X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Funfretted-strings.itely;h=be92345bdc02db228e85e933eeedf7f2652e4f5f;hb=0387f04497978e37b335a8b99eec905499d6ad0f;hp=00eab12d9afb5bae3a264b7db396a2e7673f424e;hpb=63e7c2d23588abf9df04566eccfd601f59494f15;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/unfretted-strings.itely b/Documentation/user/unfretted-strings.itely index 00eab12d9a..be92345bdc 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/unfretted-strings.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/unfretted-strings.itely @@ -6,87 +6,197 @@ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore -@c \version "2.11.38" +@c \version "2.11.61" @node Unfretted string instruments @section Unfretted string instruments -This section includes extra information for writing for unfretted -string instruments. +@lilypondfile[quote] +{unfretted-headword.ly} -@ignore -The subsection on Bowed instruments is commmented out -until we have something to say about them -td -@end ignore +@cindex orchestral strings +@cindex strings, orchestral +@cindex strings, writing for + +This section provides information and references which are helpful +when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally +orchestral strings. @menu * Common notation for unfretted strings:: -@c * Bowed instruments:: -* Plucked instruments:: @end menu @node Common notation for unfretted strings @subsection Common notation for unfretted strings +There is little specialist notation for unfretted string +instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and +usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might +be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages. + @menu * References for unfretted strings:: +* Bowing indications:: +* Harmonics:: +* Snap (Bartok) pizzicato:: @end menu @node References for unfretted strings -@subsubsection References for unfretted strings +@unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings -@c TODO Add refs to fingerings, \thumb, bowings -@c TODO Add multiple fingering indications? -@c TODO Add snippet showing pizzicato markings -TBC +Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings +and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere: -@c TODO Decide whether to resurrect Bowed instruments subsection -@c and if so which of the above should go there -@ignore +@itemize -@node Bowed instruments -@subsection Bowed instruments +@item Textual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are +added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}. -@menu -* Artificial harmonics (strings):: -@end menu +@item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described +in @ref{Fingering instructions}. -@node Artificial harmonics (strings) -@subsubsection Artificial harmonics (strings) +@item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord, +see @ref{Chorded notes}. Directives for playing chords may be +added, see @ref{Arpeggio}. -@cindex artificial harmonics +@item A template for a string quartet can be found in +@rlearning{String quartet}. Others are shown in the snippets. + +@end itemize + + +@seealso +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{String quartet}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Text scripts}, +@ref{Fingering instructions}, +@ref{Chorded notes}, +@ref{Arpeggio}. -Artificial harmonics are notated with a different note head style. They -are entered by marking the harmonic pitch with @code{\harmonic}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Unfretted strings}. -@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote,fragment,relative=1] -4 + +@node Bowing indications +@unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications + +@funindex \upbow +@funindex \downbow +@funindex \open + +@cindex bowing indications +@cindex up bow indication +@cindex down bow indication +@cindex open string indication +@cindex string, indicating open + +Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are +described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}. + +The bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used +with slurs as follows: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f) @end lilypond -@end ignore +@noindent +and the following example shows three ways in which an open A +string on a violin might be indicated: -@node Plucked instruments -@subsection Plucked instruments +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +a4 \open +a^\markup { \teeny "II" } +a2^\markup { \small "sul A" } +@end lilypond -@menu -* Harp:: -@end menu -@node Harp -@subsubsection Harp +@predefined +@code{\downbow}, +@code{\upbow}, +@code{\open}. +@endpredefined + + +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Articulations and ornamentations}, +@ref{Slurs}. + + +@node Harmonics +@unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics + +@funindex \harmonic + +@strong{@i{Natural harmonics}} + +@cindex natural harmonics +@cindex harmonics, natural + +Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped +note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop +the note if it were not a diamond. + +@warning{Harmonics @strong{must} be defined inside a chord +construct even if there is only a single note.} + +@c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this +Dotted harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the +dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if +dots are required. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +4 2. +\set harmonicDots = ##t +4 2. +@end lilypond + +Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be +sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be +played as a harmonic: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +d2^\flageolet d_\flageolet +@end lilypond + +A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in +@ref{References for unfretted strings}. + +@strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}} + +@cindex artificial harmonics +@cindex harmonics, artifical + +Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal +note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open +diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +2 +@end lilypond + + +@seealso +Music Glossary: +@rglos{harmonics}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Special note heads}, +@ref{References for unfretted strings}. -Sacred Harp notation uses four shaped note heads. In the major, -the tonic is a triangle and then proceeding up the scale you -have circle, square, triangle, circle, square, diamond. In the -minor, the shapes should be assigned to keep the same interval -relationships, e.g. you assign them for the relative major. (This -means that the scale in the minor gives the tonic a square.) -@c TODO add example of \sacredHarpHeads, or a ref? +@node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato +@unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato +@cindex pizzicato, Bartók +@cindex pizzicato, snap +@cindex Bartók pizzicato +@cindex snap pizzicato -@knownissues +@snippets -The \sacredHarpHeads command gives the wrong shapes when the key -is minor. A work-around is to switch the key to the relative -major to obtain the right shapes. +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{snap-pizzicato-markup-bartok-pizzicato.ly}