and also controls the extent of bar lines.
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Keyboard and other multi-staff
+instruments},
+@ruser{Displaying staves}.
+
+
+@node Combining notes into chords
+@subsection Combining notes into chords
+
+@cindex chords
+@cindex note durations in chords
+
+@funindex <
+@funindex >
+@funindex < ... >
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{chord}.
+
+We saw earlier how notes can be combined into @notation{chords} by
+indicating they are simultaneous by enclosing them in double angle
+brackets. However, the normal way of indicating a chord is to
+surround the pitches with @emph{single} angle brackets. Note that
+all the notes in a chord must have the same duration, and that the
+duration is placed after the closing bracket.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+r4 <c e g>4 <c f a>2
+@end lilypond
+
+Think of chords as almost equivalent to single notes:
+almost everything you can attach to a single note can be attached
+to a chord, and everything must go @emph{outside} the angle
+brackets. For example, you can combine markings like beams and
+ties with chords. They must be placed outside the angle brackets.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+r4 <c e g>8[ <c f a>]~ <c f a>2
+r4 <c e g>8( <c e g>\> <c e g>4 <c f a>\!)
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@node Single staff polyphony
+@subsection Single staff polyphony
+
+@cindex polyphony
+@cindex multiple voices
+@cindex voices, more on one staff
+@cindex single staff polyphony
+@cindex spacer rest
+@cindex rest, spacer
+
+@funindex << ... \\ ... >>
+@funindex <<
+@funindex \\
+@funindex >>
+
+Polyphonic music in lilypond, while not difficult, uses concepts
+that we haven't discussed yet, so we're not going to introduce
+them here. Instead, the following sections introduce these concepts
+and explain them thoroughly.
+
+@seealso
+Learning Manual: @ref{Voices contain music}.
+
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Simultaneous notes}.
+
+@node Songs
+@section Songs
+
+This section introduces vocal music and simple song sheets.
+
+@menu
+* Setting simple songs::
+* Aligning lyrics to a melody::
+* Lyrics to multiple staves::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Setting simple songs
+@subsection Setting simple songs
+
+@cindex lyrics
+@cindex songs
+
+@funindex \addlyrics
+@funindex addlyrics
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{lyrics}.
+
+Here is the start of the melody to a nursery
+rhyme, @notation{Girls and boys come out to play}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 6/8
+ d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The @notation{lyrics} can be set to these notes, combining both
+with the @code{\addlyrics} keyword. Lyrics are entered by
+separating each syllable with a space.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 6/8
+ d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Girls and boys come out to play,
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+Note the curly brackets delimiting both the music and the lyrics.
+It is essential that the final syllable is separated from the
+terminating curly bracket by a space or a newline, or it will be
+assumed to be part of the syllable, giving rise to an obscure
+error, see @ref{Apparent error in ../ly/init.ly}.
+
+Note also the double angle brackets @w{@code{<< ... >>}} around the
+whole piece to show that the music and lyrics are to occur at the
+same time.
+
+@node Aligning lyrics to a melody
+@subsection Aligning lyrics to a melody
+
+@cindex melisma
+@cindex extender line
+@cindex hyphens
+@cindex underscore
+@cindex lyrics, aligning
+@cindex aligning lyrics
+@cindex lyrics, multi-syllable words
+@cindex words with multiple syllables in lyrics
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{melisma}, @rglos{extender line}.
+
+The next line in the nursery rhyme is @notation{The moon doth
+shine as bright as day}. Let's extend it:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 6/8
+ d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
+ g8 a4 b8 c b a d4 b8 g4.
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Girls and boys come out to play,
+ The moon doth shine as bright as day;
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+We see the extra lyrics do not align properly with the notes. The
+word @notation{shine} should be sung on two notes, not one. This
+is called a @notation{melisma}, a single syllable sung to more
+than one note. There are several ways to spread a syllable over
+multiple notes, the simplest being to add a slur across them, for
+details, see @ref{Ties and slurs}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 6/8
+ d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
+ g8 a4 b8 c( b) a d4 b8 g4.
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Girls and boys come out to play,
+ The moon doth shine as bright as day;
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+The words now line up correctly with the notes, but the automatic
+beaming for the notes above @notation{shine as} does not look right.
+We can correct this by inserting manual beaming commands to override
+the automatic beaming here, for details, see @ref{Automatic and
+manual beams}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 6/8
+ d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
+ g8 a4 b8 c([ b]) a d4 b8 g4.
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Girls and boys come out to play,
+ The moon doth shine as bright as day;
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+As an alternative to using slurs, the melismata may be indicated
+in just the lyrics by using an underscore @code{_} for each note
+that should be included in the melisma:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 6/8
+ d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
+ g8 a4 b8 c[ b] a d4 b8 g4.
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Girls and boys come out to play,
+ The moon doth shine _ as bright as day;
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+If a syllable extends over several notes or a single very long
+note an @notation{extender line} is usually drawn from the
+syllable extending under all the notes for that syllable. It is
+entered as two underscores @code{__}. Here is an example from the
+first three bars of @notation{Dido's Lament}, from Purcell's
+@notation{Dido and Æneas}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ \key g \minor
+ \time 3/2
+ g2 a bes bes( a)
+ b c4.( bes8 a4. g8 fis4.) g8 fis1
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ When I am laid,
+ am laid __ in earth,
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+None of the examples so far have involved words containing more
+than one syllable. Such words are usually split one syllable to a
+note, with hyphens between syllables. Such hyphens are entered as
+two dashes, resulting in a centered hyphen between the syllables.
+Here is an example showing this and everything we have learned so
+far about aligning lyrics to notes.
+
+@c no ragged-right here because otherwise the hyphens get lost,
+@c but the example is long enough to avoid looking strange.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,noragged-right]
+<<
+ \relative c' {
+ \key g \major
+ \time 3/4
+ \partial 4
+ d4 g4 g a8( b) g4 g4
+ b8( c) d4 d e4 c2
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ A -- way in a __ man -- ger,
+ no __ crib for a bed, __
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+Some lyrics, especially those in Italian, require the opposite:
+setting more than one syllable to a single note. This is
+achieved by linking the syllables together with a single
+underscore @code{_} (with no spaces), or enclosing them in quotes.
+Here's an example from Rossini's @notation{Figaro}, where
+@notation{al} has to be sung on the same note as the @notation{go} of
+@notation{Largo} in Figaro's aria @notation{Largo al factotum}:
+
+@c no ragged-right here because otherwise the hyphens get lost,
+@c but the example is long enough to avoid looking strange.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,noragged-right]
+<<
+ \relative c' {
+ \clef bass
+ \key c \major
+ \time 6/8
+ c4.~ c8 d b c([ d]) b c d b c
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Lar -- go_al fac -- to -- tum del -- la cit -- tà
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Vocal music}.
+
+
+@node Lyrics to multiple staves
+@subsection Lyrics to multiple staves
+
+@cindex lyrics and multiple staves
+@cindex multiple staves and lyrics
+
+The simple approach using @code{\addlyrics} can be used for
+placing lyrics under more than one staff. Here is an
+example from Handel's @notation{Judas Maccabæus}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ \key f \major
+ \time 6/8
+ \partial 8
+ c8 c([ bes]) a a([ g]) f f'4. b, c4.~ c4
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Let flee -- cy flocks the hills a -- dorn, __
+ }
+ \relative c' {
+ \key f \major
+ \time 6/8
+ \partial 8
+ r8 r4. r4 c8 a'([ g]) f f([ e]) d e([ d]) c bes'4
+ }
+ \addlyrics {
+ Let flee -- cy flocks the hills a -- dorn,
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+Scores any more complex than this simple example are better
+produced by separating out the score structure from the notes and
+lyrics with variables. These are discussed in @ref{Organizing
+pieces with variables}.
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Vocal music}.
+
+
+@node Final touches
+@section Final touches
+
+This is the final section of the tutorial; it demonstrates how to
+add the final touches to simple pieces, and provides an
+introduction to the rest of the manual.
+
+@menu
+* Organizing pieces with variables::
+* Version number::
+* Adding titles::
+* Absolute note names::
+* After the tutorial::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Organizing pieces with variables
+@subsection Organizing pieces with variables
+
+@cindex variables
+@cindex variables, defining
+@cindex identifiers
+@cindex macros
+@cindex assigning variables
+@cindex using variables
+@cindex variables, using
+@cindex variables, characters allowed in
+@cindex characters allowed in variables
+
+When all of the elements discussed earlier are combined to produce
+larger files, the music expressions get a lot bigger. In
+polyphonic music with many staves, the input files can become very
+confusing. We can reduce this confusion by using
+@emph{variables}.
+
+With variables (also known as identifiers or macros), we can break
+up complex music expressions. A variable is assigned as
+follows:
+
+@example
+namedMusic = @{ @dots{} @}
+@end example
+
+The contents of the music expression @code{namedMusic} can be used
+later by placing a backslash in front of the name
+(@code{\namedMusic}, just like a normal LilyPond command).
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+violin = \new Staff {
+ \relative c'' {
+ a4 b c b
+ }
+}
+cello = \new Staff {
+ \relative c {
+ \clef bass
+ e2 d
+ }
+}
+{
+ <<
+ \violin
+ \cello
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+The name of a variable must have alphabetic characters only, no
+numbers, underscores, or dashes.
+
+Variables must be defined @emph{before} the main music
+expression, but may be used as many times as required anywhere after
+they have been defined. They may even be used in a later definition
+of another variable, giving a way of shortening the input if a
+section of music is repeated many times.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+tripletA = \times 2/3 { c,8 e g }
+barA = { \tripletA \tripletA \tripletA \tripletA }
+
+\relative c'' {
+ \barA \barA
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Variables may be used for many other types of objects in
+the input. For example,
+
+@example
+width = 4.5\cm
+name = "Wendy"
+aFivePaper = \paper @{ paperheight = 21.0 \cm @}
+@end example
+
+Depending on its contents, the variable can be used in different
+places. The following example uses the above variables:
+
+@example
+\paper @{
+ \aFivePaper
+ line-width = \width
+@}
+@{
+ c4^\name
+@}
+@end example
+
+
+@node Version number
+@subsection Version number
+
+@cindex versioning
+@cindex version
+@cindex version number
+@cindex upgrades
+@cindex future upgrades
+@cindex updating files
+@cindex files, updating
+
+@funindex \version
+@funindex version
+@funindex convert-ly
+
+The @code{\version} statement records the version of LilyPond that
+was used to write the file:
+
+@example
+\version @w{"@version{}"}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+By convention, this is placed at the top of your LilyPond file.
