X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Fvocal.itely;h=a59389ff717c7cf29c69a6bfa9664139768b2844;hb=2e714733659e99a7e86ae59b93e9f7ba5bb6daf8;hp=6f9089de8c1bd2983890d376f214a607fb052692;hpb=24d7a2abc788061a4f7a81ee3c2a9f330ddca93f;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/vocal.itely b/Documentation/user/vocal.itely index 6f9089de8c..a59389ff71 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/vocal.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/vocal.itely @@ -6,26 +6,76 @@ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore -@c \version "2.11.38" +@c \version "2.11.57" @node Vocal music @section Vocal music -Since LilyPond input files are text, there are two issues to -consider when working with vocal music: +@c TODO: CLARIFY +@c TODO: delete this comment block +@c http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=248 +@c Done, see @node Lyrics independent of notes ----FV + +@c http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=329 +@c Done, see @node Working with lyrics and variables ----FV + +@c partially done, needs improvement, see Switching to an alternative melody ----FV +@ignore + +> I think the issue here is that changing the associatedVoice +> happens one step +> later than expected. I could be wrong, but I don't think this +> is obviously +> documented. + +If you read section "Switching the melody associated with a lyrics +line" +it indeed says "Again, the command must be one syllable too +early,..."! +One problem with the current formulation is that the "Again" +refers to what's described 2 subsections earlier in "Lyrics to +multiple notes of a melisma", which isn't obvious unless you have +read all the sections +sequentially. + + +@c Done in @node Extenders and hyphens ---FV +@c also done (duplicated) in @node Multiple notes to one syllable --FV +I don't know who's working on the vocal music right now, but I +found something that should be clarified in NR 2.1.2.4. + +It should be made clear that __ is used to crate a lyric extender, +and _ is used to add a note to a melisma, so both __ and _ are +used. The example shows it, but there is no description of the +lyrics extender in this section. +@end ignore + + +Since LilyPond input files are text, there are two issues to consider +when working with vocal music: @itemize @item -Song texts must be entered as text, not notes. For example, the -input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable, not the -note@tie{}D. +Song texts must be interpreted as text, not notes. For example, the +input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable, +not the note@tie{}D. @item Song texts must be aligned with the notes of their melody. @end itemize -There are a few different ways to define lyrics; we shall begin -by examining the simplest method, and gradually increase complexity. +To address the first issue, the fundamental method is the special mode +opened by @code{\lyricmode} that interprets its contents as text. +This mode is implicit by some abbreviated methods, as we will see. + +Aligning of text with melodies can be made automatically, but if you +specify the durations of the syllables it can also be made manually. +Lyrics aligning and typesetting are prepared with the help of skips, +hyphens and extender lines. + +All these methods and their combinations lead to a few different ways +to define lyrics; we shall begin by examining the simplest method, and +gradually increase complexity. @menu * Common notation for vocals:: @@ -34,28 +84,6 @@ by examining the simplest method, and gradually increase complexity. * Stanzas:: @end menu -@snippets - -Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is -a relatively large computational task. To speed up processing, LilyPond does -not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use - -@example -\override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t -@end example - -To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use - -@example -\layout @{ - \context @{ - \Lyrics - \consists "Bar_engraver" - \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" - \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t - @} -@} -@end example @node Common notation for vocals @subsection Common notation for vocals @@ -94,7 +122,7 @@ to a melody. Here is an example, @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote] \time 3/4 -\relative { c2 e4 g2. } +\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } \addlyrics { play the game } @end lilypond @@ -103,7 +131,7 @@ More stanzas can be added by adding more @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote] \time 3/4 -\relative { c2 e4 g2. } +\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } \addlyrics { play the game } \addlyrics { speel het spel } \addlyrics { joue le jeu } @@ -188,9 +216,9 @@ In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces between syllables, or use tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric tie. -@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \time 3/4 -\relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 } +\relative c' { c2 e4 g2 e4 } \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go } \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to } \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to } @@ -204,13 +232,11 @@ glyph. To enter lyrics with characters from non-English languages, or with accented and special characters (such as the heart symbol or slanted quotes), simply insert the characters directly into the input file and save -it with utf-8 encoding. See @ref{Text encoding}, for more info. - -FIXME: quotes. +it with UTF-8 encoding. See @ref{Text encoding}, for more info. