Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
-notation is also used for harps and other keyed instruments.
+notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
@code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
-sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. In this
-section we discuss some notation techniques particular to keyboard
+sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This
+section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard
music.
Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
Notation Reference:
@ref{Grouping staves},
@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Collision resolution},
@ref{Writing music in parallel},
@ref{Fingering instructions},
+@ref{List of articulations},
@ref{Grid lines},
@ref{Ties},
@ref{Arpeggio},
-@ref{Tremolo repeats},
-@ref{List of articulations}.
+@ref{Tremolo repeats}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{PianoStaff}.
@noindent
The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches
-the current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
+the current voice from its current staff to the staff called
@var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are
@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "up" {
<e' c'>8
- \change Staff = down
- g fis g
- \change Staff = up
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ g8 fis g
+ \change Staff = "up"
<g'' c''>8
- \change Staff = down
- e dis e
- \change Staff = up
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ e8 dis e
+ \change Staff = "up"
}
\new Staff = "down" {
\clef bass
- s1 % keep staff alive
+ % keep staff alive
+ s1
}
>>
@end lilypond
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Beam}.
+@rinternals{Beam},
+@rinternals{ContextChange}.
@node Changing staff automatically
@noindent
This will create two staves inside the current staff group
(usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and
-@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by default.
-The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the
+@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
+The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle@tie{}C is the
turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
in advance.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new PianoStaff {
\autochange {
- g4 a b c' d' r4 a g
+ g4 a b c'
+ d'4 r a g
}
}
@end lilypond
its voice between the existing staves. For example, this is
necessary to place a key signature in the lower staff:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "up" {
\new Voice = "melOne" {
\key g \major
\autochange \relative c' {
g8 b a c b d c e
- d r fis, g a2
+ d8 r fis, g a2
}
}
}
Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the
notes can be printed automatically:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "one" {
\showStaffSwitch
c1
- \change Staff=two
+ \change Staff = "two"
b2 a
}
- \new Staff = "two" { \clef bass s1*2 }
+ \new Staff = "two" {
+ \clef bass
+ s1*2
+ }
>>
@end lilypond
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Note_head_line_engraver},
@rinternals{VoiceFollower}.
Chords that cross staves may be produced:
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff \relative c' {
- f8 e4 d8 <f bes,>2
+ \new Staff {
+ \relative c' {
+ f8 e4 d8 <f bes,>2
+ }
}
- \new Staff \relative c' {
- << {
- \clef bass
- \stemUp
- % stems may overlap the other staff
- \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
- % extend the stems to reach other other staff
- \override Stem #'length = #12
- % do not print extra flags
- \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
- a8 g4 f8
- } \\ {
- f,2 d'
+ \new Staff {
+ \relative c' {
+ << {
+ \clef bass
+ % stems may overlap the other staff
+ \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
+ % extend the stems to reach other other staff
+ \override Stem #'length = #12
+ % do not print extra flags
+ \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
+ a8 g4 f8
+ }
+ \\
+ {
+ f,2 d'
+ } >>
}
- >>
}
>>
@end lilypond
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
@seealso
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Stem}
+@rinternals{Stem}.
@node Piano
@subsection Piano
@cindex pedals, piano
@cindex sustain pedal
@cindex sostenuto pedal
-@cindex una corde
+@cindex una corda
@cindex tre corde
@funindex \sustainOn
@funindex \sustainOff
Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is
produced: @notation{sustain}, @notation{sostenuto}
-(@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corde} (@notation{U.C.}).
+(@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corda} (@notation{U.C.}).
Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
c4\sustainOn d e g
<c, f a>1\sustainOff
c4\sostenutoOn e g c,
The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default
while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
c4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff
\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
c4\sustainOn g c d
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{SustainPedal},
@rinternals{SustainPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SustainEvent},
@rinternals{SostenutoPedal},
@rinternals{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SostenutoEvent},
@rinternals{UnaCordaPedal},
@rinternals{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaEvent},
@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket},
@rinternals{Piano_pedal_engraver}.
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{accordion-discant-symbols.ly}
@seealso