+
+These annotations make future upgrades of LilyPond go more
+smoothly. Changes in the syntax are handled with a special
+program, @command{convert-ly}, and it uses @code{\version} to
+determine what rules to apply. For details, see
+@rprogram{Updating files with convert-ly}.
+
+
+@node Adding titles
+@subsection Adding titles
+
+@cindex title
+@cindex headers
+@cindex header block
+
+@funindex \header
+@funindex header
+
+The title, composer, opus number, and similar information are
+entered in the @code{\header} block. This exists outside of the
+main music expression; the @code{\header} block is usually placed
+underneath the version number.
+
+@example
+\version @w{"@version{}"}
+\header @{
+ title = "Symphony"
+ composer = "Me"
+ opus = "Op. 9"
+@}
+
+@{
+ @dots{} music @dots{}
+@}
+@end example
+
+When the file is processed, the title and composer are printed
+above the music. More information on titling can be found in
+@ruser{Creating titles}.
+
+
+@node Absolute note names
+@subsection Absolute note names
+
+@cindex note names
+@cindex note names, absolute
+@cindex absolute mode
+@cindex absolute values for pitches
+@cindex pitches, absolute values
+@cindex absolute note names
+
+So far we have always used @code{\relative} to define pitches.
+This is the easiest way to enter most music, but another way of
+defining pitches exists: absolute mode.
+
+If you omit the @code{\relative}, LilyPond treats all pitches as
+absolute values. A @code{c'} will always mean middle C, a
+@code{b} will always mean the note one step below middle C, and a
+@code{g,} will always mean the note on the bottom staff of the
+bass clef.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+{
+ \clef bass
+ c' b g, g,
+ g, f, f c'
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Here is a four-octave scale:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+{
+ \clef bass
+ c, d, e, f,
+ g, a, b, c
+ d e f g
+ a b c' d'
+ \clef treble
+ e' f' g' a'
+ b' c'' d'' e''
+ f'' g'' a'' b''
+ c'''1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+As you can see, writing a melody in the treble clef involves a lot
+of quote @code{'} marks. Consider this fragment from Mozart:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+{
+ \key a \major
+ \time 6/8
+ cis''8. d''16 cis''8 e''4 e''8
+ b'8. cis''16 b'8 d''4 d''8
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+All these quotes makes the input less readable and they are a source
+of errors. With @code{\relative}, the previous example is much
+easier to read and type:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ \key a \major
+ \time 6/8
+ cis8. d16 cis8 e4 e8
+ b8. cis16 b8 d4 d8
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+If you make a mistake with an octave mark (@code{'} or @code{,})
+while working in @code{\relative} mode, it is very obvious -- many
+notes will be in the wrong octave. When working in absolute mode,
+a single mistake will not be as visible, and will not be as easy
+to find.
+
+However, absolute mode is useful for music which has large
+intervals, and is extremely useful for computer-generated LilyPond
+files.
+
+
+
+@node After the tutorial
+@subsection After the tutorial
+
+After finishing the tutorial, you should probably try writing a
+piece or two. Start by adding notes to one of the
+@ref{Templates}. If you need any notation that was not covered in
+the tutorial, look at the Notation Reference, starting with
+@ruser{Musical notation}. If you want to write for an instrument
+ensemble that is not covered in the templates, take a look at
+@ref{Extending the templates}.
+
+Once you have written a few short pieces, read the rest of the
+Learning Manual (chapters 3-5). There's nothing wrong with
+reading it now, of course! However, the rest of the Learning
+Manual assumes that you are familiar with LilyPond input. You may
+wish to skim these chapters right now, and come back to them after
+you have more experience.
+
+In this tutorial and in the rest of the Learning Manual, there is a
+paragraph @strong{See also} at the end of each section, which contains
+cross-references to other sections: you should not follow these
+cross-references at first reading; when you have read all of the
+Learning Manual, you may want to read some sections again and follow
+cross-references for further reading.
+
+If you have not done so already, @emph{please} read
+FIXME FIXME FIXME
+@c @ref{About the documentation}.
+There is a lot of information about LilyPond, so
+newcomers often do not know where they should look for help. If
+you spend five minutes reading that section carefully, you might
+save yourself hours of frustration looking in the wrong places!
+
+++ /dev/null
-@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
-
-@ignore
- Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
-
- When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
-@end ignore
-
-@c \version "2.12.0"
-
-@node Generating output
-@chapter Generating output
-
-This chapter gives a basic introduction to working with LilyPond.
-
-@menu
-* Compiling a file::
-* Advanced editors::
-* How to write input files::
-* How to read the manuals::
-@end menu
-
-@node Compiling a file
-@section Compiling a file
-
-FIXME: insert text
-
-@menu
-* Entering input::
-* MacOS X::
-* Windows::
-* Command-line::
-@end menu
-
-@node Entering input
-@subsection Entering input
-
-@cindex compiling
-@cindex first example
-@cindex example, first
-@cindex case sensitive
-
-@qq{Compiling} is the term used for processing an input file
-in LilyPond format to produce a file which can be printed and
-(optionally) a MIDI file which can be played. LilyPond input
-files are simple text files. The first example
-shows what a simple input file looks like.
-
-To create sheet music, we write an input file that specifies the
-notation. For example, if we write:
-
-@example
-@{
- c' e' g' e'
-@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-the result looks like this:
-
-@c in this case we don't want verbatim
-@lilypond[quote]
-{
- c' e' g' e'
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@warning{Notes and lyrics in LilyPond input must always be
-surrounded by @strong{@{ curly braces @}}. The braces
-should also be surrounded by a space unless they are at the
-beginning or end of a line to avoid ambiguities. The braces may
-be omitted in some examples in this manual, but don't forget them
-in your own music! For more information about the display of
-examples in the manual, see @ref{How to read the manuals}.}
-
-In addition, LilyPond input is @strong{case sensitive}.
-@w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input; @w{@code{@{ C D E @}}} will
-produce an error message.
-
-@smallspace
-
-@subheading Entering music and viewing output
-
-@cindex PDF file
-@cindex viewing music
-@cindex text editors
-@cindex running LilyPond under MacOS X
-@cindex MacOS X, running LilyPond
-@cindex running LilyPond under Windows
-@cindex Windows, running LilyPond
-@cindex running LilyPond under Unix
-@cindex Unix, running LilyPond
-
-In this section we will explain what commands to run and how to
-view or print the output.
-
-Note that there are several other text editors available with
-better support for LilyPond. For more information, see
-@ref{Advanced editors}.
-
-@warning{The first time you ever run LilyPond, it may take a
-minute or two because all of the system fonts have to be analyzed
-first. After this, LilyPond will be much faster!}
-
-
-@node MacOS X
-@subsection MacOS X
-
-If you double click @command{LilyPond.app}, it will open with an
-example file. Save it, for example, to @file{test.ly} on your
-Desktop, and then process it with the menu command
-@w{@code{Compile > Typeset File}}. The resulting PDF file will be
-displayed on your screen.
-
-For future use of LilyPond, you should begin by selecting @q{New}
-or @q{Open}. You must save your file before typesetting it. If
-any errors occur in processing, please see the log window.
-
-
-@node Windows
-@subsection Windows
-
-On Windows, if you double-click in the LilyPond icon on the
-Desktop, it will open a simple text editor with an example file.
-Save it, for example, to @file{test.ly} on your Desktop and then
-double-click on the file to process it (the file icon looks like a
-note). After some seconds, you will get a file @file{test.pdf} on
-your desktop. Double-click on this PDF file to view the typeset
-score. An alternative method to process the @file{test.ly} file
-is to drag and drop it onto the LilyPond icon using your mouse
-pointer.
-
-To edit an existing @file{.ly} file, right-click on it and
-select @qq{Edit source}. To get an empty file to start from, run
-the editor as described above and use @qq{New} in
-the @qq{File} menu, or right-click on the desktop and select
-@qq{New..Text Document}, change its name to a name of your choice
-and change the file extension to @code{.ly}. Double-click the
-icon to type in your LilyPond source code as before.
-
-Double-clicking the file does not only result in a PDF file, but
-also produces a @file{.log} file that contains some information on
-what LilyPond has done to the file. If any errors occur, please
-examine this file.
-
-
-@node Command-line
-@subsection Command-line
-
-Create a text file called @file{test.ly} and enter:
-
-@example
-@{
- c' e' g' e'
-@}
-@end example
-
-To process @file{test.ly}, proceed as follows:
-
-@example
-lilypond test.ly
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-You will see something resembling:
-
-@example
-lilypond test.ly
-GNU LilyPond @version{}
-Processing `test.ly'
-Parsing...
-Interpreting music...
-Preprocessing graphical objects...
-Finding the ideal number of pages...
-Fitting music on 1 page...
-Drawing systems...
-Layout output to `test.ps'...
-Converting to `test.pdf'...
-@end example
-
-
-
-@node Advanced editors
-@section Advanced editors
-
-FIXME: add text
-
-@menu
-* Denemo::
-* LilyPondTool::
-* Emacs::
-* Vim::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Denemo
-@subsection Denemo
-
-Available on:
-
-
-
-@node LilyPondTool
-@subsection LilyPondTool
-
-Available on:
-
-
-@node Emacs
-@subsection Emacs
-
-Available on: Windows, MacOS X, Unix
-
-
-@node Vim
-@subsection Vim
-
-Available on: Windows, MacOS X, Unix
-
-
-
-
-@node How to write input files
-@section How to write input files
-
-FIXME: insert text
-
-@menu
-* Simple notation::
-* Working on input files::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Simple notation
-@subsection Simple notation
-
-@cindex simple notation
-@cindex notation, simple
-
-LilyPond will add some notation elements automatically. In the
-next example, we have only specified four pitches, but LilyPond
-has added a clef, time signature, and rhythms.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-{
- c' e' g' e'
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-This behavior may be altered, but in most cases these automatic
-values are useful.
