+@node octavation
+@section octavation
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+The use of a phrase or abbreviation with an extender line or bracket to indicate
+that a passage is to be played in a different octave:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item @samp{15ma}: play two octaves higher
+@item @samp{8va}: play one octave higher
+@item @samp{8vb}: play one octave lower
+@item @samp{8va} written below the passage: same as @samp{8vb}
+@item @samp{15vb}: play two octaves lower
+@item @samp{15va} written below the passage: same as @samp{15vb}
+
+@end itemize
+
+Another practice, which may be useful for longer passages, is to indicate the
+different octave with a phrase at the beginning (see below). When the music
+returns to the written pitch, the octavation is cancelled with the word
+@emph{loco} (q.v.).
+
+To parallel the list above:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item @samp{15ma}: @emph{alla quindicesima (alta)}
+@item @samp{8va}: @emph{all'ottava} or @emph{ottava sopra}
+@item @samp{8vb}: @emph{ottava bassa}, @emph{ottava sotto}
+@item @samp{15vb}: @emph{alla quindicesima (bassa)}
+
+@end itemize
+
+@emph{Quindicesima} can be replaced with @emph{quindecima}, which is Latin.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{interval}, @ref{loco}, @ref{octave}.
+
+