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] -\relative { e4 f e d e f e2 } -\addlyrics { He said: “Let my peo ple go”. } +\relative c' { e4 f e d e f e2 } +\addlyrics { He said: “Let my peo ple go”. } @end lilypond To use normal quotes in lyrics, add a backslash before the @@ -253,7 +279,9 @@ verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @} @seealso -Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricText}, @internalsref{LyricSpace}. +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{LyricText}, +@rinternals{LyricSpace}. @node Working with lyrics and variables @subsubsection Working with lyrics and variables @@ -309,11 +337,44 @@ The final input would resemble >> @end example +@ignore + +http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=329 +The problem cannot be reproduced. +The following has no sense, because the issue seems to be fixed. +A comment is in tracker waiting for response ---FV + + +Be careful when defining a variable with lyrics that creates a new +context, for example, using the deprecated @code{\lyrics} command. See +the next erroneous example: + +@example +words = \lyrics{ %warning: this creates a new context + one two +} +<< + \new Voice = "sop" { c1 } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "sop" { \words } + \new Voice = "alt" { c2 c } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alt" { \words } +>> +@end example + +the problem is that \lyricsto will try to connect the "sop" melody with the context +created by "\new Lyrics". + +Then \lyrics in \words creates another context, and the original "\new Lyrics" one +remains empty. + +@end ignore + @seealso @c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug -Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic}, -@internalsref{Lyrics}. +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}, +@rinternals{Lyrics}. @node Aligning lyrics to a melody @@ -325,7 +386,7 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic}, Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called -@internalsref{Lyrics}. +@rinternals{Lyrics}. @example \new Lyrics \lyricmode @dots{} @@ -370,7 +431,7 @@ melody and the lyrics with the @code{\lyricsto} expression @end example This aligns the lyrics to the -notes of the @internalsref{Voice} context called @var{name}, which must +notes of the @rinternals{Voice} context called @var{name}, which must already exist. Therefore normally the @code{Voice} is specified first, and then the lyrics are specified with @code{\lyricsto}. The command @code{\lyricsto} switches to @code{\lyricmode} mode automatically, so the @@ -385,8 +446,14 @@ The following example uses different commands for entering lyrics. \time 2/4 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 } + +% not recommended: left aligns syllables \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy4 to8. the16 world!4. the8 Lord4 is come.2 } + +% wrong: durations needed \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! the Sa -- viour reigns. } + +%correct \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let sins and sor -- rows grow. } >> @end lilypond @@ -433,7 +500,7 @@ The alignment to a melody can be specified with the @noindent The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of -a @internalsref{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines +a @rinternals{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines will not be formatted properly. Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations, @@ -451,7 +518,8 @@ Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations, @seealso -Internals Reference: @internalsref{Lyrics}. +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{Lyrics}. @node Multiple syllables to one note @@ -469,9 +537,9 @@ U+203F, so be sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this glyph.}. -@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \time 3/4 -\relative { c2 e4 g2 e4 } +\relative c' { c2 e4 g2 e4 } \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go } \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to } \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to } @@ -479,7 +547,8 @@ glyph.}. @seealso -Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricCombineMusic}. +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}. @c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata" @c the new title might be more self-explanatory @@ -499,9 +568,18 @@ single syllable; such vocalises are called melismas, or melismata. @c it might be better to present it first - vv You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_} -for every note -that is part of the melisma. - +for every extra note that has to be added to the the melisma. + +@c verbose! --FV +@c duplicated: TODO fix +Additionaly, you can make an extender line to be typeset to indicate +the melisma in the score, writing a double underscore next to the +first syllable of the melisma. This example shows the three elements +that are used for this purpose (all of them surrounded by spaces): +double hyphens to separate syllables in a word, underscores to add +notes to a melisma, and a double underscore to put an extender line. + +@c wrong: extender line only on last syllable of a word. Change example @lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote] { \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() c d( e) f f( e) e e } @@ -557,8 +635,6 @@ A complete example of a SATB score setup is in section @seealso -Internals Reference: @internalsref{Melisma_translator}. - @c @lsr{vocal,lyric@/-combine.ly}. @knownissues @@ -571,12 +647,14 @@ inserted by hand. Making a lyric line run slower than the melody can be achieved by inserting @code{\skip}s into the lyrics. For every @code{\skip}, -the text will be delayed another note. +the text will be delayed another note. The @code{\skip} command +must be followed by a valid duration, but this is ignored when +@code{\skip} is used in lyrics. For example, @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] -\relative { c c g' } +\relative c' { c c g' } \addlyrics { twin -- \skip 4 kle @@ -591,10 +669,17 @@ For example, @cindex extender @c leave this as samp. -gp -Melismata are indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable -and the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered -as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two underscore -characters). +In the last syllable of a word, melismata are sometimes indicated with +a long horizontal line starting in the melisma syllable, and ending in +the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is +entered as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two +underscore characters). + +@warning{Melismata are indicated in the score with extender lines, +which are entered as one double underscore; but short melismata can +also be entered by skipping individual notes, which are entered as +single underscore characters; these do not make an extender line to be +typeset by default.