-
-
-@subheading Pitches
-
-@cindex pitches
-@cindex relative mode
-@cindex quote, single
-@cindex comma
-@cindex accidentals and relative mode
-@cindex relative mode, and accidentals
-
-@funindex \relative
-@funindex relative
-@funindex '
-@funindex ,
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{pitch}, @rglos{interval},
-@rglos{scale}, @rglos{middle C}, @rglos{octave},
-@rglos{accidental}.
-
-The easiest way to enter notes is by using @code{\relative} mode.
-In this mode, the octave is chosen automatically by assuming the
-following note is always to be placed closest to the previous
-note, i.e., it is to be placed in the octave which is within three
-staff spaces of the previous note. We begin by entering the most
-elementary piece of music, a @notation{scale}, in which every note
-is within just one staff space of the previous note.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-% set the starting point to middle C
-\relative c' {
- c d e f
- g a b c
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-The initial note is @notation{middle C}. Each successive note is
-placed closest to the previous note -- in other words, the first
-@code{c} is the closest C to middle C. This is followed by the
-closest D to the previous note. We can create melodies which have
-larger intervals, still using only @code{\relative} mode:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c' {
- d f a g
- c b f d
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-It is not necessary for the first note of the melody to start on
-the note which specifies the starting pitch. In the previous
-example, the first note -- the @code{d} -- is the closest D to
-middle C.
-
-By adding (or removing) quotes @code{'} or commas @code{,} from
-the @code{@w{\relative c' @{}} command, we can change the starting
-octave:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-% one octave above middle C
-\relative c'' {
- e c a c
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Relative mode can be confusing initially, but is the easiest way
-to enter most melodies. Let us see how this relative calculation
-works in practice. Starting from a B, which is on the middle line
-in a treble clef, you can reach a C, D and E within 3 staff spaces
-going up, and an A, G and F within 3 staff spaces going down. So
-if the note following a B is a C, D or E it will be assumed to be
-above the B, and an A, G or F will be assumed to be below.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- b c % c is 1 staff space up, so is the c above
- b d % d is 2 up or 5 down, so is the d above
- b e % e is 3 up or 4 down, so is the e above
- b a % a is 6 up or 1 down, so is the a below
- b g % g is 5 up or 2 down, so is the g below
- b f % f is 4 up or 3 down, so is the f below
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Exactly the same happens even when any of these notes are
-sharpened or flattened. @notation{Accidentals} are
-@strong{totally ignored} in the calculation of relative position.
-Precisely the same staff space counting is done from a note at any
-other position on the staff.
-
-To add intervals that are larger than three staff spaces, we can
-raise the @notation{octave} by adding a single quote @code{'} (or
-apostrophe) to the note name. We can lower the octave by adding a
-comma @code{,} to the note name.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- a a, c' f,
- g g'' a,, f'
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-To change a note by two (or more!) octaves, we use multiple
-@code{''} or @code{,,} -- but be careful that you use two single
-quotes @code{''} and not one double quote @code{"}@tie{}! The
-initial value in @code{@w{\relative c'}} may also be modified like
-this.
-@c " - keeps quotes in order for context-sensitive editor -td
-
-@subheading Durations (rhythms)
-
-@cindex note durations
-@cindex durations
-@cindex rhythms
-@cindex whole note
-@cindex half note
-@cindex quarter note
-@cindex dotted note
-@cindex notating durations
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{beam}, @rglos{duration},
-@rglos{whole note}, @rglos{half note}, @rglos{quarter note},
-@rglos{dotted note}.
-
-The @notation{duration} of a note is specified by a number after
-the note name: @code{1} for a @notation{whole note}, @code{2} for
-a @notation{half note}, @code{4} for a @notation{quarter note} and
-so on. @notation{Beams} are added automatically.
-
-If you do not specify a duration, the previous duration is used
-for the next note. The duration of the first note defaults to a
-quarter.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- a1
- a2 a4 a8 a
- a16 a a a a32 a a a a64 a a a a a a a a2
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-To create @notation{dotted notes}, add a dot @code{.} to the
-duration number. The duration of a dotted note must be stated
-explicitly (i.e., with a number).
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- a a a4. a8
- a8. a16 a a8. a8 a4.
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@subheading Rests
-
-@cindex rest
-@cindex notating rests
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{rest}.
-
-A @notation{rest} is entered just like a note with the name
-@code{r}@tie{}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- a r r2
- r8 a r4 r4. r8
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@subheading Time signature
-
-@cindex time signature
-
-@funindex \time
-@funindex time
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{time signature}.
-
-The @notation{time signature} can be set with the @code{\time}
-command:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \time 3/4
- a4 a a
- \time 6/8
- a4. a
- \time 4/4
- a4 a a a
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@subheading Clef
-
-@cindex clef
-@cindex treble
-@cindex alto
-@cindex tenor
-@cindex bass
-
-@funindex \clef
-@funindex clef
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{clef}.
-
-The @notation{clef} can be set using the @code{\clef} command:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c' {
- \clef treble
- c1
- \clef alto
- c1
- \clef tenor
- c1
- \clef bass
- c1
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@subheading All together
-
-Here is a small example showing all these elements together:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c, {
- \time 3/4
- \clef bass
- c2 e8 c' g'2.
- f4 e d c4 c, r4
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Writing pitches},
-@ruser{Writing rhythms}, @ruser{Writing rests},
-@ruser{Time signature}, @ruser{Clef}.
-
-
-@node Working on input files
-@subsection Working on input files
-
-@cindex curly braces
-@cindex braces, curly
-@cindex comments
-@cindex line comment
-@cindex comment, line
-@cindex block comment
-@cindex comment, line
-@cindex case sensitive
-@cindex whitespace insensitive
-@cindex expressions
-
-@funindex { ... }
-@funindex %
-@funindex %@{ ... %@}
-
-LilyPond input files are similar to source files in many common
-programming languages. They are case sensitive, and white-space
-is generally ignored. Expressions are formed with curly braces
-@{ @}, and comments are denoted with @code{%} or
-@w{@code{%@{ ... %@}}}.
-
-If the previous sentences sound like nonsense, don't worry! We'll
-explain what all these terms mean:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item
-@strong{Case sensitive}:
-it matters whether you enter a letter in lower case (e.g.
-@w{@code{a, b, s, t}}) or upper case (e.g. @w{@code{A, B, S, T}}).
-Notes are lower case: @w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input;
-@w{@code{@{ C D E @}}} will produce an error message.
-
-@item
-@strong{Whitespace insensitive}:
-it does not matter how many spaces (or tabs or new lines) you add.
-@w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} means the same thing as
-@w{@code{@{ c @tie{}} @tie{} @tie{} d e @}} and:
-
-@example
-@{ c d
- e @}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-Of course, the previous example is hard to read. A good rule of
-thumb is to indent code blocks with either a tab or two spaces:
-
-@example
-@{
- c d e
-@}
-@end example
-
-However, whitespace @emph{is} required to separate many syntactical
-elements from others. In other words, whitespace can always be
-@emph{added}, but it cannot be @emph{eliminated}. As missing
-whitespace can give rise to strange errors it is advisable to
-always insert whitespace before and after every syntactic element,
-for example, before and after every curly brace.
-
-@item
-@strong{Expressions}:
-every piece of LilyPond input needs to have @strong{@{ curly
-braces @}} placed around the input. These braces tell LilyPond
-that the input is a single music expression, just like parentheses
-@code{()} in mathematics. The braces should be surrounded by a
-space unless they are at the beginning or end of a line to avoid
-ambiguities.
-
-A LilyPond command followed by a simple expression in braces (such
-as @w{@code{\relative @{ @}}}) also counts as a single music
-expression.
-
-@cindex comments
-@cindex line comment
-@cindex block comment
-@item
-@strong{Comments}:
-a comment is a remark for the human reader of the music input; it
-is ignored while parsing, so it has no effect on the printed
-output. There are two types of comments. The percent symbol
-@code{%} introduces a line comment; anything after @code{%} on
-that line is ignored. By convention, a line comment is placed
-@emph{above} the code it refers to.
-
-@example
-a4 a a a
-% this comment refers to the Bs
-b2 b
-@end example
-
-A block comment marks a whole section of music input as a comment.
-Anything that is enclosed in @code{%@{} and @code{%@}} is ignored.
-However, block comments do not @q{nest}. This means that you
-cannot place a block comment inside another block comment. If you
-try, the first @code{%@}} will terminate @emph{both} block
-comments. The following fragment shows possible uses for
-comments:
-
-@example
-% notes for twinkle twinkle follow
- c4 c g' g a a g2
-
-%@{
- This line, and the notes below are ignored,
- since they are in a block comment.
-
- f f e e d d c2
-%@}
-@end example
-
-@end itemize
-
-
-@node How to read the manuals
-@section How to read the manuals
-
-FIXME: fluff here
-
-@menu
-* Omitting braces::
-* Clickable examples::
-* Keyboard navigation::
-* Overview of manuals::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Omitting braces
-@unnumberedsubsec Omitting braces
-
-
-@cindex how to read the manual
-@cindex manual, reading
-@cindex reading the manual
-@cindex examples, clickable
-@cindex clickable examples
-@cindex tips for constructing files
-@cindex templates
-@cindex constructing files, tips
-@cindex files, tips for constructing
-
-LilyPond input must be surrounded by @{ @} marks or a
-@code{@w{\relative c'' @{ ... @}}}, as we saw in @ref{Working on
-input files}. For the rest of this manual, most examples will
-omit this. To replicate the examples, you may copy and paste the
-displayed input, but you @strong{must} add the
-@code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}} like this:
-
-@example
-\relative c'' @{
- ... example goes here...
-@}
-@end example
-
-Why omit the braces? Most examples in this manual can be inserted
-into the middle of a longer piece of music. For these examples,
-it does not make sense to add @code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}} --
-you should not place a @code{\relative} inside another
-@code{\relative}! If we included @code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}}
-around every example, you would not be able to copy a small
-documentation example and paste it inside a longer piece of your
-own. Most people want to add material to an existing piece, so we
-format the manual this way.
