X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Frhythms.itely;h=49263ce4c68cd073d2db8b31f7c820853a0ab9bf;hb=2f996385b21b9d5006c7369c2c496ccbee001e97;hp=648e92a296346079c21e77ba28659a03582a0863;hpb=ba824abf873d98c5afa9f8236beb85929cec0c03;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/rhythms.itely b/Documentation/user/rhythms.itely index 648e92a296..49263ce4c6 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/rhythms.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/rhythms.itely @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ @lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote] {rhythms-headword.ly} -This section discusses rhythms, durations, and bars. +This section discusses rhythms, rests, durations, beaming and bars. @menu * Writing rhythms:: @@ -35,21 +35,22 @@ This section discusses rhythms, durations, and bars. @end menu @node Durations -@unnumberedsubsubsec Durations +@subsubsection Durations + +@cindex durations, of notes +@cindex note durations -@cindex duration -@cindex beams, automatic @funindex \longa @funindex \breve @funindex \maxima -When entering notes, durations are designated by numbers and dots: -durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a +Durations are designated by numbers and dots. +Durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a quarter note is entered using a @code{4} (since it is a 1/4 note), -while a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2 +and a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2 note). For notes longer than a whole you must use the -@code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands. Note -durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values +@code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands. +Durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values are possible, but only as beamed notes. @c Two 64th notes are needed to obtain beams @@ -60,8 +61,7 @@ c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c64 @end lilypond @noindent -and the same durations with automatic beaming turned off -see @ref{Automatic beams}: +Here are the same durations with automatic beaming turned off. @c not strictly "writing rhythms"; more of a "displaying" thing, @c but it's ok here. -gp @@ -72,7 +72,11 @@ c\longa c\breve c1 c2 c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c64 @end lilypond -If the duration is omitted then it is set to the previously +A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with +@code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music +notation. For details, see @ref{Ancient notation}. + +If the duration is omitted, it is set to the previously entered duration. The default for the first note is a quarter note. @@ -80,25 +84,36 @@ note. a a a2 a a4 a a1 a @end lilypond +@cindex notes, dotted +@cindex dotted notes @funindex . -To obtain dotted note lengths, simply add a dot (@code{.}) to the -number. Double-dotted notes are produced in a similar way. +To obtain dotted note lengths, place a dot (@code{.}) after the +duration. Double-dotted notes are specified by appending two +dots, and so on. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2] a4 b c4. b8 a4. b4.. c8. @end lilypond -Some durations cannot be entered using only binary durations -and dots, and can only be represented by tying two or more -notes together. Tied notes are covered in @ref{Ties}. +Some durations cannot be represented with just binary durations +and dots; they can be represented only by tying two or more +notes together. For details, see @ref{Ties}. + +For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and +ways of aligning lyrics to notes, see @ref{Vocal music}. + +Optionally, notes can be spaced strictly proportionately to their +duration. For details of this and other settings which control +proportional notation, see @ref{Proportional notation}. @refcommands Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in polyphonic situations. The following commands may be used to -force a particular direction manually: +force a particular direction manually, and to return to the +default behaviour: @funindex \dotsUp @code{\dotsUp}, @@ -107,23 +122,14 @@ force a particular direction manually: @funindex \dotsNeutral @code{\dotsNeutral}. -For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and -ways of aligning lyrics to notes see @ref{Vocal music}. - -A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with -@code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music -notation; see @ref{Ancient notation}. - -Optionally, notes can be spaced proportionately to their duration. -For details of this and other settings which control proportional -notation see @ref{Proportional notation}. - @seealso -Music Glossary: @rglos{breve}, @rglos{longa}. +Music Glossary: @rglos{breve}, @rglos{longa}, @rglos{note value} +@rglos{Duration names notes and rests}. -Notation Reference:@ref{Automatic beams}, @ref{Ties}, @ref{Writing rests}, @ref{Vocal music}, +Notation Reference: @ref{Automatic beams}, @ref{Ties}, +@ref{Writing rhythms}, @ref{Writing rests}, @ref{Vocal music}, @ref{Ancient notation}, @ref{Proportional notation}. Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @@ -134,14 +140,14 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{Dots}, @refbugs -@c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp +@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of -longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there -are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole). +longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: +rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole) may be printed. @node Tuplets -@unnumberedsubsubsec Tuplets +@subsubsection Tuplets @cindex tuplets @cindex triplets @@ -162,15 +168,17 @@ tuplet is the triplet in which 3 notes have the length of 2, so the notes are 2/3 of their written length. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2] -g4 \times 2/3 {c4 c c} d4 d4 +a2 \times 2/3 {b4 b b} +c4 c \times 2/3 {b4 a g} + @end lilypond -Tuplets may be nested; for example, +Tuplets may be nested: @lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2] -\times 2/3 { - a4 a - \times 3/5 { a a a a a } +\relative c'' { + \autoBeamOff + c4 \times 4/5 { f8 e f \times 2/3 {e[ f g] } } f4 | } @end lilypond @@ -186,10 +194,19 @@ Tuplets may be nested; for example, @commonprop +@cindex tuplet formatting +@cindex triplet formatting + @funindex tupletNumberFormatFunction @funindex tupletSpannerDuration -@cindex tuplet formatting +@c when available +@c @lilypondfile [ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote] +@c {Entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one-\times-command.ly} + +@ignore +@c TODO Remove when snippet works ok +@c Sent to Snippet 5 Feb 08 The property @code{tupletSpannerDuration} specifies how long each bracket should last. With this, you can make lots of tuplets while typing @code{\times} only once, thus saving lots of typing. @@ -200,6 +217,7 @@ In the next example, there are two triplets shown, while \set tupletSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 4) \times 2/3 { c8 c c c c c } @end lilypond +@end ignore @noindent For more information about @code{make-moment}, see @@ -207,14 +225,12 @@ For more information about @code{make-moment}, see @funindex TupletNumber -The format of the number is determined by the property @code{text} -in @code{TupletNumber}. The default prints only the denominator, -but if the property is set with @code{\override -TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text}, -@var{num}:@var{den} will be printed instead. +By default, only the numerator of the tuplet number +is printed over the tuplet bracket, i.e. the denominator +of the argument to the @code{\times} command. Alternatively, +@var{num}:@var{den} of the tuplet number may be printed, or +the tuplet number may be suppressed altogether. -To print tuplets without tuplet numbers, use -@code{\override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t}: @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim] \times 2/3 { c8 c c } \times 2/3 { c8 c c } @@ -224,14 +240,57 @@ To print tuplets without tuplet numbers, use \times 2/3 { c8 c c } @end lilypond -To change the appearance of nested tuplets beginning at the same -music moment individually, the @code{\tweak} function must be used -(see @ref{Objects connected to the input}). In the following -example, @code{\tweak} specifies fraction text for the outer -@code{TupletNumber} and denominator text for the -@code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three inner tuplets. +@c TODO Add snippet to show this +Tuplets may extend over bar lines, but they will inhibit a +line break unless the @code{Forbid_line_break_engraver} is +removed from the @code{Voice context}. -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2] +@subheading Modifying nested tuplets + +@cindex tuplets, nested +@cindex triplets, nested +@cindex bracket, tuplet +@cindex tuplet bracket +@cindex triplet bracket +@funindex TupletBracket + +If nested tuplets do not begin at the same moment their +appearance may be modified in the usual way with +@code{\override} commands: + +@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff +@c See issue 509 +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1] +\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]} +\once \override TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text +\times 2/3 { + c[ c] + c[ c] + \once \override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t + \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] } +\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]} +} +@end lilypond + +However, if the nested tuplets begin at the same musical moment, +@code{\override} commands cannot be applied to just one of them +-- they apply to both. So to change the appearance of nested +tuplets beginning at the same musical moment individually, the +@code{\tweak} function must be used (see @ref{Objects connected +to the input}). The @code{\tweak} function is applied to the +following @code{\times} command as it appears in the input stream, +and so can distinguish between separate @code{\times} commands +even if their tuplets begin at the same musical moment. + +In this example, the @code{\tweak} command is used to specify +fraction text for the outer @code{TupletNumber} and denominator +text for the @code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three +inner tuplets. + +@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff +@c so use relative=1 until this is fixed +@c See issue 509 +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1] \tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text \times 4/3 { \tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text @@ -241,23 +300,16 @@ example, @code{\tweak} specifies fraction text for the outer } @end lilypond -@cindex bracket, tuplet -@funindex TupletBracket - -@c FIXME: after LM 6 Tweaks includes \tweak info, look at this.-gp -@c It *should* be explained why \tweak must be used here, and why -@c \override doesn't work. I've made an attempt, but I'm not sure -@c if it is factually correct to say that \tweak must be used. In the next example, @code{\tweak} and @code{\override} work together to specify @code{TupletBracket} direction. The first @code{\tweak} positions the @code{TupletBracket} of the outer tuplet above the staff. The second @code{\tweak} positions the @code{TupletBracket} of the first of the three inner tuplets below -the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} function affects only -events that begin at the same music moment: the outer tuplet and -the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the -@code{TupletBrackets} of the second and third of the inner tuplets -below the staff, we use @code{\override} in the usual way. +the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} command needs to be used +only for events that begin at the same music moment: the outer +tuplet and the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the +@code{TupletBracket}s of the second and third of the inner tuplets +below the staff, we can use @code{\override} in the usual way. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2] \tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text @@ -271,38 +323,61 @@ below the staff, we use @code{\override} in the usual way. } @end lilypond -Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the next -note: +@subheading Modifying tuplet bracket length + +@cindex tuplet bracket length +@cindex triplet bracket length +@cindex bracket length, tuplets +@funindex tupletFullLength +@funindex tupletFullLengthNote + +Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the +next note. +Default tuplet brackets end at the right edge of the final note +of the tuplet; full-length tuplet brackets extend farther to the +right, either to cover all the non-rhythmic notation up to the +following note, or to cover only the whitespace before the next +item of notation, be that a clef, time signature, key signature, +or another note. The example shows how to switch tuplets to +full length mode and how to modify what material they cover. + @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote] \new RhythmicStaff { + % Set tuplets to be extendable .. \set tupletFullLength = ##t + % .. to cover all items up to the next note \set tupletFullLengthNote = ##t \time 2/4 \times 2/3 { c4 c c } + % .. or to cover just whitespace \set tupletFullLengthNote = ##f \time 4/4 \times 4/5 { c4 c1 } \time 3/4 - c4 + c4 } @end lilypond +@subheading Compressing music + +@cindex compressing music @funindex \compressMusic -@funindex \times @code{\compressMusic} works similarly to \times, but does not -create a tuplet bracket; see @ref{Polymetric notation}. - +create a tuplet bracket. One application is in polymetric +notation, as shown in the following example. See +@ref{Polymetric notation}. -@refbugs +@c when available +@c @lilypondfile [ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote] +@c {printing-music-with-different-time-signatures.ly} -Tuplets which cross bar lines will prevent a line break at that -point. @seealso -Music Glossary: @rglos{tuplet}. +Music Glossary: @rglos{triplet}, @rglos{tuplet}, +@rglos{polymetric}. Notation Reference: @ref{Time administration}, @ref{Objects connected to the input}, @ref{Polymetric notation}. @@ -310,12 +385,16 @@ Notation Reference: @ref{Time administration}, Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}. Internals Reference: @internalsref{TupletBracket}, -@internalsref{TupletNumber}, and @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}. +@internalsref{TupletNumber}, @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}. + +@refbugs +Lines may be broken within a tuplet with @code{\bar "" \break}, +but the tuplet bracket does not correctly carry over. @node Scaling durations -@unnumberedsubsubsec Scaling durations +@subsubsection Scaling durations You can alter the length of a duration by a fraction @var{N/M} by appending @code{*@var{N/M}} (or @code{*@var{N}} if @var{M=1}). @@ -336,7 +415,7 @@ b16*4 c4 @end lilypond The duration of skip or spacing notes may also be modified by -a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g., +a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g., @code{s1*23}. @seealso @@ -346,13 +425,13 @@ Notation Reference: @ref{Tuplets}, @ref{Skips}, @ref{Polymetric notation}. Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @node Ties -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ties +@subsubsection Ties @cindex tie @funindex ~ A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch. The tie -in effect extends the length of a note. +in effect extends the length of a note. @warning{Ties should not be confused with @emph{slurs}, which indicate articulation, or @emph{phrasing slurs}, which indicate @@ -402,7 +481,7 @@ have to repeat the tie. This can be achieved with @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim] \repeat volta 2 { c g 2 ~ } -\alternative {{ 2. r4 } {2\repeatTie d4 c }} +\alternative {{ 2. r4 } {2\repeatTie d4 c }} @end lilypond @cindex laissez vibrer @@ -421,7 +500,11 @@ be entered using @code{\laissezVibrer}: \laissezVibrer @end lilypond -The direction of a tie can be specified with @code{\tieUp} or +The vertical placement of ties may be controlled; see +@ref{Controlling direction}. + +@quotation +DELETE THIS ? @code{\tieDown} (see example below). @code{\tieNeutral} reverts to the default behaviour again. @@ -432,21 +515,22 @@ convenient shorthand for forcing tie directions. By adding @lilypond[relative=2,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,fragment] c4_~ c c^~ c) @end lilypond +@end quotation +@refcommands -@seealso - -Music Glossary: @rglos{tie}, -@c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry. - -Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} - -Internals Reference: -@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie} -@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn} - -Example files: -@c @lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly} +@funindex \tieUp +@code{\tieUp}, +@funindex \tieDown +@code{\tieDown}, +@funindex \tieNeutral +@code{\tieNeutral}, +@funindex \tieDotted +@code{\tieDotted}, +@funindex \tieDashed +@code{\tieDashed}, +@funindex \tieSolid +@code{\tieSolid}. @commonprop @@ -480,24 +564,21 @@ direction (1=up, -1=down). @end lilypond -@refcommands +@seealso -@funindex \tieUp -@code{\tieUp}, -@funindex \tieDown -@code{\tieDown}, -@funindex \tieNeutral -@code{\tieNeutral}, -@funindex \tieDotted -@code{\tieDotted}, -@funindex \tieDashed -@code{\tieDashed}, -@funindex \tieSolid -@code{\tieSolid}. +Music Glossary: @rglos{tie}, +@c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry. +Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} + +Internals Reference: +@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie} +@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn} + +Example files: +@c @lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly} -@seealso @@ -524,13 +605,13 @@ well-defined. In these cases, a slur may be preferable. @subsection Writing rests @menu -* Rests:: -* Skips:: -* Full measure rests:: +* Rests:: +* Skips:: +* Full measure rests:: @end menu @node Rests -@unnumberedsubsubsec Rests +@subsubsection Rests @cindex rest @cindex maxima @cindex longa @@ -582,13 +663,13 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{Rest}. @refbugs -@c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp +@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole). @node Skips -@unnumberedsubsubsec Skips +@subsubsection Skips @cindex skip @cindex invisible rest @@ -642,7 +723,7 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{SkipMusic}. @node Full measure rests -@unnumberedsubsubsec Full measure rests +@subsubsection Full measure rests @cindex multi measure rests @cindex full measure rests @@ -832,7 +913,7 @@ R1*4 cis cis @end menu @node Time signature -@unnumberedsubsubsec Time signature +@subsubsection Time signature @cindex time signature @cindex meter @@ -941,7 +1022,7 @@ Automatic beaming does not use the measure grouping specified with @node Upbeats -@unnumberedsubsubsec Upbeats +@subsubsection Upbeats @cindex anacrusis @cindex upbeat @@ -999,7 +1080,7 @@ occur. Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @node Unmetered music -@unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music +@subsubsection Unmetered music @cindex cadenza @funindex \cadenzaOn @@ -1051,7 +1132,7 @@ Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @node Polymetric notation -@unnumberedsubsubsec Polymetric notation +@subsubsection Polymetric notation @cindex double time signatures @cindex signatures, polymetric @@ -1189,7 +1270,7 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{TimeSignature}, @internalsref{Timing-translat @node Automatic note splitting -@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic note splitting +@subsubsection Automatic note splitting Long notes which overrun bar lines can be converted automatically to tied notes. This is done by replacing the @@ -1249,7 +1330,7 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{Note_heads_engraver}, @end menu @node Automatic beams -@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic beams +@subsubsection Automatic beams By default, beams are inserted automatically: @@ -1375,7 +1456,7 @@ Beams can collide with note heads and accidentals in other voices @node Setting automatic beam behavior -@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting automatic beam behavior +@subsubsection Setting automatic beam behavior @funindex autoBeamSettings @funindex (end * * * *) @@ -1562,7 +1643,7 @@ Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @node Manual beams -@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams +@subsubsection Manual beams @cindex beams, manual @@ -1615,7 +1696,7 @@ the group as a whole. @commonprop @node Feathered beams -@unnumberedsubsubsec Feathered beams +@subsubsection Feathered beams @cindex beams, feathered @funindex \featherDurations @@ -1685,7 +1766,7 @@ Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @end menu @node Bar lines -@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar lines +@subsubsection Bar lines @cindex bar lines @funindex \bar @@ -1833,7 +1914,7 @@ properties). @node Bar numbers -@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar numbers +@subsubsection Bar numbers @cindex bar numbers @cindex measure numbers @@ -1994,7 +2075,7 @@ c1 c c c @node Bar and bar number checks -@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar and bar number checks +@subsubsection Bar and bar number checks @cindex bar check @funindex barCheckSynchronize @@ -2067,7 +2148,7 @@ Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @node Rehearsal marks -@unnumberedsubsubsec Rehearsal marks +@subsubsection Rehearsal marks @cindex rehearsal marks @cindex mark, rehearsal @@ -2194,7 +2275,7 @@ Examples: @c @lsr{parts,rehearsal-mark-numbers.ly} @end menu @node Grace notes -@unnumberedsubsubsec Grace notes +@subsubsection Grace notes @funindex \grace @cindex ornaments @@ -2367,7 +2448,7 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{GraceMusic}. A multi-note beamed @emph{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash, and looks exactly the same as a multi-note beamed @emph{appoggiatura}. -@c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available +@c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available Grace note synchronization can also lead to surprises. Staff notation, such as key signatures, bar lines, etc., are also @@ -2393,7 +2474,7 @@ expressions. Nesting or juxtaposing grace sections is not supported, and might produce crashes or other errors. @node Aligning to cadenzas -@unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning to cadenzas +@subsubsection Aligning to cadenzas @cindex cadenza @cindex cadenza, aligning to @@ -2431,7 +2512,7 @@ Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms} @node Time administration -@unnumberedsubsubsec Time administration +@subsubsection Time administration @cindex time administration @cindex timing (within the score) @@ -2515,3 +2596,7 @@ Internals Reference: @internalsref{Timing_translator}, + + + +