} @cindex hyphens @@ -611,8 +696,9 @@ distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length} @seealso -Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricExtender}, -@internalsref{LyricHyphen} +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{LyricExtender}, +@rinternals{LyricHyphen} @node Lyrics and repeats @subsubsection Lyrics and repeats @@ -687,6 +773,8 @@ section. @node Lyrics independent of notes @subsubsection Lyrics independent of notes +@cindex Devnull context + In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place lyrics completely independently of notes. Music defined inside @code{lyricrhythm} disappears into the @@ -712,6 +800,18 @@ lyr = \lyricmode { I like my cat! } >> @end lilypond +This method is recommended only if the music in the @code{Devnull} +context does not contain melismata. Melismata are defined by the +@code{Voice} context. Connecting lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context +makes the voice/lyrics links to get lost, and so does the info on +melismata. Therefore, if you link lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context, +the implicit melismata get ignored. + +@c Conclusion: do not use devnull for lyrics -FV + +@c this clarifies http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=248 + + @node Chants @subsubsection Chants @@ -742,7 +842,7 @@ LyricSpace. To make this change for all lyrics in the score, set the property in the layout. -@lilypond[relative,verbatim,quote,ragged-right] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] \score { \relative c' { c c c c @@ -762,9 +862,33 @@ layout. @end lilypond @snippets -@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc] +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] {aligning-lyrics.ly} + +@snippets + +Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is +a relatively large computational task. To speed up processing, LilyPond does +not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use + +@example +\override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t +@end example + +To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use + +@example +\layout @{ + \context @{ + \Lyrics + \consists "Bar_engraver" + \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" + \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t + @} +@} +@end example + @c TODO Create and add lsr example of lyricMelismaAlignment @c It's used like this to center-align all lyric syllables, @c even when notes are tied. -td @@ -776,6 +900,7 @@ layout. } @end ignore + @node Centering lyrics between staves @subsubsection Centering lyrics between staves @@ -810,10 +935,11 @@ Stanza numbers can be added by setting @code{stanza}, e.g., Hi, my name is Bert. } \addlyrics { \set stanza = "2. " - Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime + Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime } @end lilypond + @noindent These numbers are put just before the start of the first syllable. @@ -829,7 +955,7 @@ stanzaOneOne = { \set stanza = \markup { "1. " \leftbrace } \lyricmode { Child, you're mine and I love you. Lend thine ear to what I say. - ... + } } @@ -837,9 +963,16 @@ stanzaOneThree = { % \set stanza = \markup { " "} \lyricmode { Child, I have no great -- er joy Than to have you walk in truth. -... + } } + +\new Voice { + \repeat volta 2 { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c'4 + c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c'4 } +} \addlyrics { \stanzaOneOne } + \addlyrics { \stanzaOneThree } + @end ignore @node Adding dynamics marks to stanzas @@ -886,7 +1019,7 @@ the line, just like instrument names. They are created by setting Hi, my name is Bert. } \addlyrics { \set vocalName = "Ernie " - Oh, che -- ri, je t'aime + Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime } @end lilypond @@ -905,10 +1038,10 @@ must be set one syllable @emph{before} the non-melismatic syllable in the text, as shown here, @c TODO: breaks compile +@c seems to be fixed, does not break compile anymore --FV @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] -%{ << - \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" { + \relative c' \new Voice = "lahlah" { \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f c4 \slurDotted @@ -925,7 +1058,6 @@ in the text, as shown here, still } >> -%} @end lilypond @@ -941,7 +1073,7 @@ done by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property. In the example @lilypond[ragged-right,quote] << - \relative \new Voice = "lahlah" { + \relative c' \new Voice = "lahlah" { \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f c4 << @@ -996,8 +1128,10 @@ This is achieved with Here, @code{alternative} is the name of the @code{Voice} context containing the triplet. -Again, the command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in -this case. +This command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in this +case. In other words, changing the associatedVoice happens one step +later than expected. This is for technical reasons, and it is not a +bug. @example \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{ @@ -1016,7 +1150,7 @@ The underlay is switched back to the starting situation by assigning @node Printing stanzas at the end -@subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end +@subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end Sometimes it is appropriate to have one stanza set to the music, and the rest added in verse form at @@ -1060,8 +1194,8 @@ its fleece was white as snow. @end lilypond -@node Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns -@subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns +@node Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns +@subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns When a piece of music has many verses, they are often printed in multiple columns across the page. An outdented verse number often @@ -1087,8 +1221,8 @@ text = \lyricmode { \markup { \fill-line { - \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin; can be removed if - % space on the page is tight + \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin; + % can be removed if space on the page is tight \column { \line { \bold "2." \column { @@ -1104,9 +1238,9 @@ text = \lyricmode { } } } - \hspace #0.1 % adds horizontal spacing between columns; if they are - % still too close, add more " " pairs until the result - % looks good + \hspace #0.1 % adds horizontal spacing between columns; + % if they are still too close, add more " " pairs + % until the result looks good \column { \line { \bold "4." \column { @@ -1122,8 +1256,8 @@ text = \lyricmode { } } } - \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin; can - % be removed if page space is tight + \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin; + % can be removed if page space is tight } } @end lilypond @@ -1131,8 +1265,9 @@ text = \lyricmode { @seealso -Internals Reference: @internalsref{LyricText}, @internalsref{StanzaNumber}, -@internalsref{VocalName}. +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{LyricText}, +@rinternals{StanzaNumber}.