-
-
-@node Clickable examples
-@unnumberedsubsec Clickable examples
-
-Many people learn programs by trying and fiddling around with the
-program. This is also possible with LilyPond. If you click on a
-picture in the HTML version of this manual, you will see the exact
-LilyPond input that was used to generate that image. Try it on
-this image:
-
-@c no verbatim here
-@lilypond[quote]
-\relative c'' {
- c-\markup { \bold \huge { Click here. } }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-By cutting and pasting everything in the @qq{ly snippet} section,
-you have a starting template for experiments. To see exactly the
-same output (line-width and all), copy everything from @qq{Start
-cut-&-pastable section} to the bottom of the file.
-
-
-@node Keyboard navigation
-@unnumberedsubsec Keyboard navigation
-
-
-
-@node Overview of manuals
-@unnumberedsubsec Overview of manuals
-
-FIXME: a brief discussion about the rest of the LM, and pointers
-to specific places. like NR for general reference, AU for
-suggestions for writing files, etc.
-
-
--- /dev/null
+@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
+
+@ignore
+ Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
+
+ When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
+ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+@end ignore
+
+@c \version "2.12.0"
+
+@node Introduction
+@chapter Introduction
+
+This chapter gives a basic introduction to working with LilyPond.
+
+@menu
+* Compiling a file::
+* Advanced editors::
+* How to write input files::
+* How to read the manuals::
+@end menu
+
+@node Compiling a file
+@section Compiling a file
+
+FIXME: insert text
+
+@menu
+* Entering input::
+* MacOS X::
+* Windows::
+* Command-line::
+@end menu
+
+@node Entering input
+@subsection Entering input
+
+@cindex compiling
+@cindex first example
+@cindex example, first
+@cindex case sensitive
+
+@qq{Compiling} is the term used for processing an input file
+in LilyPond format to produce a file which can be printed and
+(optionally) a MIDI file which can be played. LilyPond input
+files are simple text files. The first example
+shows what a simple input file looks like.
+
+To create sheet music, we write an input file that specifies the
+notation. For example, if we write:
+
+@example
+@{
+ c' e' g' e'
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+the result looks like this:
+
+@c in this case we don't want verbatim
+@lilypond[quote]
+{
+ c' e' g' e'
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@warning{Notes and lyrics in LilyPond input must always be
+surrounded by @strong{@{ curly braces @}}. The braces
+should also be surrounded by a space unless they are at the
+beginning or end of a line to avoid ambiguities. The braces may
+be omitted in some examples in this manual, but don't forget them
+in your own music! For more information about the display of
+examples in the manual, see @ref{How to read the manuals}.}
+
+In addition, LilyPond input is @strong{case sensitive}.
+@w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input; @w{@code{@{ C D E @}}} will
+produce an error message.
+
+@smallspace
+
+@subheading Entering music and viewing output
+
+@cindex PDF file
+@cindex viewing music
+@cindex text editors
+@cindex running LilyPond under MacOS X
+@cindex MacOS X, running LilyPond
+@cindex running LilyPond under Windows
+@cindex Windows, running LilyPond
+@cindex running LilyPond under Unix
+@cindex Unix, running LilyPond
+
+In this section we will explain what commands to run and how to
+view or print the output.
+
+Note that there are several other text editors available with
+better support for LilyPond. For more information, see
+@ref{Advanced editors}.
+
+@warning{The first time you ever run LilyPond, it may take a
+minute or two because all of the system fonts have to be analyzed
+first. After this, LilyPond will be much faster!}
+
+
+@node MacOS X
+@subsection MacOS X
+
+If you double click @command{LilyPond.app}, it will open with an
+example file. Save it, for example, to @file{test.ly} on your
+Desktop, and then process it with the menu command
+@w{@code{Compile > Typeset File}}. The resulting PDF file will be
+displayed on your screen.
+
+For future use of LilyPond, you should begin by selecting @q{New}
+or @q{Open}. You must save your file before typesetting it. If
+any errors occur in processing, please see the log window.
+
+
+@node Windows
+@subsection Windows
+
+On Windows, if you double-click in the LilyPond icon on the
+Desktop, it will open a simple text editor with an example file.
+Save it, for example, to @file{test.ly} on your Desktop and then
+double-click on the file to process it (the file icon looks like a
+note). After some seconds, you will get a file @file{test.pdf} on
+your desktop. Double-click on this PDF file to view the typeset
+score. An alternative method to process the @file{test.ly} file
+is to drag and drop it onto the LilyPond icon using your mouse
+pointer.
+
+To edit an existing @file{.ly} file, right-click on it and
+select @qq{Edit source}. To get an empty file to start from, run
+the editor as described above and use @qq{New} in
+the @qq{File} menu, or right-click on the desktop and select
+@qq{New..Text Document}, change its name to a name of your choice
+and change the file extension to @code{.ly}. Double-click the
+icon to type in your LilyPond source code as before.
+
+Double-clicking the file does not only result in a PDF file, but
+also produces a @file{.log} file that contains some information on
+what LilyPond has done to the file. If any errors occur, please
+examine this file.
+
+
+@node Command-line
+@subsection Command-line
+
+Create a text file called @file{test.ly} and enter:
+
+@example
+@{
+ c' e' g' e'
+@}
+@end example
+
+To process @file{test.ly}, proceed as follows:
+
+@example
+lilypond test.ly
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+You will see something resembling:
+
+@example
+lilypond test.ly
+GNU LilyPond @version{}
+Processing `test.ly'
+Parsing...
+Interpreting music...
+Preprocessing graphical objects...
+Finding the ideal number of pages...
+Fitting music on 1 page...
+Drawing systems...
+Layout output to `test.ps'...
+Converting to `test.pdf'...
+@end example
+
+
+
+@node Advanced editors
+@section Advanced editors
+
+FIXME: add text
+
+@menu
+* Denemo::
+* LilyPondTool::
+* Emacs::
+* Vim::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Denemo
+@subsection Denemo
+
+Available on:
+
+
+
+@node LilyPondTool
+@subsection LilyPondTool
+
+Available on:
+
+
+@node Emacs
+@subsection Emacs
+
+Available on: Windows, MacOS X, Unix
+
+
+@node Vim
+@subsection Vim
+
+Available on: Windows, MacOS X, Unix
+
+
+
+
+@node How to write input files
+@section How to write input files
+
+FIXME: insert text
+
+@menu
+* Simple notation::
+* Working on input files::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Simple notation
+@subsection Simple notation
+
+@cindex simple notation
+@cindex notation, simple
+
+LilyPond will add some notation elements automatically. In the
+next example, we have only specified four pitches, but LilyPond
+has added a clef, time signature, and rhythms.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+{
+ c' e' g' e'
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+This behavior may be altered, but in most cases these automatic
+values are useful.
+
+
+@subheading Pitches
+
+@cindex pitches
+@cindex relative mode
+@cindex quote, single
+@cindex comma
+@cindex accidentals and relative mode
+@cindex relative mode, and accidentals
+
+@funindex \relative
+@funindex relative
+@funindex '
+@funindex ,
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{pitch}, @rglos{interval},
+@rglos{scale}, @rglos{middle C}, @rglos{octave},
+@rglos{accidental}.
+
+The easiest way to enter notes is by using @code{\relative} mode.
+In this mode, the octave is chosen automatically by assuming the
+following note is always to be placed closest to the previous
+note, i.e., it is to be placed in the octave which is within three
+staff spaces of the previous note. We begin by entering the most
+elementary piece of music, a @notation{scale}, in which every note
+is within just one staff space of the previous note.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+% set the starting point to middle C
+\relative c' {
+ c d e f
+ g a b c
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The initial note is @notation{middle C}. Each successive note is
+placed closest to the previous note -- in other words, the first
+@code{c} is the closest C to middle C. This is followed by the
+closest D to the previous note. We can create melodies which have
+larger intervals, still using only @code{\relative} mode:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c' {
+ d f a g
+ c b f d
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+It is not necessary for the first note of the melody to start on
+the note which specifies the starting pitch. In the previous
+example, the first note -- the @code{d} -- is the closest D to
+middle C.
+
+By adding (or removing) quotes @code{'} or commas @code{,} from
+the @code{@w{\relative c' @{}} command, we can change the starting
+octave:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+% one octave above middle C
+\relative c'' {
+ e c a c
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Relative mode can be confusing initially, but is the easiest way
+to enter most melodies. Let us see how this relative calculation
+works in practice. Starting from a B, which is on the middle line
+in a treble clef, you can reach a C, D and E within 3 staff spaces
+going up, and an A, G and F within 3 staff spaces going down. So
+if the note following a B is a C, D or E it will be assumed to be
+above the B, and an A, G or F will be assumed to be below.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ b c % c is 1 staff space up, so is the c above
+ b d % d is 2 up or 5 down, so is the d above
+ b e % e is 3 up or 4 down, so is the e above
+ b a % a is 6 up or 1 down, so is the a below
+ b g % g is 5 up or 2 down, so is the g below
+ b f % f is 4 up or 3 down, so is the f below
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Exactly the same happens even when any of these notes are
+sharpened or flattened. @notation{Accidentals} are
+@strong{totally ignored} in the calculation of relative position.
+Precisely the same staff space counting is done from a note at any
+other position on the staff.
+
+To add intervals that are larger than three staff spaces, we can
+raise the @notation{octave} by adding a single quote @code{'} (or
+apostrophe) to the note name. We can lower the octave by adding a
+comma @code{,} to the note name.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ a a, c' f,
+ g g'' a,, f'
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+To change a note by two (or more!) octaves, we use multiple
+@code{''} or @code{,,} -- but be careful that you use two single
+quotes @code{''} and not one double quote @code{"}@tie{}! The
+initial value in @code{@w{\relative c'}} may also be modified like
+this.
+@c " - keeps quotes in order for context-sensitive editor -td
+
+@subheading Durations (rhythms)
+
+@cindex note durations
+@cindex durations
+@cindex rhythms
+@cindex whole note
+@cindex half note
+@cindex quarter note
+@cindex dotted note
+@cindex notating durations
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{beam}, @rglos{duration},
+@rglos{whole note}, @rglos{half note}, @rglos{quarter note},
+@rglos{dotted note}.
+
+The @notation{duration} of a note is specified by a number after
+the note name: @code{1} for a @notation{whole note}, @code{2} for
+a @notation{half note}, @code{4} for a @notation{quarter note} and
+so on. @notation{Beams} are added automatically.
+
+If you do not specify a duration, the previous duration is used
+for the next note. The duration of the first note defaults to a
+quarter.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ a1
+ a2 a4 a8 a
+ a16 a a a a32 a a a a64 a a a a a a a a2
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+To create @notation{dotted notes}, add a dot @code{.} to the
+duration number. The duration of a dotted note must be stated
+explicitly (i.e., with a number).
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ a a a4. a8
+ a8. a16 a a8. a8 a4.
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@subheading Rests
+
+@cindex rest
+@cindex notating rests
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{rest}.
+
+A @notation{rest} is entered just like a note with the name
+@code{r}@tie{}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ a r r2
+ r8 a r4 r4. r8
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@subheading Time signature
+
+@cindex time signature
+
+@funindex \time
+@funindex time
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{time signature}.
+
+The @notation{time signature} can be set with the @code{\time}
+command:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ \time 3/4
+ a4 a a
+ \time 6/8
+ a4. a
+ \time 4/4
+ a4 a a a
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@subheading Clef
+
+@cindex clef
+@cindex treble
+@cindex alto
+@cindex tenor
+@cindex bass
+
+@funindex \clef
+@funindex clef
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{clef}.
+
+The @notation{clef} can be set using the @code{\clef} command:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c' {
+ \clef treble
+ c1
+ \clef alto
+ c1
+ \clef tenor
+ c1
+ \clef bass
+ c1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@subheading All together
+
+Here is a small example showing all these elements together:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\relative c, {
+ \time 3/4
+ \clef bass
+ c2 e8 c' g'2.
+ f4 e d c4 c, r4
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ruser{Writing pitches},
+@ruser{Writing rhythms}, @ruser{Writing rests},
+@ruser{Time signature}, @ruser{Clef}.
+
+
+@node Working on input files
+@subsection Working on input files
+
+@cindex curly braces
+@cindex braces, curly
+@cindex comments
+@cindex line comment
+@cindex comment, line
+@cindex block comment
+@cindex comment, line
+@cindex case sensitive
+@cindex whitespace insensitive
+@cindex expressions
+
+@funindex { ... }
+@funindex %
+@funindex %@{ ... %@}
+
+LilyPond input files are similar to source files in many common
+programming languages. They are case sensitive, and white-space
+is generally ignored. Expressions are formed with curly braces
+@{ @}, and comments are denoted with @code{%} or
+@w{@code{%@{ ... %@}}}.
+
+If the previous sentences sound like nonsense, don't worry! We'll
+explain what all these terms mean:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item
+@strong{Case sensitive}:
+it matters whether you enter a letter in lower case (e.g.
+@w{@code{a, b, s, t}}) or upper case (e.g. @w{@code{A, B, S, T}}).
+Notes are lower case: @w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} is valid input;
+@w{@code{@{ C D E @}}} will produce an error message.
+
+@item
+@strong{Whitespace insensitive}:
+it does not matter how many spaces (or tabs or new lines) you add.
+@w{@code{@{ c d e @}}} means the same thing as
+@w{@code{@{ c @tie{}} @tie{} @tie{} d e @}} and:
+
+@example
+@{ c d
+ e @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Of course, the previous example is hard to read. A good rule of
+thumb is to indent code blocks with either a tab or two spaces:
+
+@example
+@{
+ c d e
+@}
+@end example
+
+However, whitespace @emph{is} required to separate many syntactical
+elements from others. In other words, whitespace can always be
+@emph{added}, but it cannot be @emph{eliminated}. As missing
+whitespace can give rise to strange errors it is advisable to
+always insert whitespace before and after every syntactic element,
+for example, before and after every curly brace.
+
+@item
+@strong{Expressions}:
+every piece of LilyPond input needs to have @strong{@{ curly
+braces @}} placed around the input. These braces tell LilyPond
+that the input is a single music expression, just like parentheses
+@code{()} in mathematics. The braces should be surrounded by a
+space unless they are at the beginning or end of a line to avoid
+ambiguities.
+
+A LilyPond command followed by a simple expression in braces (such
+as @w{@code{\relative @{ @}}}) also counts as a single music
+expression.
+
+@cindex comments
+@cindex line comment
+@cindex block comment
+@item
+@strong{Comments}:
+a comment is a remark for the human reader of the music input; it
+is ignored while parsing, so it has no effect on the printed
+output. There are two types of comments. The percent symbol
+@code{%} introduces a line comment; anything after @code{%} on
+that line is ignored. By convention, a line comment is placed
+@emph{above} the code it refers to.
+
+@example
+a4 a a a
+% this comment refers to the Bs
+b2 b
+@end example
+
+A block comment marks a whole section of music input as a comment.
+Anything that is enclosed in @code{%@{} and @code{%@}} is ignored.
+However, block comments do not @q{nest}. This means that you
+cannot place a block comment inside another block comment. If you
+try, the first @code{%@}} will terminate @emph{both} block
+comments. The following fragment shows possible uses for
+comments:
+
+@example
+% notes for twinkle twinkle follow
+ c4 c g' g a a g2
+
+%@{
+ This line, and the notes below are ignored,
+ since they are in a block comment.
+
+ f f e e d d c2
+%@}
+@end example
+
+@end itemize
+
+
+@node How to read the manuals
+@section How to read the manuals
+
+FIXME: fluff here
+
+@menu
+* Omitting braces::
+* Clickable examples::
+* Keyboard navigation::
+* Overview of manuals::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Omitting braces
+@unnumberedsubsec Omitting braces
+
+
+@cindex how to read the manual
+@cindex manual, reading
+@cindex reading the manual
+@cindex examples, clickable
+@cindex clickable examples
+@cindex tips for constructing files
+@cindex templates
+@cindex constructing files, tips
+@cindex files, tips for constructing
+
+LilyPond input must be surrounded by @{ @} marks or a
+@code{@w{\relative c'' @{ ... @}}}, as we saw in @ref{Working on
+input files}. For the rest of this manual, most examples will
+omit this. To replicate the examples, you may copy and paste the
+displayed input, but you @strong{must} add the
+@code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}} like this:
+
+@example
+\relative c'' @{
+ ... example goes here...
+@}
+@end example
+
+Why omit the braces? Most examples in this manual can be inserted
+into the middle of a longer piece of music. For these examples,
+it does not make sense to add @code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}} --
+you should not place a @code{\relative} inside another
+@code{\relative}! If we included @code{@w{\relative c'' @{ @}}}
+around every example, you would not be able to copy a small
+documentation example and paste it inside a longer piece of your
+own. Most people want to add material to an existing piece, so we
+format the manual this way.
+
+
+@node Clickable examples
+@unnumberedsubsec Clickable examples
+
+Many people learn programs by trying and fiddling around with the
+program. This is also possible with LilyPond. If you click on a
+picture in the HTML version of this manual, you will see the exact
+LilyPond input that was used to generate that image. Try it on
+this image:
+
+@c no verbatim here
+@lilypond[quote]
+\relative c'' {
+ c-\markup { \bold \huge { Click here. } }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+By cutting and pasting everything in the @qq{ly snippet} section,
+you have a starting template for experiments. To see exactly the
+same output (line-width and all), copy everything from @qq{Start
+cut-&-pastable section} to the bottom of the file.
+
+
+@node Keyboard navigation
+@unnumberedsubsec Keyboard navigation
+
+
+
+@node Overview of manuals
+@unnumberedsubsec Overview of manuals
+
+FIXME: a brief discussion about the rest of the LM, and pointers
+to specific places. like NR for general reference, AU for
+suggestions for writing files, etc.
+
+
+++ /dev/null
-@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
-
-@ignore
- Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
-
- When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
-@end ignore
-
-@c \version "2.12.0"
-
-@ignore
-Tutorial guidelines: (different from policy.txt!)
-- unless you have a really good reason, use either
- @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
- or
- @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-
- Don't use any other relative=X commands.
-
-- use "aes" and "ees" instead of "as" and "es". I know it's not
- correct Dutch naming, but let's not confuse people with this
- until we get to the Basic notation chapter.
-
-- Add "Music Glossary: @rglos{foo}" to the *top* of the relevant
- portions of the tutorial.
-
-@end ignore
-
-
-@node Common notation
-@chapter Common notation
-
-This tutorial starts with an introduction to the LilyPond music
-language and explains how to produce printed music. After this first
-contact we will explain how to create beautiful printed music
-containing common musical notation.
-
-@menu
-* Single staff notation::
-* Multiple notes at once::
-* Songs::
-* Final touches::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Single staff notation
-@section Single staff notation
-
-This section introduces common notation that is used for one voice
-on one staff.
-
-@menu
-* Accidentals and key signatures::
-* Ties and slurs::
-* Articulation and dynamics::
-* Adding text::
-* Automatic and manual beams::
-* Advanced rhythmic commands::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Accidentals and key signatures
-@subsection Accidentals and key signatures
-
-@subheading Accidentals
-
-@cindex accidentals
-@cindex accidentals and key signatures
-@cindex sharp
-@cindex double sharp
-@cindex sharp, double
-@cindex flat
-@cindex double flat
-@cindex flat, double
-
-@funindex es
-@funindex is
-@funindex eses
-@funindex isis
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{sharp}, @rglos{flat}, @rglos{double sharp},
-@rglos{double flat}, @rglos{accidental}.
-
-A @notation{sharp} pitch is made by adding @code{is} to the name,
-and a @notation{flat} pitch by adding @code{es}. As you might
-expect, a @notation{double sharp} or @notation{double flat} is
-made by adding @code{isis} or @code{eses}. This syntax is derived
-from note naming conventions in Nordic and Germanic languages,
-like German and Dutch. To use other names for
-@notation{accidentals}, see @ruser{Note names in other languages}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-cis1 ees fisis, aeses
-@end lilypond
-
-@cindex key signature, setting
-@subheading Key signatures
-
-@cindex key signature
-@cindex major
-@cindex minor
-@cindex accidentals and key signature
-@cindex content vs. layout
-@cindex layout vs. content
-
-@funindex \key
-@funindex key
-@funindex \major
-@funindex major
-@funindex \minor
-@funindex minor
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{key signature}, @rglos{major},
-@rglos{minor}.
-
-The @notation{key signature} is set with the command @code{\key}
-followed by a pitch and @code{\major} or @code{\minor}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\key d \major
-a1
-\key c \minor
-a
-@end lilypond
-
-@smallspace
-
-@subheading Warning: key signatures and pitches
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{accidental}, @rglos{key signature},
-@rglos{pitch}, @rglos{flat}, @rglos{natural}, @rglos{sharp},
-@rglos{transposition}.
-
-To determine whether to print an @notation{accidental}, LilyPond
-examines the pitches and the @notation{key signature}. The key
-signature only affects the @emph{printed} accidentals, not the
-note's @notation{pitch}! This is a feature that often causes
-confusion to newcomers, so let us explain it in more detail.
-
-LilyPond makes a sharp distinction between musical content and
-layout. The alteration (@notation{flat}, @notation{natural sign} or
-@notation{sharp}) of a note is part of the pitch, and is therefore
-musical content. Whether an accidental (a @emph{printed} flat,
-natural or sharp sign) is printed in front of the corresponding
-note is a question of layout. Layout is something that follows
-rules, so accidentals are printed automatically according to those
-rules. The pitches in your music are works of art, so they will
-not be added automatically, and you must enter what you want to
-hear.
-
-In this example:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\key d \major
-d cis fis
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-No note has a printed accidental, but you must still add
-@code{is} and type @code{cis} and @code{fis} in the input file.
-
-The code @code{b} does not mean @qq{print a black dot just on
-the middle line of the staff.} Rather, it means @qq{there is a
-note with pitch B-natural.} In the key of A-flat major, it
-@emph{does} get an accidental:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\key aes \major
-b
-@end lilypond
-
-Adding all alterations explicitly might require a little more
-effort when typing, but the advantage is that
-@notation{transposing} is easier, and accidentals can be printed
-according to different conventions. For some examples how
-accidentals can be printed according to different rules, see
-@ruser{Automatic accidentals}.
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Note names in other languages},
-@ruser{Accidentals}, @ruser{Automatic accidentals},
-@ruser{Key signature}.
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{Pitch names}.
-
-
-@node Ties and slurs
-@subsection Ties and slurs
-
-@cindex tie
-@cindex slur
-@cindex slur, phrasing
-@cindex phrasing slur
-
-@funindex ~
-@funindex ( ... )
-@funindex \( ... \)
-
-@subheading Ties
-
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{tie}.
-
-A @notation{tie} is created by appending a tilde @code{~} to the
-first note being tied.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-g4~ g c2~
-c4 ~ c8 a8 ~ a2
-@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Slurs
-
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}.
-
-A @notation{slur} is a curve drawn across many notes. The
-starting note and ending note are marked with @code{(} and
-@code{)} respectively.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-d4( c16) cis( d e c cis d) e( d4)
-@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Phrasing slurs
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}, @rglos{phrasing}.
-
-Slurs to indicate longer @notation{phrasing} can be entered with
-@code{\(} and @code{\)}. You can have both @notation{slurs}
-and phrasing slurs at the same time, but you cannot have
-simultaneous slurs or simultaneous phrasing slurs.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-a8(\( ais b c) cis2 b'2 a4 cis,\)
-@end lilypond
-
-@smallspace
-
-@cindex slurs versus ties
-@subheading Warnings: slurs vs. ties
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{articulation}, @rglos{slur}, @rglos{tie}.
-
-A @notation{slur} looks like a @notation{tie}, but it has a
-different meaning. A tie simply makes the first note longer, and
-can only be used on pairs of notes with the same pitch. Slurs
-indicate the @notation{articulation} of notes, and can be used on
-larger groups of notes. Slurs and ties can be nested.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c2~( c8 fis fis4 ~ fis2 g2)
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Ties}, @ruser{Slurs},
-@ruser{Phrasing slurs}.
-
-
-@node Articulation and dynamics
-@subsection Articulation and dynamics
-
-
-@subheading Articulations
-
-@cindex articulation
-@cindex accent
-@cindex staccato
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{articulation}.
-
-Common @notation{articulations} can be added to a note using a
-dash @code{-} and a single character:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c-. c-- c-> c-^ c-+ c-_
-@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Fingerings
-
-@cindex fingering
-
-@funindex ^
-@funindex _
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{fingering}.
-
-Similarly, @notation{fingering} indications can be added to a note
-using a dash (@code{-}) and the digit to be printed:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c-3 e-5 b-2 a-1
-@end lilypond
-
-Articulations and fingerings are usually placed automatically, but
-you can specify a direction by replacing the dash (@code{-}) with
-@code{^} (up) or @code{_} (down). You can also use multiple
-articulations on the same note. However, in most cases it is best
-to let LilyPond determine the articulation directions.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c_-^1 d^. f^4_2-> e^-_+
-@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Dynamics
-
-@cindex dynamics
-@cindex decrescendo
-@cindex crescendo
-
-@funindex \f
-@funindex \ff
-@funindex \mp
-@funindex \p
-@funindex \mf
-@funindex \pp
-@funindex \<
-@funindex <
-@funindex \>
-@funindex >
-@funindex \!
-@funindex !
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{dynamics}, @rglos{crescendo},
-@rglos{decrescendo}.
-
-@notation{Dynamic} signs are made by adding the markings (with a
-backslash) to the note:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c\ff c\mf c\p c\pp
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} are started with
-the commands @code{\<} and @code{\>}. The next dynamics sign, for
-example @code{\f}, will end the (de)crescendo, or the command
-@code{\!} can be used:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c2\< c2\ff\> c2 c2\!
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Articulations and ornamentations},
-@ruser{Fingering instructions}, @ruser{Dynamics}.
-
-
-@node Adding text
-@subsection Adding text
-
-@cindex text, adding
-@cindex adding text
-@cindex markup
-
-@funindex \markup
-@funindex markup
-
-Text may be added to your scores:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c1^"espr" a_"legato"
-@end lilypond
-
-Extra formatting may be added with the @code{\markup} command:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c1^\markup{ \bold espr}
-a1_\markup{
- \dynamic f \italic \small { 2nd } \hspace #0.1 \dynamic p
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Writing text}.
-
-
-@node Automatic and manual beams
-@subsection Automatic and manual beams
-
-@cindex beaming
-@cindex automatic beams
-@cindex manual beams
-@cindex beams, automatic
-@cindex beams, manual
-@cindex beams, by hand
-
-@funindex [ ... ]
-@funindex [
-@funindex ]
-@funindex \autoBeamOff
-@funindex autoBeamOff
-@funindex \autoBeamOn
-@funindex autoBeamOn
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{beam}.
-
-All @notation{beams} are drawn automatically:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-a8 ais d ees r d c16 b a8
-@end lilypond
-
-If you do not like the automatic beams, they may be overridden
-manually. To correct just an occasional beam mark the first note
-to be beamed with @code{[} and the last one with @code{]}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-a8[ ais] d[ ees r d] a b
-@end lilypond
-
-If you want to turn off automatic beaming entirely or for an
-extended section of music, use the command @code{\autoBeamOff}
-to turn off automatic beaming and @code{\autoBeamOn} to turn it
-on again.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\autoBeamOff
-a8 c b4 d8. c16 b4
-\autoBeamOn
-a8 c b4 d8. c16 b4
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Automatic beams}, @ruser{Manual beams}.
-
-
-@node Advanced rhythmic commands
-@subsection Advanced rhythmic commands
-
-@subheading Partial measure
-
-@cindex pickup
-@cindex anacrusis
-@cindex partial measure
-
-@funindex \partial
-@funindex partial
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{anacrusis}.
-
-A pickup (or @notation{anacrusis}) is entered with the keyword
-@code{\partial}. It is followed by a duration: @code{\partial 4}
-is a quarter note pickup and @code{\partial 8} an eighth note.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\partial 8
-f8 c2 d
-@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Tuplets
-
-@cindex tuplets
-@cindex triplets
-
-@funindex \times
-@funindex times
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{note value}, @rglos{triplet}.
-
-@notation{Tuplets} are made with the @code{\times} keyword. It
-takes two arguments: a fraction and a piece of music. The
-duration of the piece of music is multiplied by the fraction.
-Triplets make notes occupy 2/3 of their notated duration, so a
-@notation{triplet} has 2/3 as its fraction
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\times 2/3 { f8 g a }
-\times 2/3 { c r c }
-\times 2/3 { f,8 g16[ a g a] }
-\times 2/3 { d4 a8 }
-@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Grace notes
-
-@cindex grace notes
-@cindex acciaccatura
-@cindex appoggiatura
-
-@funindex \grace
-@funindex grace
-@funindex \acciaccatura
-@funindex acciaccatura
-@funindex \appoggiatura
-@funindex acciaccatura
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{grace notes}, @rglos{acciaccatura},
-@rglos{appoggiatura}.
-
-@notation{Grace notes} are created with the @code{\grace} command,
-although they can also be created by prefixing a music expression
-with the keyword @code{\appoggiatura} or @code{\acciaccatura}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-c2 \grace { a32[ b] } c2
-c2 \appoggiatura b16 c2
-c2 \acciaccatura b16 c2
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Grace notes}, @ruser{Tuplets},
-@ruser{Upbeats}.
-
-
-@node Multiple notes at once
-@section Multiple notes at once
-
-This section introduces having more than one note at the same
-time: multiple instruments, multiple staves for a single
-instrument (i.e. piano), and chords.
-
-Polyphony in music refers to having more than one voice occurring
-in a piece of music. Polyphony in LilyPond refers to having more
-than one voice on the same staff.
-
-@menu
-* Music expressions explained::
-* Multiple staves::
-* Staff groups::
-* Combining notes into chords::
-* Single staff polyphony::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Music expressions explained
-@subsection Music expressions explained
-
-@cindex music expression
-@cindex expression, music
-@cindex compound music expression
-@cindex music expression, compound
-
-In LilyPond input files, music is represented by @emph{music
-expressions}. A single note is a music expression:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-a4
-@end lilypond
-
-Enclosing a note in braces creates a @emph{compound music
-expression}. Here we have created a compound music expression
-with two notes:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-{ a4 g4 }
-@end lilypond
-
-Putting a group of music expressions (e.g. notes) in braces means
-that they are in sequence (i.e. each one follows the previous
-one). The result is another music expression:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-{ { a4 g } f g }
-@end lilypond
-
-@subheading Analogy: mathematical expressions
-
-This mechanism is similar to mathematical formulas: a big formula
-is created by composing small formulas. Such formulas are called
-expressions, and they can contain other expressions, so you can
-make arbitrarily complex and large expressions. For example,
-
-@example
-1
-
-1 + 2
-
-(1 + 2) * 3
-
-((1 + 2) * 3) / (4 * 5)
-@end example
-
-This is a sequence of expressions, where each expression is
-contained in the next (larger) one. The simplest expressions are
-numbers, and larger ones are made by combining expressions with
-operators (like @code{+}, @code{*} and @code{/}) and parentheses.
-Like mathematical expressions, music expressions can be nested
-arbitrarily deep, which is necessary for complex music like
-polyphonic scores.
-
-
-@subheading Simultaneous music expressions: multiple staves
-
-@cindex multiple staves
-@cindex staves, multiple
-@cindex polyphony
-@cindex combining expressions in parallel
-@cindex parallel expressions
-@cindex expressions, parallel
-@cindex relative notes and simultaneous music
-@cindex relative notes and parallel expressions
-@cindex simultaneous music and relative notes
-@cindex parallel expressions and relative notes
-
-@funindex <<
-@funindex >>
-@funindex << ... >>
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{polyphony}.
-
-This technique is useful for @notation{polyphonic} music. To
-enter music with more voices or more staves, we combine
-expressions in parallel. To indicate that two voices should play
-at the same time, simply enter a simultaneous combination of music
-expressions. A @q{simultaneous} music expression is formed by
-enclosing expressions inside @code{<<} and @code{>>}. In the
-following example, three sequences (all containing two separate
-notes) are combined simultaneously:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- <<
- { a4 g }
- { f e }
- { d b }
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Note that we have indented each level of the input with a
-different amount of space. LilyPond does not care how much (or
-little) space there is at the beginning of a line, but indenting
-LilyPond code like this makes it much easier for humans to read.
-
-@warning{each note is relative to the previous note in
-the input, not relative to the @code{c''} in the initial
-@code{@bs{}relative} command.}
-
-
-@subheading Simultaneous music expressions: single staff
-
-To determine the number of staves in a piece, LilyPond looks at
-the beginning of the first expression. If there is a single note,
-there is one staff; if there is a simultaneous expression, there
-is more than one staff. The following example shows a complex
-expression, but as it begins with a single note it will be set
-out on a single staff.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- c2 <<c e>>
- << { e f } { c <<b d>> } >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@node Multiple staves
-@subsection Multiple staves
-
-@cindex multiple staves
-@cindex staves, multiple
-@cindex context
-@cindex context, notation
-@cindex notation context
-
-@funindex \new Staff
-@funindex new Staff
-@funindex Staff
-@funindex \new
-@funindex new
-@funindex Score
-@funindex Voice
-@funindex Lyrics
-@funindex ChordNames
-
-LilyPond input files are constructed out of music expressions, as
-we saw in @ref{Music expressions explained}. If the score begins
-with simultaneous music expressions, LilyPond creates multiples
-staves. However, it is easier to see what happens if we create
-each staff explicitly.
-
-To print more than one staff, each piece of music that makes up a
-staff is marked by adding @code{\new Staff} before it. These
-@code{Staff} elements are then combined in parallel with @code{<<}
-and @code{>>}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- <<
- \new Staff { \clef treble c }
- \new Staff { \clef bass c,, }
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-The command @code{\new} introduces a @q{notation context.} A
-notation context is an environment in which musical events (like
-notes or @code{\clef} commands) are interpreted. For simple
-pieces, such notation contexts are created automatically. For
-more complex pieces, it is best to mark contexts explicitly.
-
-There are several types of contexts. @code{Score}, @code{Staff},
-and @code{Voice} handle melodic notation, while @code{Lyrics} sets
-lyric texts and @code{ChordNames} prints chord names.
-
-In terms of syntax, prepending @code{\new} to a music expression
-creates a bigger music expression. In this way it resembles the
-minus sign in mathematics. The formula @math{(4+5)} is an
-expression, so @math{-(4+5)} is a bigger expression.
-
-Time signatures entered in one staff affects all other staves by
-default. On the other hand, the key signature of one staff does
-@emph{not} affect other staves. This different default behavior
-is because scores with transposing instruments are more common
-than polyrhythmic scores.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- <<
- \new Staff { \clef treble \key d \major \time 3/4 c }
- \new Staff { \clef bass c,, }
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-
-
-@node Staff groups
-@subsection Staff groups
-
-@cindex piano staff
-@cindex staff, piano
-@cindex choir staff
-@cindex staff, choir
-@cindex grand staff
-@cindex staff, grand
-@cindex staff group
-
-@funindex PianoStaff
-@funindex GrandStaff
-@funindex ChoirStaff
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{brace}.
-
-Piano music is typeset in two staves connected by a
-@notation{brace}.
-Printing such a staff is similar to the polyphonic example in
-@ref{Multiple staves}. However, now this entire expression is
-inserted inside a @code{PianoStaff}:
-
-@example
-\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff @dots{}
- \new Staff @dots{}
->>
-@end example
-
-Here is a small example:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff { \time 2/4 c4 e g g, }
- \new Staff { \clef bass c,, c' e c }
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Other staff groupings are introduced with @code{\new GrandStaff},
-suitable for orchestral scores, and @w{@code{\new ChoirStaff}},
-suitable for vocal scores. These staff groups each form another
-type of context, one that generates the brace at the left end of
-every system and also controls the extent of bar lines.
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Keyboard and other multi-staff
-instruments},
-@ruser{Displaying staves}.
-
-
-@node Combining notes into chords
-@subsection Combining notes into chords
-
-@cindex chords
-@cindex note durations in chords
-
-@funindex <
-@funindex >
-@funindex < ... >
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{chord}.
-
-We saw earlier how notes can be combined into @notation{chords} by
-indicating they are simultaneous by enclosing them in double angle
-brackets. However, the normal way of indicating a chord is to
-surround the pitches with @emph{single} angle brackets. Note that
-all the notes in a chord must have the same duration, and that the
-duration is placed after the closing bracket.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-r4 <c e g>4 <c f a>2
-@end lilypond
-
-Think of chords as almost equivalent to single notes:
-almost everything you can attach to a single note can be attached
-to a chord, and everything must go @emph{outside} the angle
-brackets. For example, you can combine markings like beams and
-ties with chords. They must be placed outside the angle brackets.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-r4 <c e g>8[ <c f a>]~ <c f a>2
-r4 <c e g>8( <c e g>\> <c e g>4 <c f a>\!)
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@node Single staff polyphony
-@subsection Single staff polyphony
-
-@cindex polyphony
-@cindex multiple voices
-@cindex voices, more on one staff
-@cindex single staff polyphony
-@cindex spacer rest
-@cindex rest, spacer
-
-@funindex << ... \\ ... >>
-@funindex <<
-@funindex \\
-@funindex >>
-
-Polyphonic music in lilypond, while not difficult, uses concepts
-that we haven't discussed yet, so we're not going to introduce
-them here. Instead, the following sections introduce these concepts
-and explain them thoroughly.
-
-@seealso
-Learning Manual: @ref{Voices contain music}.
-
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Simultaneous notes}.
-
-@node Songs
-@section Songs
-
-This section introduces vocal music and simple song sheets.
-
-@menu
-* Setting simple songs::
-* Aligning lyrics to a melody::
-* Lyrics to multiple staves::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Setting simple songs
-@subsection Setting simple songs
-
-@cindex lyrics
-@cindex songs
-
-@funindex \addlyrics
-@funindex addlyrics
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{lyrics}.
-
-Here is the start of the melody to a nursery
-rhyme, @notation{Girls and boys come out to play}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \key g \major
- \time 6/8
- d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-The @notation{lyrics} can be set to these notes, combining both
-with the @code{\addlyrics} keyword. Lyrics are entered by
-separating each syllable with a space.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \relative c'' {
- \key g \major
- \time 6/8
- d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Girls and boys come out to play,
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-Note the curly brackets delimiting both the music and the lyrics.
-It is essential that the final syllable is separated from the
-terminating curly bracket by a space or a newline, or it will be
-assumed to be part of the syllable, giving rise to an obscure
-error, see @ref{Apparent error in ../ly/init.ly}.
-
-Note also the double angle brackets @w{@code{<< ... >>}} around the
-whole piece to show that the music and lyrics are to occur at the
-same time.
-
-@node Aligning lyrics to a melody
-@subsection Aligning lyrics to a melody
-
-@cindex melisma
-@cindex extender line
-@cindex hyphens
-@cindex underscore
-@cindex lyrics, aligning
-@cindex aligning lyrics
-@cindex lyrics, multi-syllable words
-@cindex words with multiple syllables in lyrics
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{melisma}, @rglos{extender line}.
-
-The next line in the nursery rhyme is @notation{The moon doth
-shine as bright as day}. Let's extend it:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \relative c'' {
- \key g \major
- \time 6/8
- d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
- g8 a4 b8 c b a d4 b8 g4.
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Girls and boys come out to play,
- The moon doth shine as bright as day;
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-We see the extra lyrics do not align properly with the notes. The
-word @notation{shine} should be sung on two notes, not one. This
-is called a @notation{melisma}, a single syllable sung to more
-than one note. There are several ways to spread a syllable over
-multiple notes, the simplest being to add a slur across them, for
-details, see @ref{Ties and slurs}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \relative c'' {
- \key g \major
- \time 6/8
- d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
- g8 a4 b8 c( b) a d4 b8 g4.
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Girls and boys come out to play,
- The moon doth shine as bright as day;
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-The words now line up correctly with the notes, but the automatic
-beaming for the notes above @notation{shine as} does not look right.
-We can correct this by inserting manual beaming commands to override
-the automatic beaming here, for details, see @ref{Automatic and
-manual beams}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \relative c'' {
- \key g \major
- \time 6/8
- d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
- g8 a4 b8 c([ b]) a d4 b8 g4.
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Girls and boys come out to play,
- The moon doth shine as bright as day;
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-As an alternative to using slurs, the melismata may be indicated
-in just the lyrics by using an underscore @code{_} for each note
-that should be included in the melisma:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \relative c'' {
- \key g \major
- \time 6/8
- d4 b8 c4 a8 d4 b8 g4
- g8 a4 b8 c[ b] a d4 b8 g4.
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Girls and boys come out to play,
- The moon doth shine _ as bright as day;
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-If a syllable extends over several notes or a single very long
-note an @notation{extender line} is usually drawn from the
-syllable extending under all the notes for that syllable. It is
-entered as two underscores @code{__}. Here is an example from the
-first three bars of @notation{Dido's Lament}, from Purcell's
-@notation{Dido and Æneas}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \relative c'' {
- \key g \minor
- \time 3/2
- g2 a bes bes( a)
- b c4.( bes8 a4. g8 fis4.) g8 fis1
- }
- \addlyrics {
- When I am laid,
- am laid __ in earth,
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-None of the examples so far have involved words containing more
-than one syllable. Such words are usually split one syllable to a
-note, with hyphens between syllables. Such hyphens are entered as
-two dashes, resulting in a centered hyphen between the syllables.
-Here is an example showing this and everything we have learned so
-far about aligning lyrics to notes.
-
-@c no ragged-right here because otherwise the hyphens get lost,
-@c but the example is long enough to avoid looking strange.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,noragged-right]
-<<
- \relative c' {
- \key g \major
- \time 3/4
- \partial 4
- d4 g4 g a8( b) g4 g4
- b8( c) d4 d e4 c2
- }
- \addlyrics {
- A -- way in a __ man -- ger,
- no __ crib for a bed, __
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-Some lyrics, especially those in Italian, require the opposite:
-setting more than one syllable to a single note. This is
-achieved by linking the syllables together with a single
-underscore @code{_} (with no spaces), or enclosing them in quotes.
-Here's an example from Rossini's @notation{Figaro}, where
-@notation{al} has to be sung on the same note as the @notation{go} of
-@notation{Largo} in Figaro's aria @notation{Largo al factotum}:
-
-@c no ragged-right here because otherwise the hyphens get lost,
-@c but the example is long enough to avoid looking strange.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,noragged-right]
-<<
- \relative c' {
- \clef bass
- \key c \major
- \time 6/8
- c4.~ c8 d b c([ d]) b c d b c
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Lar -- go_al fac -- to -- tum del -- la cit -- tà
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Vocal music}.
-
-
-@node Lyrics to multiple staves
-@subsection Lyrics to multiple staves
-
-@cindex lyrics and multiple staves
-@cindex multiple staves and lyrics
-
-The simple approach using @code{\addlyrics} can be used for
-placing lyrics under more than one staff. Here is an
-example from Handel's @notation{Judas Maccabæus}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \relative c'' {
- \key f \major
- \time 6/8
- \partial 8
- c8 c([ bes]) a a([ g]) f f'4. b, c4.~ c4
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Let flee -- cy flocks the hills a -- dorn, __
- }
- \relative c' {
- \key f \major
- \time 6/8
- \partial 8
- r8 r4. r4 c8 a'([ g]) f f([ e]) d e([ d]) c bes'4
- }
- \addlyrics {
- Let flee -- cy flocks the hills a -- dorn,
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-Scores any more complex than this simple example are better
-produced by separating out the score structure from the notes and
-lyrics with variables. These are discussed in @ref{Organizing
-pieces with variables}.
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ruser{Vocal music}.
-
-
-@node Final touches
-@section Final touches
-
-This is the final section of the tutorial; it demonstrates how to
-add the final touches to simple pieces, and provides an
-introduction to the rest of the manual.
-
-@menu
-* Organizing pieces with variables::
-* Version number::
-* Adding titles::
-* Absolute note names::
-* After the tutorial::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Organizing pieces with variables
-@subsection Organizing pieces with variables
-
-@cindex variables
-@cindex variables, defining
-@cindex identifiers
-@cindex macros
-@cindex assigning variables
-@cindex using variables
-@cindex variables, using
-@cindex variables, characters allowed in
-@cindex characters allowed in variables
-
-When all of the elements discussed earlier are combined to produce
-larger files, the music expressions get a lot bigger. In
-polyphonic music with many staves, the input files can become very
-confusing. We can reduce this confusion by using
-@emph{variables}.
-
-With variables (also known as identifiers or macros), we can break
-up complex music expressions. A variable is assigned as
-follows:
-
-@example
-namedMusic = @{ @dots{} @}
-@end example
-
-The contents of the music expression @code{namedMusic} can be used
-later by placing a backslash in front of the name
-(@code{\namedMusic}, just like a normal LilyPond command).
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-violin = \new Staff {
- \relative c'' {
- a4 b c b
- }
-}
-cello = \new Staff {
- \relative c {
- \clef bass
- e2 d
- }
-}
-{
- <<
- \violin
- \cello
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@noindent
-The name of a variable must have alphabetic characters only, no
-numbers, underscores, or dashes.
-
-Variables must be defined @emph{before} the main music
-expression, but may be used as many times as required anywhere after
-they have been defined. They may even be used in a later definition
-of another variable, giving a way of shortening the input if a
-section of music is repeated many times.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-tripletA = \times 2/3 { c,8 e g }
-barA = { \tripletA \tripletA \tripletA \tripletA }
-
-\relative c'' {
- \barA \barA
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Variables may be used for many other types of objects in
-the input. For example,
-
-@example
-width = 4.5\cm
-name = "Wendy"
-aFivePaper = \paper @{ paperheight = 21.0 \cm @}
-@end example
-
-Depending on its contents, the variable can be used in different
-places. The following example uses the above variables:
-
-@example
-\paper @{
- \aFivePaper
- line-width = \width
-@}
-@{
- c4^\name
-@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node Version number
-@subsection Version number
-
-@cindex versioning
-@cindex version
-@cindex version number
-@cindex upgrades
-@cindex future upgrades
-@cindex updating files
-@cindex files, updating
-
-@funindex \version
-@funindex version
-@funindex convert-ly
-
-The @code{\version} statement records the version of LilyPond that
-was used to write the file:
-
-@example
-\version @w{"@version{}"}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-By convention, this is placed at the top of your LilyPond file.
-
-These annotations make future upgrades of LilyPond go more
-smoothly. Changes in the syntax are handled with a special
-program, @command{convert-ly}, and it uses @code{\version} to
-determine what rules to apply. For details, see
-@rprogram{Updating files with convert-ly}.
-
-
-@node Adding titles
-@subsection Adding titles
-
-@cindex title
-@cindex headers
-@cindex header block
-
-@funindex \header
-@funindex header
-
-The title, composer, opus number, and similar information are
-entered in the @code{\header} block. This exists outside of the
-main music expression; the @code{\header} block is usually placed
-underneath the version number.
-
-@example
-\version @w{"@version{}"}
-\header @{
- title = "Symphony"
- composer = "Me"
- opus = "Op. 9"
-@}
-
-@{
- @dots{} music @dots{}
-@}
-@end example
-
-When the file is processed, the title and composer are printed
-above the music. More information on titling can be found in
-@ruser{Creating titles}.
-
-
-@node Absolute note names
-@subsection Absolute note names
-
-@cindex note names
-@cindex note names, absolute
-@cindex absolute mode
-@cindex absolute values for pitches
-@cindex pitches, absolute values
-@cindex absolute note names
-
-So far we have always used @code{\relative} to define pitches.
-This is the easiest way to enter most music, but another way of
-defining pitches exists: absolute mode.
-
-If you omit the @code{\relative}, LilyPond treats all pitches as
-absolute values. A @code{c'} will always mean middle C, a
-@code{b} will always mean the note one step below middle C, and a
-@code{g,} will always mean the note on the bottom staff of the
-bass clef.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-{
- \clef bass
- c' b g, g,
- g, f, f c'
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Here is a four-octave scale:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-{
- \clef bass
- c, d, e, f,
- g, a, b, c
- d e f g
- a b c' d'
- \clef treble
- e' f' g' a'
- b' c'' d'' e''
- f'' g'' a'' b''
- c'''1
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-As you can see, writing a melody in the treble clef involves a lot
-of quote @code{'} marks. Consider this fragment from Mozart:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-{
- \key a \major
- \time 6/8
- cis''8. d''16 cis''8 e''4 e''8
- b'8. cis''16 b'8 d''4 d''8
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-All these quotes makes the input less readable and they are a source
-of errors. With @code{\relative}, the previous example is much
-easier to read and type:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \key a \major
- \time 6/8
- cis8. d16 cis8 e4 e8
- b8. cis16 b8 d4 d8
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-If you make a mistake with an octave mark (@code{'} or @code{,})
-while working in @code{\relative} mode, it is very obvious -- many
-notes will be in the wrong octave. When working in absolute mode,
-a single mistake will not be as visible, and will not be as easy
-to find.
-
-However, absolute mode is useful for music which has large
-intervals, and is extremely useful for computer-generated LilyPond
-files.
-
-
-
-@node After the tutorial
-@subsection After the tutorial
-
-After finishing the tutorial, you should probably try writing a
-piece or two. Start by adding notes to one of the
-@ref{Templates}. If you need any notation that was not covered in
-the tutorial, look at the Notation Reference, starting with
-@ruser{Musical notation}. If you want to write for an instrument
-ensemble that is not covered in the templates, take a look at
-@ref{Extending the templates}.
-
-Once you have written a few short pieces, read the rest of the
-Learning Manual (chapters 3-5). There's nothing wrong with
-reading it now, of course! However, the rest of the Learning
-Manual assumes that you are familiar with LilyPond input. You may
-wish to skim these chapters right now, and come back to them after
-you have more experience.
-
-In this tutorial and in the rest of the Learning Manual, there is a
-paragraph @strong{See also} at the end of each section, which contains
-cross-references to other sections: you should not follow these
-cross-references at first reading; when you have read all of the
-Learning Manual, you may want to read some sections again and follow
-cross-references for further reading.
-
-If you have not done so already, @emph{please} read
-FIXME FIXME FIXME
-@c @ref{About the documentation}.
-There is a lot of information about LilyPond, so
-newcomers often do not know where they should look for help. If
-you spend five minutes reading that section carefully, you might
-save yourself hours of frustration looking in the wrong places!
-
projects / lilypond.git / commitdiff